One of the most popular and necessary building construction materials is brick. A masonry wall that is relatively strong and durable is built using standard brick sizes. They have a long history of being widely used in construction due to their affordability and robustness. Bricks for construction were traditionally made from clay soil. Bricks are small building units frequently made of baked clay and fixed in place using mortar, an adhesive agent made of cement, sand, and water. Here’s all you need to know about the sizes of bricks used in construction.
Brick size: Dimensions of Indian bricks
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See also: Fly ash bricks: Constituents, properties, advantages, drawbacks, and uses
In India, bricks are typically used in one of four standard sizes.Â
- Modular/metric bricks: 190 x 90 x 90 mm. These bricks are made by machines.
- Non-modular bricks: 230 mm by 110 mm by 70 mm
- English size bricks: 230 x 115 x 75 mm, or 9 in. x 4.5 in. x 3 in. This is widely employed in India.
- Traditional bricks: 230 x 110 mm
Other dimensions based on the location exist as well. The bricks shouldn’t weigh more than 3 kg.
Brick size: Standard size and nominal size
In India, clay is burned in a kiln to create bricks.
- Bricks that are standard size are 190 x 90 x 90 mm without mortar.
- The nominal size is defined as 200 x 100 x 100 mm for bricks with mortar (10 mm).
Brick size in different parts of the world
| Country | Brick size |
| London | 215mm x 102.5mm x 65mm |
| USA | 194mm x 92mm x 57mm |
| Australia | 230mm x 110mm x 76mm |
| Romania | 240mm x 115mm x 63 |
| Russia | 250mm x 120mm x 62mm |
| Sweden | 250mm x 120mm x 62mm |
| South Africa | 222mm x 106mm x 73mm |
| Germany | 240mm x 115mm x 71mm |
| Denmark | 228mm x 108mm x 54mm |
| Bangladesh | 241mm x 114mm x 70mm |
Brick size: Different types of bricks
Following are some of the major types of bricks used in construction.
Sun-dried bricks
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Unburnt bricks, also known as sun-dried bricks, are the earliest and most fundamental type of brick. The name of these bricks itself contains the manufacturing process. Used frequently in rural areas or temporary constructions, not burned but dried in the sun to harden. They are best left to temporary structures because they are less durable and have decreased fire and water resistance.
Advantages:
- Cost-effective: Utilize locally available materials, reducing expenses.
- Eco-friendly: Manufactured without firing, minimizing environmental impact.
- Simple production: Easy to produce using basic techniques.
Disadvantages:
- Low durability: Susceptible to weathering and erosion.
- Poor water resistance: Absorb moisture easily, leading to structural weaknesses.
Limited load-bearing capacity: Unsuitable for multi-story structures.
Burnt clay bricks
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Known as the “common brick,” these are the most prevalent type of brick used in construction. They are used in the building projects of significant structures like building foundations, walls, and columns. They primarily come in four varieties:
- Superior bricks (best quality bricks)
- Low-quality bricks (moderate quality)
- Mediocre bricks (poor quality)
- Third-class bricks (over-burnt and in irregular shape)
 Advantages:
- High strength: Suitable for load-bearing walls and foundations.
- Durability: Resistant to fire and weather conditions.
- Versatility: Available in various sizes and finishes.
Disadvantages:
- Environmental impact: Production involves significant energy consumption and COâ‚‚ emissions.
- Labor-intensive: Requires skilled labor for manufacturing and construction.
- Heavier weight: Increases structural load and transportation costs.
Fly ash bricks
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They are used specifically for masonry and contain class C or class F fly ash, a by-product of burning coal and water at a temperature of 1000 degrees Celsius. Class C fly ash is the best brick type for pillars, foundations, and walls because it contains a high amount of calcium oxide. They are commonly known as “self-cementing” bricks.
Advantages:
- Eco-friendly: Utilize industrial waste, reducing environmental pollution.
- Uniform size and shape: Facilitate easier construction and plastering.
- High strength: Comparable to traditional clay bricks.
Disadvantages:
- Potential toxicity: May contain trace amounts of harmful substances.
- Limited awareness: Less commonly used, leading to hesitation in adoption.
- Dependence on fly ash availability: Production is contingent on the availability of fly ash.
Concrete bricks
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They are created by mixing cement, sand, and water to create concrete. They can be produced in a variety of shapes and sizes of bricks. Concrete bricks are preferred over clay bricks because they are easily produced on a construction site. This also lowers the quantity of mortar needed for the actual construction.
Advantages:
- Customizable: Can be molded into various sizes and shapes.
