SSL/TLS
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Definition
Secure Sockets Layer / Transport Layer Security. Cryptographic protocols that provide encrypted, authenticated communication over a network. SSL is deprecated; modern implementations use TLS 1.2 or TLS 1.3.
The Evolution from SSL to TLS
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) was developed by Netscape in the 1990s. SSL 2.0 and 3.0 contained serious vulnerabilities (POODLE, DROWN) and are now deprecated and prohibited by RFC. TLS (Transport Layer Security) is the successor, maintaining the familiar name recognition while differing fundamentally in cryptographic design.
TLS 1.0 and 1.1 are deprecated as of 2020. TLS 1.2 remains widely deployed and is considered secure with proper cipher suite configuration. TLS 1.3, standardized in 2018, removes all legacy cryptography, mandates perfect forward secrecy, and reduces the handshake to one round-trip, significantly improving performance for latency-sensitive applications.
The TLS Handshake
In TLS 1.3, the client sends ClientHello with supported cipher suites and a key share; the server responds with its SSL/TLS CertificateA digital document that binds a cryptographic key pair to an organization or domain, enabling encrypted HTTPS connections. Issued by Certificate Authorities (CAs) like Let's Encrypt, it proves a website's identity to browsers. and a key share; both sides derive session keys from Diffie-Hellman. The connection is EncryptionThe process of converting plaintext data into ciphertext using a cryptographic algorithm and key, making it unreadable without the corresponding decryption key. The foundation of secure communication on the internet.-protected from that point. Certificate validation is a critical handshake step: the client verifies the certificate is signed by a trusted CA, the hostname matches, and the certificate has not expired or been revoked.
Perfect Forward Secrecy
PFS ensures that compromise of a long-term private key does not decrypt previously recorded sessions. TLS 1.3 mandates ephemeral Diffie-Hellman key exchange, generating unique session keys discarded after use.
Use SSL Certificate Checker to verify a domain's TLS version, cipher suites, and certificate health. HTTPSHTTP Secure. The encrypted version of HTTP that uses TLS to protect data in transit between a browser and a web server. Identified by the padlock icon in browsers and the https:// URL scheme. relies entirely on SSL/TLS for its security guarantees.