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THE ffORTHEEN STAR. SATURDAY, MARCH 18, 1843.
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STo aftea&erjs antr <£omiapoul>*m0
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Ctjaritet Enteatsence.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
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Lokdon . —A Concert and hall -will take place on "Monday evening at the Social Institution , Johnstreet , Totteni&m-Court-road ; the proceeds to be -devoted to dt&ayjn- ; theerpences incurred by sending delegates to the FinninghMn Conference . Chabhsts Attbkb , —Mr . Feargus O'Conaor will address his Londoa friends , on Tuesday evening next , a * the New Hall 5 Turaagain-lane , -Skinnerstreet , on the receat trials tt Lancaster- Admission to tie body of tbeH&U , two-pence ; and to the plat-__*_ & , sixpence . The proceeds will he "presented to lie'General Political Victim Fund . A MsEHKe-eT the Shareholders vrill be held on "Holiday evening at the Political and Scientino Institution , Temagain-lane , Skamer-E&eet , to elect -directors .
A Ooxcebt i _ s _> Bjoj . wffl take-piroe- on Tnesdsy -evening , _ t the Hall of Science , late Rotund * , Blackfrisrs-Toadj in aid of the funds , for defrajag -eipences incurred at the Conference . Mb . Misra -will lecture , oa Sunday evening , at the Scientific and Political Institetionj Turnagainlane , Sfcnmer-Etreet . Mr . "Wheeler will lecture , on Monday evening at Tfllman ' s Coffee House , 59 i , Tottenham < 50 _ rfc-T 0 *_ . JSs . 3 ohk Watkiss will lecture at the Mechanics ' institution , Circus-street , Marylebone , on Sunday evening next , at half-past seven o ' clock .
"GOED Bb _ TEK * S ASMS , OuB St . PaHC-US-SO-IS . — "Vf , Hassell will lectura on Sanday ev __ ting-The Female Chakiists of the Tower Hamlets -are requested to meet on Tuesday evenim ? , at Ko . 32 . "White-street , Bethnal Green , on business of importance . 5 _ o _ u . Tjatesk , Basksbokt Pahk . —A meeting -of this Locality will be held on Monday evening , -when every member is requested to attend . "Wohkiss Msa ' s Hiii , 2 S _ , Mrji-EnD Road . —The members of the different Chartist Localities is the Tower Hamlets , are requested to meet at die iboye place , on Tuesday evening , on business of the greatest importance .
The Mimnnefts of the Shoreditch Locality are requested to attend at the Gloucester Coffee House . ¦ Church-street , Shoreditch , next Tuesday evening , at eight o ' clock , to appoint class leaders , and to assist in taking a large building , to have a public meeting and lecture , from a gentleman of high repute in the Chartist cause . A yusLic ball and concert will take place at the Social and Scientific Institution , John-street , Tottenham Court-road , on Monday , March 20 , 1843 , towards defraying the expences incurred through sending delegates to the late Birmingham Confer-¦ t ctfre for the Borough of MaryleWne . S _ . Pxsc _ us . —Mr . Wheeler will lecture on Monday next , at Mr . TiUman ' s Coffee House , 59 , Tottenham Court-road . Mr . M'Grae will lecture on Monday 27 th at the same place .
Sheffield . — -Mr . Harney will deliver an address , on Sunday evening , in the room , FJgtree-laue , at seven o ' clock . Mb . Pabilks will deliver an address , on Monday -evening , at half-past seven o ' clock . "W _ 5 t-Ridd ? g Delegate Meetisg . —On Sunday ( to-morrow ) a general meeting of the Chartists Tesidin ? in the West-Biding , wDl be held in the Large Room , over the Co-operative Stores ,
Dewsbory , at eleven o ' clock in the forenoon , on matters -of the greatest importance . A ___ tox-u > - _>___ -Lin __ Mr . John Crowder , of Lower-moor , Oldham , will lecture here , on Sunday evening , at six o ' clock . No person will be allowed to lecture here in future , except those upon the plan for this district , unless he give seven day ' s notice , « nd receive the sanction of the council , and he must produce his credentials , before he be allowed to lecture .
