Love

After the opening credits we see a title that says "This film is an homage to the art of Anna Magnani" and that's exactly what this powerful Rossellini film is about. Magnani dominates both sections of "L'Amore" and is quite remarkable. In the first section which is called "Una Voce Umana"(The Human Voice), Magnani plays a woman in her bedroom who makes a desperate telephone call with her former husband. It is mostly comprised of close-ups of Magnani's grieving face, anticipating those of Rossellini's films starring Ingrid Bergman. In the second section, "Il Maracolo"(The Miracle), Magnani is a peasant who meets and is seduced by a vagabond whom she thinks is Saint Joseph. Though the villagers incessantly ridicule her, she thinks is pregnant with a Christ baby, something that angered the censors and religious groups, ultimately dubbing as "blasphemous". "The Miracle" section is by far the most powerful and provocative". It is characterized by overt Christian symbolism and some gorgeous shots of the countryside. Rossellini makes the viewer aware of the overpowering presence of the environment, itself another character. The scenes where Magnani is lying on the ground surrounded by animals are particularly ravishing and beautiful.

When it was scheduled to be shown in New York, L' Amore was protested by religious leaders led by Cardinal Francis Spellman. The film board of New York quickly yanked it before even hitting the screen. After viewing this case, the Supreme Court ruled that for the first time that films are "a significant medium for the communication of ideas." It wasn't until this point that the First Amendment covered film as a freedom of speech. This didn't stop censorship, but it did open new doors.

It has been noted elsewhere that this film is a fine indicator of Italian filmmakers' rupture with Neorealism, and how (in the second segment) they often turned to satire and the grotesque, a liking they shared with Spanish colleagues. "Una voce umana", the first segment, based on Jean Cocteau's 1930 monologue, about a woman who resists to break up with a man on the telephone, is the weakest part, not because of the text, Rossellini's direction or Magnani's performance. For me the problem is that the lady in question is anything but in love. She is obssessed and crazed, and after a few minutes, her addiction turns tiresome. Magnani tries had, Rossellini moves her all around the apartment, but she awakens little compassion.

Then there is "Il miracolo", from an idea by Federico Fellini (no proof has been found that it was plagiarized from a text by Ramón María del Valle Inclán, a master of the grotesque), in which Nanni, a beggar, is seduced by a traveler, and the poor woman assumes her pregnancy as a divine design. The segment created a little scandal in the United States in the 1950s, as it happened years later with "The Last Temptation of Christ", but today no Catholic hypocrit would think of raising an inquisitive voice over Nanni's sad story.

It is a nice job for in Rossellini's evolution as an author and another demonstration of la Magnani's art, but other than that it's an overrated minor work.

Movies in the United States weren't protected under the First Amendment providing free speech ever since a 1915 United States Supreme Court ruling saw filmmaking as a business rather than simply public opinion. The Italian film August 1948 "L'Amore" ("Love"), directed by Roberto Rossellini, became a landmark case which was the first step in the erosion of censorship in Hollywood. Reviewing the content of the Italian film, the Supreme Court stated in a 1952 decision Rossellini's work is a form of artistic expression, giving cinema First Amendment rights guaranteeing freedom of speech, the first time since 1915.

Broken into two segments, "L'Amore's" first part, 'The Human Voice,' didn't cause any problems with the Hays Office censors when it was first shown in New York City in 1950. But it was the second half, titled 'The Miracle,' which sent dissenters howling in protest, especially those in high authority in the Catholic Church. The controversy was litigated all the way to the Supreme Court, whose members unanimously ruled in favor of the movie's U. S. distributor, Joseph Burstyn. Said film reviewer Gino Moliterno of the milestone decision, "Part of the miracle of Il miracolo, then, turned out to be its role in initiating the beginning of the demise of film censorship in the United States." 'The Miracle,' starring Anna Magnani and Federico Fellini, the future Italian director in his only acting film role and who wrote the script, sees Nannina as a borderline religious fanatic who makes a living gathering astray goats on the town's steep hillsides. She meets a stranger whom she thinks is Saint Joseph. A bit of wine and a sleepy nap results in Nannina's pregnancy. She thinks it's all due to a miracle rather than the stranger taking advantage of her. The townspeople make fun of her reasoning, causing her to seek refuge in the hills where she's about to give birth. A goat leads her to an empty church to deliver her baby.

Once released in Italy, 'The Miracle' elicited some criticism but no obstacles in showing it. The negativity was largely more for its aesthetics, criticizing the director whose 1945's "Rome, Open City" introduced Italian neo-realism for not sticking to the genre. Those critics bemoaned, "Rossellini has completely abandoned neo-realism." But it was a different story in the United States when "L'amore" premiered at NYC's Paris Theatre in December 1950. Distributor Joseph Burstyn dropped the feature film's first part, 'The Human Voice,' and lumped ' The Miracle' in with two French short films, one by director Jean Renoir. Protesters began carrying signs proclaiming "Don't Enter the Cesspool," supported by the National Legion of Decency and the Catholic diocese, led by Cardinal Francis Spellman, who on the pulpit called Rossellini's short film blasphemous. Despite the New York Film Critics voting it the best foreign language film of the year, the New York State Board of Regents condemned it, labeling the short film 'sacrilegious." The state's authorities pulled Burstyn's movie license. In 'Joseph Burstyn, Inc. V. Wilson,' the case went through the state's court system, ending up at the U. S. Supreme Court. In a 9-0 vote delivered in May 1952, the Court claimed in what is called the 'Miracle Decision,' films DO enjoy freedom of expression.

The Supreme Court's decision didn't quite open the floodgates towards total abandonment of film censorship. The Hays Office, formed in an agreement between the studios and the censors, still exercised its control so individual local and state governments would unlikely sue Hollywood film companies in expensive lawsuit cases. But the 'Miracle Decision' did establish a precedent which served as a foundation for subsequent court cases which relied on the 'Miracle Decision' to thwart censoring movies. The 1952 ruling ultimately led to a total abandonment of the Hays Office and censorship by the mid-1960s in most parts of the United States.

"L'Amore's" opener, known as 'The Human Voice," adapted from a Jean Cocteau 1930 play, stars actress Magnani in a solo performance whose telephone conversation with a boyfriend consists of the entire short film. He informs her he's marrying another woman the next day. As film reviewer Jay Carr notes, "It's her face in closeup that does the job, whether expressing raw suffering, or aching anxiety when, running her hands over her face while looking in a mirror at unforgiving evidence that she's alone and getting older." While Magnani and Rossellini were staying in Paris, she mentioned to the director her one-woman 1942 stage act would make for a great short film. He agreed, filming the extended scene at a local Paris movie studio. To make it into a full-length movie, he directed 'The Miracle,' whose script was written by Fellini, to accompany 'The Human Voice.' Because of "L'Amore's" milestone court case, the feature film is forever included in the history books for changing the course of American cinema.

L'Amore is divided into two parts, the first called "A Human Voice", and the second named "The Miracle". Anna Magnani is wonderful at both. The first episode is about love and sadness. A woman is pursuing for a man who does not love her any longer. The whole episode occurs whitin a bedroom, with Anna and a telephone. The dialogue of Anna with her ex-husband is simply fantastic and very emotive. The second episode, more cryptic and stronger, shows us a medieval Italian town with all its beliefs and supersticions. A woman, Anna Magnani again, makes remember us the mistery of creation, with symbolic references to some christian icons (as virgins, poor people, saints, etc.). In sum, this is a wonderful film.