- High compressive strength: Suitable for load-bearing applications.
- Good insulation properties: Provide thermal and sound insulation.
Disadvantages:
- Color fading: May lose color over time due to weathering.
- Porosity: Higher water absorption compared to clay bricks.
- Heavier weight: Increases structural load and transportation costs.
Engineering bricks
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These are used in construction, particularly for their strength, resistance to cold, and resistance to fire. They are most frequently used in basements where the requirements for chemical and water resistance is higher than usual. They are renowned for having little porosity as well.
Advantages:
- High compressive strength: Ideal for structural applications.
- Low water absorption: Enhances durability in damp conditions.
- Chemical resistance: Suitable for industrial environments.
Disadvantages:
- Higher cost: More expensive than standard bricks.
- Limited aesthetic appeal: Less variety in colors and textures.
- Difficult to work with: Hardness makes cutting and shaping challenging.
Fire bricks
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Refractory bricks are another name for fire bricks, manufactured using a unique earthing process. Due to its fire resistance qualities, it can withstand extremely high temperatures after being burned. This is accomplished without compromising strength, shape, size, or desires. As a result, it is one of the most widely used types of brick in India, particularly in its arid and rural areas. This is employed in the lining of chimneys and furnaces, both of which typically have very high-temperature rates.
Advantages:
- High-temperature resistance: Withstand extreme heat without degrading.
- Thermal stability: Maintain structural integrity under thermal stress.
- Energy efficiency: Improve insulation in high-temperature applications.
Disadvantages:
- Brittleness: More prone to cracking under mechanical stress.
- Higher cost: More expensive than standard bricks.
- Specialized use: Limited to high-temperature environments.
Hollow bricks
Source: Pinterest
As their name implies, these bricks are hollow inside and weigh about one-third as much as regular bricks; they are also known as cellular or cavity bricks. Due to their ability to be laid much more quickly than regular bricks, these bricks are frequently used for quick construction. In the building process, partitioning also uses these bricks.
Advantages:
- Lightweight: Reduce structural load and ease handling.
- Insulation properties: Provide better thermal and sound insulation.
- Cost-effective: Lower material usage reduces costs.
Disadvantages:
- Reduced strength: Not suitable for heavy load-bearing structures.
- Moisture penetration: Cavities can allow water ingress if not properly sealed.
- Installation challenges: Require careful handling to prevent breakage.
Lifespans of various brick types
| Brick Type | Expected Lifespan | Factors Influencing Longevity |
| Sun-Dried Bricks | 15 to 25 years | – Susceptible to weathering, moisture, and pests due to lack of firing.
– Shorter lifespan in regions with high rainfall or humidity. |
| Burnt Clay Bricks | Over 100 years | – Excellent durability when properly fired and maintained.
– Regular maintenance, such as repointing mortar joints, extends lifespan. |
| Fly Ash Bricks | Approximately 100 years | – Good durability and moisture resistance.
– Proper curing during production enhances strength and longevity. |
| Concrete Bricks | 50 to 100 years | – Quality of materials and manufacturing processes are crucial.
– Exposure to harsh weather can lead to faster degradation if not adequately protected. |
| Engineering Bricks | Over 150 years | – High strength and low porosity make them highly durable.
– Proper construction techniques further enhance lifespan. |
| Fire Bricks | Several decades | – Designed to withstand high temperatures.
– Durability depends on thermal conditions and material quality. – Regular inspection and maintenance are essential. |
| Hollow Bricks | 50 to 100 years | – Reduced weight and insulation properties are advantageous.
– May be less durable under heavy load-bearing conditions. – Proper construction and maintenance are key to achieving full lifespan. |
Types of bricks used for different parts of constructionÂ
Selecting the appropriate type of brick for various construction components is essential for ensuring structural integrity, durability, and aesthetic appeal.
Foundations
For foundations, bricks with high compressive strength and low water absorption are crucial. Engineering bricks are ideal due to their exceptional strength and durability. Their low porosity makes them resistant to water penetration, ensuring foundation stability. Burnt clay bricks can also be used if they meet strength requirements and are protected against moisture.
Load-Bearing Walls
Load-bearing walls require bricks that support structural loads while providing insulation. Burnt clay bricks are commonly used for their robustness and insulation properties. Fly ash bricks are suitable as well; they are lightweight and eco-friendly, reducing the overall structural load and contributing to sustainability.
Non-Load-Bearing Walls and Partitions
For non-load-bearing walls and partitions, hollow bricks are an excellent choice. Their lightweight nature facilitates quicker construction and reduces the building’s dead load. The cavities within hollow bricks enhance thermal and sound insulation, improving indoor comfort.