BxHxxKGHax . —The committee elected at the Hall of Science , Lawrence-street , for Mr . White ' s defence , are requested to attend at the Chartist room , Ashton-sireet , on Sunday evening next , at four o ' clock , whan all parties holding books from that body , will be expected to produce them . Sn > DALL . —On Sunday evening Mr . A Hanson , of Bland , will lecture in the Association Room , Cinder HiHs , at six o ' clock . Halifax . —It is particularly requested that any lecturer , intending to visit Halifax , shall give five -day ' s notice thereof , and also his address , otherwise bis communication will not be attended to . Mb . James Gutton , of Midgley , and Mr . Joseph ¦ Gre enwood , of Waxley , win lecture in the large loom , ^ waa Coppice , ou Sanday , at six o ' clock in tjie evening .
Sovtesbt . —Mr . B . Butterley , of Halifax , wul lecture , on Sunday , ( tomorrow , " ) at six o ' clock in the evening . " XoVeb Wablet . —Mr . James Bawden , of Ovenden , will lecture at thi 3 place , on Sunday evening , at six o ' clock . Ox Susdat , March 26 , Mr . Bntterley will lecture at Lnddenden ; Mr . Bswden , at Upper Waxley ; Mr , Greenwood , at Oveoden ; and Mr . Clayton , at Mixenden , all to commence at six o ' clock in the
-evening . Maschesteb Chabust Yottths . —On Tuesday evening , the 21 st inst ., a public meeting * wDl be held : __ the Yontss * Room , Goulding ; Street , when the following persons : —Mr . Morrison ' , Mr . Christopher Boyle , Mr . Thomas Raflton , Mr . Richard Pilling , and other Chartist " ** Conspirators" are invited to attend . UB 0 W 5-5 TKBEI , MiJiCHESTEK . —Ml . Lane Will address the Chartist mechanics in the above room , on Thsisday evening next ,, at eight o ' clock . The public are invited to attend . Cuipksteb ' s H M . i .. —The Rev . W . V . Jackson -vnU deliver two lectures in the above hall , on Sunday , ( tomorrow , ) at half-past two in the afternoon , and half-past six o ' clock in the evening .
Adasgis g class is held every Monday and Saturday evening , at eight o ' clock , and a debating class every Sunday forenoon . Bbadtobd . —The member , of the Co-operative Store will meet on Saturday evening , at half-past seven o'tlock . A full attendance is requested , as a fresh committee , salesman , and other officers will have to be elected . The salesman will be requested to reside in the house , Chapel-lane . The shop is ¦ well supplied with provisions of the best quality . A LEcruBE wDl be delivered in the large room , Batteiworth Buildings , on the Fallacy of the Question— " Thai , the Repeal of tne Corn Laws , under present circumstances , would benefit the working man or shopkeeper . " Free admission . Discussion invited . To commence at six o ' clock in the
g . Mb . Hurley will lecture in the Chartist School Room , Park-lane , on Sunday morning , at ten o ' clock . The members are respectfully requested to be punctual in their attendance , * b business-of importance will be laid before them . Mb , R . G . Gamhage , of Northampton , will lecture at the following places : —Brighton , Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday next | Lewes , Thursday : Tonbridge Wells , Friday and Saturday ; Tonbridge , Monday , 27 th instant . Oldhajl . —Mr . Donovan , will lecture in the asso ciation room , on Sunday , at six o ' clock in the evening . Ashtos . —A lecture will be delivered in the Chartist Association Room , on Sunday evening sext , by Mr . John Crowder , at six o ' clock .
