We present proof-of-concept modeling results which demonstrate a novel way to evaluate theories of the structure of the phonological grammar: We generate predictions of how the behavior of constraint-based grammars and analogical models is likely to change under processing load. Previous results (Moore-Cantwell and Kush, 2019) show systematic differences in participant behavior when generating novel forms under working memory load, vs not. Under load, participants observed fewer generalizations of the language, produced less intra-speaker variation, and differed more participant-to-participant. We modeled memory load in constraint-based grammar (MaxEnt, Goldwater and Johnson, 2003) via probabilistic ignoring of constraints. Memory load in analogy (TiMBL, Daelemans et al., 2018) was modeled as a restricting of the search space for an analogical set, based on word-frequency. Our constraint-based model predicted a more systematic breakdown, more in line with previous experimental findings, while our analogical model predicted more word-to-word variation.

Two types of discontinuous morphemes are thought to be the basic building blocks of words in Semitic languages: roots and templates. However, the role of these morphemes in lexical access and representation is debated. Priming experiments, where reaction times to target words are predicted to be faster when preceded by morphologically-related primes compared to unrelated control primes, provide conflicting evidence bearing on this debate. We used meta-analysis to synthesise the findings from 229 priming experiments on 4710 unique Semitic speakers. With Bayesian modelling of the aggregate effect sizes, we found credible root and template priming in both nouns and verbs in Arabic and Hebrew. Our results show that root priming effects can be distinguished from the effects of overlap in form and meaning. However, more experiments are needed to determine if template priming effects can be distinguished from overlap in form and morphosyntactic function.

Centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is sited in the central part of the liver and adjacent to main hepatic vascular structures. This special location is associated with an increase in the difficulty of surgery, aggregation of the recurrence disease, and greater challenge in disease management. This review summarizes the evolution of our understanding for centrally located HCC and discusses the development of treatment strategies, surgical approaches and recurrence prevention methods. To improve patient survival, a multi-disciplinary modality is greatly needed throughout the whole treatment period.

Data that influence policy and major investment decisions risk entrenching social and political inequities.

The first RNA category of the Critical Assessment of Techniques for Structure Prediction competition was only made possible because of the scientists who provided experimental structures to challenge the predictors. In this article, these scientists offer a unique and valuable analysis of both the successes and areas for improvement in the predicted models. All 10 RNA-only targets yielded predictions topologically similar to experimentally determined structures. For one target, experimentalists were able to phase their x-ray diffraction data by molecular replacement, showing a potential application of structure predictions for RNA structural biologists. Recommended areas for improvement include: enhancing the accuracy in local interaction predictions and increased consideration of the experimental conditions such as multimerization, structure determination method, and time along folding pathways. The prediction of RNA-protein complexes remains the most significant challenge. Finally, given the intrinsic flexibility of many RNAs, we propose the consideration of ensemble models.