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Open Access Publications from the University of California

Scholarly Works (93 results)

  • Article
UC Berkeley Previously Published Works (2005)
    Cover page: Trucks, Trains and Climate Change: Emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> and Criteria Pollutants from U.S. - Mexico Overland Freight
    • Article
    UC Berkeley Previously Published Works (2015)
      Cover page: Guide to Effective Messaging Strategies For Greenhouse Gas Reduction Competitions
      • Article
      • Peer Reviewed
      Energy and Climate Change (2020)
      This study developed a consumption-based emissions inventory (CBEI) for the City and County of San Francisco, California from 1990 to 2015. CBEIs allocate all greenhouse gas emissions throughout product and service supply chains to final demand, namely households and governments. We find that average household carbon footprints in San Francisco decreased by 17% over the 25-year study period, and were 21% lower than the national average by 2015. Low rates of motor vehicle usage, small home (building) size, small household size, high prevalence of renters, population density, moderate climate, and relatively lowcarbon electricity all contributed to lower consumption-based emissions. These factors outweighed the countervailing effects of income and education, which tend to increase consumption and associated carbon footprints. Despite progress at reducing emissions on a per household basis, on aggregate, the total city-wide CBEI was only 2% lower in 2015 compared to 1990 levels. This reality reflects population pressures and the challenge of reducing emissions that depend on global supply chains. Traditional GHG inventories tend to neglect the effect of consumer demand on supply chain emissions, thus underestimating a city’s total impact. San Francisco’s CBEI is 2.5 times larger than the city’s traditional, more limited inventory. Tracking of full consumption-based inventories over time should aid in the development of new targets, policies, programs, incentives, and communications based on the unique opportunities for responsible production and consumption within San Francisco.
        Cover page: Consumption Based Greenhouse Gas Inventory of San Francisco from 1990 to 2015
        • Article
        Breslauer Symposium (2005)

        This project uses an input-output lifecycle assessment approach to estimate the greenhouse gas and conventional pollutants related to the goods and services consumed by the typical U.S. household. Both direct and indirect sources of emissions are considered in five broad categories of consumption: transportation, housing, food, goods and services. The model reveals the relative contribution of some 200 individual consumer decisions to environmental degradation. An initial attempt is also made to attach a dollar value to these pollution streams based on published estimates of the societal costs of these pollutants. The purpose of this project is to develop the framework for creating an interactive online assessment tool, called the Consumer Footprint Calculator, that will allow users to understand the impacts of spending decisions on a broad range of environmental, economic and social indicators.

          Cover page: A Lifecycle Assessment of U.S. Household Consumption: The Methodology and Inspiration Behind the “Consumer Footprint Calculator”
          • Article
          limn, Issue 10 (2018)
          Christopher Jones explores how oilmen have used conduits as weapons to crush competitors, maintain industry dominance, and rake in huge profits.
            Cover page: How pipelines constrict oil flows
            • Article
            • Peer Reviewed
            UC Berkeley Previously Published Works (2014)
            Which municipalities and locations within the United States contribute the most to household greenhouse gas emissions, and what is the effect of population density and suburbanization on emissions? Using national household surveys, we developed econometric models of demand for energy, transportation, food, goods, and services that were used to derive average household carbon footprints (HCF) for U.S. zip codes, cities, counties, and metropolitan areas. We find consistently lower HCF in urban core cities (∼ 40 tCO2e) and higher carbon footprints in outlying suburbs (∼ 50 tCO2e), with a range from ∼ 25 to >80 tCO2e in the 50 largest metropolitan areas. Population density exhibits a weak but positive correlation with HCF until a density threshold is met, after which range, mean, and standard deviation of HCF decline. While population density contributes to relatively low HCF in the central cities of large metropolitan areas, the more extensive suburbanization in these regions contributes to an overall net increase in HCF compared to smaller metropolitan areas. Suburbs alone account for ∼ 50% of total U.S. HCF. Differences in the size, composition, and location of household carbon footprints suggest the need for tailoring of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts to different populations.
              Cover page: Spatial Distribution of U.S. Household Carbon Footprints Reveals Suburbanization Undermines Greenhouse Gas Benefits of Urban Population Density
              • Article
              • Peer Reviewed
              UC Berkeley Previously Published Works (2015)
                Cover page: A Review of Energy Reduction Competitions. What Have We Learned?
                • Article
                Behavior (2015)
                This report reviews a representative selection of completed and ongoing energy reduction competitions and uses the lessons learned to provide best practice guidance on the design, implementation, and evaluation of future programs.
                  Cover page: A Review of Energy Reduction Competitions: What Have We Learned? (Fact Sheet)
                  • Article
                  Behavior (2015)
                  This report reviews a representative selection of completed and ongoing energy reduction competitions and uses the lessons learned to provide best practice guidance on the design, implementation, and evaluation of future programs. We address four key research questions: How effective have been competitions at changing behavior and reducing energy? How long do energy savings persist after the end of the competition? Under what circumstances are competitions more or less effective? What are common best practices for the design, implementation and evaluation of energy and resource conservation competitions? The primary target audiences for this report are electric and natural gas utilities seeking to broaden their portfolio of behavior-based interventions, as well as potential designers, implementers and evaluators of energy reduction competitions.
                    Cover page: A Review of Energy Reduction Competitions: What Have We Learned?
                    • Thesis
                    • Peer Reviewed
                    UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations (2012)

                    The goal of this dissertation is to develop improved analytical methods for the separation and characterization of ionic analytes while gaining insights into their underlying mechanism. The work focused reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography (RPIP-HPLC) and capillary isotachophoresis (cITP) separations of the highly charged molecules, heparin and heparan sulfate. Furthermore, this work will explore methods to improve the sensitivity of NMR, with a focus on both microcoil and microslot NMR probes.

                    RPIP-HPLC is an important method for the separation of ionic solutes using lipophilic ions, referred to as ion-pairing reagents (IPR), as mobile phase modifiers to aid in their retention on a hydrophobic stationary phase. However, the fine details of the RPIP separation mechanism are still being debated. The described work investigates the role that competition between ion-pairing reagents plays in the separation of structural isomers of heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) disaccharides, and how factors such as IPR concentration and buffer pH affect the resolution of their anomeric forms.

                    NMR spectroscopy can yield a vast amount of structural information about a compound without destroying the sample. However, NMR is often limited by poor sensitivity and for samples containing more than one compound of interest, the spectra

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                    obtained can quickly become convoluted, complicating interpretation. To solve these problems we use the pre-concentration/separation method cITP coupled with microcoil NMR detection. The first part of this work uses doxepin as a model compound to study both the type and strength of interactions that occur during cITP. This work focuses on the binding interactions of doxepin with the buffer modifier Beta-cyclodextrin and the role that the counterion acetate plays in the cITP process.

                    The insights gained in the doxepin cITP study were then used to develop an improved cITP-NMR method for the analysis of heparin and HS derived oligosaccharides, focusing on designing a buffer system that reduces the effects of current induced resonance broadening that occurs when cITP is coupled to microcoil NMR. Finally, this work demonstrates the coupling of cITP with a new microslot NMR probe design which eliminates the deleterious affects of the magnetic field produced by the separation.

                      Cover page: Advancement of Separation and Characterization Techniques for Ionic Analytes
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