Oldham . —On Sunday ( to-morrow ) , Mr . D . Dono- -van will lecture iin the Chartist Room , Greaves-: street , at six o ' clock in the evening . j Rochdale ;—Mr . Lane , of Manchester , will ad- < dres 3 the Chartists of this place in the Association j Room , at half-past two o ' clock in the afternoon , i and at six in the evening of Sunday ( to-morrow ) , j Holliswood . —Mr . Pontefract will lecture here '¦ on Sunday ( to-morrow ) at six o ' clock in the evening . Newtoh Heath . —Mr . Glossop will lecture here \ on Sunday evening , at six o ' clock . Leeds District . —A district Council meeting will ' _? bel i , o £ S 111 " 1 *!* March 26 th , in the Chartist ! Jtoom , Molbeck , to commence at ten o ' clock . :
Lbtds . —Mr . Bass , from Ma _» e _ teste--will deliver ! ° r £ iH ! J * IaoicTOW ^« BKa and evening , in ! « ie Chartist Room , Cheapsidfi , to _ o __ j& _ nee at halt-* " £ * T ° -f ? ¦ " ° ' clo « t' Admission , one penny ¦ each , to defray expences .
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DEATHS . i OnSatordaj mora&ftff ' : ¦ Josenh Moonej , printer , Longirood'HonBBi nBt f Haddersfidd . O £ Sunday , the 12 tb inst-aged « , at Harty Terrace , in the subnfbs of York , George Wood , Esq ., of Manchester , and iff thej Panlion , Scar-, borough .
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AUCHTEKOTX 7 CHTY . —On Thursday last after listening to the sound of the drum , we were not a little startled at hearing the crier intimate by the orders of Mr . Arnot , Chief Magistrate * that a meeting of those friendly to the abolitio'a of the Corn Laws would be held in the Town Hall that same evening , for the purpose of considering the utility of petitioning Parliament against the accursed system of taxing food . The people , of course , congregated , yet paradoxical to say ,, the Rev . speakers , through their great zeal , had well nigh forgotten the hour of meeting for at tfe « hour mentioaed by the crier , not-one of them could-either be seen or heard of . Time rolled on , t > e people became impatient , aad were on the eve o ? Tetirmg , when at the last a ! aoise was heard on the stairs , when the Rev . Mr . Wise , with his colleague Dr . Taylor , Blinkingly made their apppearance . Mr . Paterson was called to the
chair , who , after renting the letter sent to Mr . Arnot , begging the favour at the meeting , called cpon Mr . WiBe to address the meetin *; amid anxious disquietude—all expecting something great from his hands . He mounted the platform , saying he could say nothing , having only had since last night to prepare , and so sat down as if ashamed , and blushed for offering so gross an insult upon the public . Dr . Taylor was then called opon , and after delivering a threadbare harangue , called upon all . present to sign a petition which had been carefully prepared for them , Auchtermuchty folks being too wise for him , knew too well . that as things stand , their abrogation would rather be % curse than a blessing , and , therefore , left the hall without one solitary soul appending his name , leaving the petition in the hands of the committee to be hawked through the parish any way the ; think fit .
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THE TRIAL—THE PRESS-AND THE LEAGUE . Except the one party whom it was intended to put down , the result of the late trial has placed all parties in ** a queer fix . " They dont know what to make of it or do with it . The Tories are ashamed of it ; the Government wish they bad had nothing to do with it ; the Whigs are mad with rage , while " liberalism" compels them to * ' hold their tongue "; and the " League'' feela themselves somehow—alloverish—as if they anticipated a somewhat different result for their own tnrn when it comes .
