The Helmore/GEC Turbinlite was a 2,700 million candela (2.7 Gcd) searchlight fitted in the nose of a number of British Douglas Havoc night fighters during the early part of the Second World War and around the time of The Blitz. The Havoc was guided to enemy aircraft by ground radar and its own radar. The searchlight would then be used to illuminate attacking enemy bombers for defending fighters accompanying the Havoc to shoot down. In practice the Turbinlite was not a success, and the introduction of higher performance night fighters with their own radar meant they were withdrawn from service in early 1943.
Background
editThe then-state-of-the-art metre-wavelength aircraft interception (AI) radar was bulky and, due to the operator workload, generally unsuited to carriage by single-engined fighters — and so required a twin-engine design. However, the early radar-equipped Bristol Blenheims lacked the necessary speed advantage over the German Heinkel He 111s and Dornier Do 17 bombers then raiding the UK to be truly effective. The Blenheims could find the bombers but were often not fast enough to shoot them down. Non-radar-equipped single-engined fighters, whilst being fast enough to catch the bombers, simply could not find them. In addition, there was some doubt as to the best way to find, intercept and shoot down attacking bombers at night. The idea was put forward that an aircraft that carried a searchlight, as well as AI radar, could light up the attacking bombers after locating them for accompanying fighters to shoot them down, the single-engine fighters having a considerable performance advantage over the German twin-engine bombers.
Development
editIn September 1940, Sidney Cotton pursued the idea of an airborne searchlight for night-fighters, that he termed "aerial target illumination" (ATI). He enlisted the help of William Helmore, and they jointly took out patents on the techniques[a]. Helmore, a serving RAF officer, then sponsored the development of what became known as Turbinlite.[1][2]
At around this time the Bostons converted to night duties (and known as Havoc) then entering limited service as nightfighters and intruders offered an alternative to the Blenheim, also having a considerable performance advantage, and it was decided to conduct experiments with these. The Havoc nightfighter was already fitted with aircraft interception radar.
The searchlight, developed and built by GEC, was fitted into the nose of the Havoc behind a flat transparent screen with power for the light coming from heavy lead-acid batteries in the Havoc's bomb bay. Battery power for the 135 kW and 1,200 Amp searchlight was sufficient for about two minutes of operation.[3] The Havoc's own armament was removed from the nose.
The radar fitted was the AI Mk.IV, with broad "arrow head" aerials protruding from the both sides of the aircraft nose with additional side-mounted, and upper- and lower-wing mounted, dipoles. The modifications were carried out at Burtonwood Aircraft Repair Depot and the resulting aircraft was known as the Havoc I Turbinlite.
The unarmed Havoc Turbinlite was intended to find the enemy bomber using its radar and then use the Turbinlite to illuminate the target for the accompanying Hawker Hurricanes to find and shoot down.
Service
editApproximately 31 Havoc I Turbinlites were so modified, using the Havoc I or Havoc L.A.M. (long aerial mine), which had themselves originally been Boston II's, before the advent of the Havoc II Turbinlite, of which a further 39 were built, this time as conversions from the Havoc II.
There was one confirmed Turbinlite intercept and shootdown of a Heinkel He 111 bomber on the night of 30 April 1942, by a 253 Squadron Hurricane and a 1459 Flight Havoc.[4]
The concept behind the Turbinlite-equipped Havoc was rendered obsolete with the introduction of higher frequency centimetric radar along with suitable high-performance night fighters such as the Bristol Beaufighter and the later de Havilland Mosquito, although one of the latter, the Mosquito II, serial W4087, was itself experimentally fitted with a Turbinlite installation.[5]
Over Germany the Luftwaffe used Wilde Sau (wild boar) with illumination provided by searchlight batteries and the fires created by British bombing.
Units
editThe following units are known to have used the Havoc I Turbinlite and Havoc II Turbinlite operationally:
In September 1942 the numbered flights were incorporated with their own fighter aircraft into new squadrons
| Unit | Operational |
|---|---|
| No. 1451 (Fighter) Flight RAF No. 530 Squadron RAF |
22 May 1941 to 8 September 1942 8 September 1942 to 25 January 1943 |
| No. 1452 (Fighter) Flight RAF No. 531 Squadron RAF |
7 July 1941 to 8 September 1942 |
| No. 1453 (Fighter) Flight RAF No. 532 Squadron RAF |
10 July 1941 to 8 September 1942 |
| No. 1454 (Fighter) Flight RAF No. 533 Squadron RAF |
27 June 1941 to 8 September 1942 |
| No. 1455 (Fighter) Flight RAF No. 534 Squadron RAF |
7 July 1941 to 2 September 1942 |
| No. 1456 (Fighter) Flight RAF No. 535 Squadron RAF |
24 November 1941 to 2 September 1942 |
| No. 1457 (Fighter) Flight RAF No. 536 Squadron RAF |
15 September 1941 to 8 September 1942 |
| No. 1458 (Fighter) Flight RAF No. 537 Squadron RAF |
6 December 1941 to 8 September 1942 |
| No. 1459 (Fighter) Flight RAF No. 538 Squadron RAF |
20 September 1941 to 2 September 1942 |
| No. 1460 (Fighter) Flight RAF No. 539 Squadron RAF |
15 December 1941 to 2 September 1942 |
Typically during operations, 1453 Flt operated in conjunction with No. 151 Squadron RAF and No. 486 Squadron RNZAF, illuminating targets for the fighters to attack, with each flight / squadron of Turbinlite Havocs being associated with fighter squadrons in their vicinity.
Other use
editThe Turbinlite was later considered in the search for a method of illuminating surfaced enemy U-boats at night, but was supplanted by the competing Leigh light.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ GB574970 and GB575093
- ^ Cotton 1969, pp. 205–211.
- ^ Cotton, Frederick Sidney and William Helmore. "An improved method and means for intercepting night flying hostile aircraft." GB Patent 574970, 29 January 1946.
- ^ Flight (1949) p775
- ^ Aviation magazine January 2019 p.80
- ^ Jackson, A.J. (1987). De Havilland aircraft since 1909 (Rev. and updated ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 409. ISBN 0870218964.
References
edit- Cotton, Sidney as told to Ralph Barker. 1969. Aviator Extraordinary: The Sidney Cotton Story. Chatto & Windus ISBN 0-7011-1334-0
- Green, William. 1975. Famous Bombers of the Second World War, 2nd Edition. MacDonald & Jane's ISBN 0-356-08333-0
- Thompson, Scott. 2004. Douglas Havoc and Boston: The DB-7/ A-20 Series. Crowood Press ISBN 978-1-86126-670-5
- "Research Enterprise" Flight via flightglobal.com, 30 June 1949, p. 775