Decorative Facades and Aesthetic Elements
When aesthetics are a priority, bricks that offer visual appeal and durability are preferred. Clinker bricks, known for their unique textures and colours from high-temperature firing, provide a distinctive appearance suitable for decorative purposes. Sand lime bricks, with their smooth finish and uniform colour, are favoured for decorative facades, offering a clean, modern look.
Fireplaces, Chimneys, and High-Temperature Areas
In high-temperature areas like fireplaces and chimneys, fire bricks are indispensable. Manufactured to withstand extreme heat without degrading, fire bricks maintain structural integrity and ensure safety in such environments.
Housing.com POV
Understanding the various types of bricks and their specific applications is crucial for practical construction. Each brick type offers distinct advantages and disadvantages, influencing their suitability for different structural components. Builders can enhance a structure’s durability, functionality, and aesthetic appeal by selecting the appropriate brick for foundations, load-bearing walls, partitions, decorative facades, and high-temperature areas. Informed choices in brick selection contribute significantly to the longevity and performance of construction projects.
Brick maintenance Guide: How to extend the lifespan of your walls
Proper maintenance of brick walls is essential to preserve their structural integrity and aesthetic appeal. Regular care can prevent deterioration and costly repairs. Here are key practices to ensure your brick walls remain durable and attractive:
1. Regular inspections
Conduct periodic inspections of your brick walls to identify signs of damage such as cracks, mortar deterioration, or efflorescence. Early detection allows for prompt repairs, preventing minor issues from escalating into major problems.
2. Cleaning practices
- Gentle cleaning: Use mild detergents and soft brushes to clean brick surfaces. Avoid high-pressure washing and harsh chemicals, as they can damage the brick and mortar.
- Efflorescence removal: Efflorescence, a white powdery deposit, can be removed by scrubbing with a mixture of bleach and water using a hard-bristled brush. Always wear protective gear during this process.
3. Repointing mortar joints
Over time, mortar joints may deteriorate, leading to structural weaknesses. Repointing involves removing damaged mortar and replacing it with new mortar to restore stability.
- When to repoint: Mortar joints typically require repointing every 40 years, but this can vary based on environmental factors and the quality of the original work.
 - Professional assessment: Engage a professional to assess the extent of deterioration and perform repointing to ensure the longevity of your brickwork.
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4. Sealing and waterproofing
Applying a breathable sealant can protect brick walls from moisture infiltration, which can cause cracking and spalling.
- Choosing the right sealant: Select a vapor-permeable sealant to allow moisture within the wall to escape, preventing potential damage.
- Application frequency: Sealants should be reapplied as per the manufacturer’s recommendations, typically every 5 to 10 years, depending on exposure to weather conditions.
5. Addressing vegetation growth
Plants growing on or near brick walls can introduce moisture and cause damage.
- Removing ivy and vines: Carefully remove vegetation to prevent root penetration into mortar joints.
- Trimming nearby plants: Maintain a clearance between plants and brick walls to ensure adequate air circulation and reduce moisture retention.
6. Preventing water damage
Water is a primary cause of brick deterioration.
- Gutter maintenance: Ensure gutters and downspouts are functioning correctly to direct water away from brick surfaces.
- Proper drainage: Grade the surrounding landscape to prevent water from pooling near the base of brick walls.
7. Avoiding paint on brick surfaces
Painting brick walls can trap moisture, leading to damage.
- Breathability concerns: Paint can seal the porous surface of bricks, preventing moisture from escaping and causing deterioration.
- Alternative treatments: If a change in appearance is desired, consider using limewash or mineral-based stains that allow the brick to breathe.
Housing.com POV
Understanding the various types of bricks and their specific applications is crucial for practical construction. Each brick type offers distinct advantages and disadvantages, influencing their suitability for different structural components. Builders can enhance a structure’s durability, functionality, and aesthetic appeal by selecting the appropriate brick for foundations, load-bearing walls, partitions, decorative facades, and high-temperature areas. Informed choices in brick selection contribute significantly to the longevity and performance of construction projects.
FAQs
Why are bricks used in the wall's construction?
Bricks are used in the wall’s construction because:
Low price.
It offers more strength.
It is simple to build a wall using a different type of brick bond.
Brick is easily manufactured nearby the construction site and is readily available.
Which code has the standard size of bricks for India mentioned?
The size of the brick will vary depending on national standards. The IS code 1077 of India refers to the standard brick size.
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Write to our Editor-in-Chief Jhumur Ghosh at jhumur.ghosh1@housing.com |
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