As every effort was made by the press to create prejudice , and to warp the course of justice previous to trial , so it has with due consigtenoy carefully smothered the disappointment of its foiled patrons at the escape of the " robins" from " under the riddle . " With few exceptions the press affects to treat the matter as one of small moment ; and this same trial , which in its anticipation was made to ring through the whole country , is passed over almost silently . By some portions of it , the villainous trick has been resorted to of giving the whole substance of the case for the prosecution , and suppressing the whole ease for the defence . Yet even these are "bothered" with the result . The verdict still stands there . It acquits half of the
accused entirely ; and convicts half of the remaining half of that which every man knows to be no moral crime , and which the highest authorities have declared to be no crime in lau- } This is a stomach-blow . It "knocks the wind out . " They look at it on all sides , and the most part of them seem prudently to conclude that " least said may require Iea 3 t mending . " There is one , however , who is especially uneasy . The depth of his chagrin exceeds the power of concealment . It must out . He cannot be quiet . His bile boils over ; and most dirty puddle is it ! Just read the following morsel from the London Correspondent , who is also , as we believe , the proprietor , of one of the most ultra of the ultra liberal" Irish papers , the Dublin Monitor : —
" The general impression prevailing -with reipect to the conviction of Feargus O'Connor and bia associates la , that It is not a satisfactory one . It is regarded as an attempt to do that on a small scale , aod with poor , paltry , and 4 m 3 g-ntfly « . "t indi-ridaal * , which , at the dose of the last centaly -was tried and failed , when diieetad against the great and the clever . The case of Home Tooke-was the endeavour to establish the crime of constructive-treason , -whilst that of Peargus O Connor is to make a precedent tor constructivemisdemeanour . Notwithstanding the verdict of the Jary , it is considered that the prosecution has broken
down . My impression is , that when it was undertaken there -was the expectation entertained that some of the leaders amoDgst the Chartist bod ; would have become Crown witnesses ; but the great probability is , that Sir Frederick Pollock , who Is , in private life , a most amiable , excellent , and honest man , would not countenance the project of his subordinates—he would Dot consent to ' terms' being made with any of them—he would allow no price to be offered to any informerbe did not ' think it meet to compound with him by the year ; ' and hence the defect in the evidence which was looked for -when those proceedings began . "
Now , isn ' t that rich ?! Just see the fellow's eadsrerons scowl , as his brows knit , when be reads the verdict , and grumbles inwardly » ** Curse on the stupid fools ! What can be done now ! Why this is actually a triumph ! " Look at hiB pinking eyes as they poke about from one counter to another of the paper , as if seeking for some outlet , through which to thrust the intrusive " triumph . " See them recoil in disappointment from the surface of the paper and bend inward to a rakiDg . of the dish of mud which he mistakes for his own brains , until they fix
upon the lump of dirt oat of which this idea has been manufactured . And then bc * how his piggy daylights twinkle as he drags it forth , and pursing up his mouth , says , There ! won't I do for yon , ye spalpeens ! Pll circumvent you this time ; for I'll swear that you could have told upon yourselves and let out your secrets , only the Attorney-General would not hear them i" Now is not that fine ? with GmpptN and Cartlkdgs staring at him t ! What fools these fellows must think their readers to be !
The Anfx-Bread Tax Circular congratulates the League upon "this legal acguiltal of the charges brought against the Anti-Corn Law League . " He makes italics dance with the announcement that throughout the whole trial : — " JVo single Mile of evidence has been adduced conceding the Anti-Corn Law League with any portion of Hit disturbances . '' Gently , Goody ; gently ! Don't halloo till yon are out of the wood . We wish you as sale a deliverance and as true an one as that of the Chartists ; but it is a little" too bine" to parade the forbearance of your victims as a victory over them . Wait till your tarn comes ; will you !
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THE " SHABBY" BARONET AND THE " CONSPIRATORS" AGAINST THE POOR MAN'S RIGHT . The starvation mongers are ** hard up . " They find enough of exercise for all their impudence to "keep open house" at alL They can only hang by the damning system by mere " pewer of face" and Bandit Law—the law of power . This has been strikingly instanced in the House of Commons
during the past week . Ne 7 er did we notice a more glaring , base , cowardly and yet impudent throwing of the shield of power over their ** comrogues of lesser note than was practised by the Tors Govern * ment and their Whig supporters in the case of a motion by Mr . Fbbbahd for the productions of certain documents having reference to the doings of a portion of the Poor Law Guardians of Halifax , and one of the tramping-pauper Bcamps of Assistant-Commissioners , named Cvatam .
The harpies of starvation rule seem to have fixed on Halifax as a peculiarly congenial sphere of operation ; Mr . Fkbbakd was desirous that the country should know something of their proceedings ; and ) therefore : — "On the question that the Speaker do leave the chair preparatory to the House resolving itself into committee of wajB and meaiiB , > k Mr , Femnd rose to move , as an amendment , for a list of the Guardians of the W ^ if ^ Y Union who assembled at the Board on Wednesday , the lBt of March instant , specifying the e * -ojfficio Guardians from the elected Guardians ; alBo a list of the Guardians who were not present , specifying the erofficio Guardians from the elected Guardians ; also the name of the Assistant Poor Law Commissioner who
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attended the Board ; also a copy of their minutes and proceedings as well as of the resolutions adopted by the Board ; also a copy of all notices given at any proceeding meeting of the Board relating to any preceding or resolution adopted by the Board on the 1 st day of March . " The honourable gentleman proceeded to state his reasons for this motion . Let those reasons be read and coupled with the fact that this simple motion for information as to what the guardians had done , that he might know , and that the country might know , whether the information which had reached !¦! 1 . . . - - —^ " ¦ - ¦ ^^^* M ^ Mi ^— ¦¦ m M - ——
the Honourable Member was correct or not , was strenuously and pertinaciously refused ; and that the refusal was supported alike b y the members of the government and their predecessors and opponents : — " He understood that there was reason to believe that that meeting , at which eighteen guardians attended , was not oonvened by a proper notioe issued by the clerk to the whole body of guardians . At that meeting the Board of Guardians resolved that a strong athletie man should be appointed , at a weekly salary , to act in the capacity of taskmaster , for the purpose of applying a more severe test to
the out-door labourers . It would be found that the Board of Guardians having , with the sanction of Mr . Clements , decided upon adopting a more Bevere test in respeot of out-door labour , had also decided upon adopting a more severe test within the workhouse . The question was brought before the board how that test oonld be moBt advantageously enforced , and different plans having been proposed , that of a treadwheel was disoussea , and how many men it would employ . Thit treadwheel the Board of Guardians directed to be erected , and a member of the board undertook to see it erected . He had stated this some time ago , when he last addressed the
House on this subject . The Right Hon . Baronet ( Sir J . Graham ) stated that it was noCao , and that , instead of a treadwheel to be applied to a rack machine , there was only to bo " erected a hand-mill for corn . He ( Mr . Perrand ) next day received more information from another person . The Right Hon . Baronet , however again said , that the mill was only a corn mill , and that he was told that by the Poor Law Commisiohers . The Board of Guardians of the Halifax Union had passed a resolution reflecting on words used by him in the discharge of his duty to his constituents and to the country—a resolution which had been brought to the board
from his own house by one of the ex ojficis guardians and this was passed by the Board of Guardians , Mr . Clements , the Assistant Poor Law Commissioner , assisting at the meeting . The same day an order was passed , with the sanction and approbation of Mr . Clements , for exoluding the reporters of the publio press from the board-room during the meetings ot the board . Bat what sort of a cornmill h&d been erected , did the Uou&e think 1 Why , none at all ; but , instead , a rag machine had been erected , for the purpose of grinding rags obtained from the poor of the towns on the continent , and impregnated with all manner of contagion and filth ,
and he was told that the stench was so great , and the dust arising f rota the grinding so oppressing , that they had the greatest difficulty in parts of Yorkshire , where rags of this lind were ground for the purpose of defrauding by the cloth manufacturers , to get persons to undertake the work . But , in order to make this more of an infliction on the poor pauper , the wheel was to be worked by capstans , which were to be turned by the poor like horses . These capstans wer » to be worked at not only by the feet , but by the hands and breasts . . According
to the opinion of a medical gentleman whom he had seen , it was highly injurious to the health to labour in this way , and was likely to end in apoplexy . This was what was about to be erected in the Halifax Union Workhouse for the employment of the poor there , either with or without the knowledge of the Poor Law Commissioners ; if they knew of it , then they had deceived the House in the statement whioh they had authorised the Right Hon . Baronet to make in his place ; if they did not know of it , then they had neglected their duty . "
The Honourable Member also made some strong allusions to a like case of horrible barbarity at Lambeth Union , where a Corn Mill had been erected for the purpose of more severely testing ; the labour of the poor . At the corn mill , in the Lambeth Union Workhouse , sixty-four persons were to work at once ; sixteen at in door labour , and forty-eight at oat-door . The mill was worked by one crank , which was bo large that every time these poor wretches worked they must bend with their hand * to the ground . The mill was under a
shed . And the object of this contrivance was that Tvhenerer a poor person came to the workhouse to ask for a loaf of bread , he was to be shown those poor wretches working at the crank under a shed I ! He referred also to a leading article in the Times newspaper of that day , in which it was stated , that within the last seven yean 6 , 315 persons had been committed to prison in England and Wales for offences against the rules and regulations of Union Workhouses , and that in the year 1842 , no fewer than 2 , 299 persons had been imprisoned in her Majesty ' s gaols for breaches ef those rules and regulations 1
In reply to those statements of alleged atrocity and to this most reasonable motion for enquiry into one of them : — " Sir J . Graham hoped the House would agree with him that on the present occasion it would not be expedient tbat be should follow the Hon . Member fox KnareBborough ( . Mr . Ferrand ) into any of the new matter that he had adduced . The Hon . Member had raised the Question for the first time of the
Lambeth Union Workhouse . He ( Sir James Graham ) did not intend to follow the Hon . Member into that subject . He had had no opportunity to enable him to test the accuracy of the Hon . Member ' s information . Much less did he intend to follow the Hon . Member to the leading article of the Times newspaper , or into anything which might have been stated tbeWMtbat morning . It would be much better , in his opinion , to oonfine himself to the motion before the house . "
Doubtless , it is " not expedient" at any time to enter upon a defence of that which we know to be indefensible 1 Henos the " shabby" effort of the Right Honourable Baronet to escape from as much of the investigation as it was possible to shirk . Lambeth and the 7 ? at «* newspaper were easily disposed of . They were " new matter . " But there was the motion before the House . " This must be " dealt with . " And how did the bold Baronetthe high-minded , honourable Baronet who refused to continue with the Whigs because they were a " shabby" Government—deal with this motion There were only three possible positions in which
the Government and their supporters could stand in reference to the matter affected by Mr . Ferrand ' s motion . They must have known the allegations to be true ; or they must have known them to be false ; or they ' most have been in ignorance concerning them . In either of the two latter cases , it is reasonable to eonolnde that they would have been prompt and forward in aooeeding to the motion ; because by the production of those papers the question would hare been settled , and the truth established . . While , on the other hand , if they knew , the allegations to be true , and were determined to uphold , but ashamed to defend , the practices
complained of , they would be rare to throw every obstacle in the way of coining at the desired information Yiilany , like falsehood , ever loves the daik . It W never " expedient" to expose it to the overhauling of common sense . and right feeling . And the way in ' which the " sbjbby" Baronet fences with the mot ion would btrprbof sufficient , if we had no others that this is precisely their position . He affects first to misunderstand Mr . FsBj | i | a > . He makes him talk of a tread-Mitf , insteatfW a tntd-wheel , and is proceeding gallantly to deny that any Buch thing as a treadmill is known or dreamt of as part and parcel of poor law merries at Halifax . This subterfuge , however , fails him . Mr . Fjebkand won't
"stand it . " Ho corrects him , and insists that M shall qnot © rightly the word used . He then tries to blunder out of H , by denying that it is a tread wheel . He insiiti that it is a Aanrf-mili , and he read letters to that effect from Mr . Clkmbmts , and from Borne man maaaod Couraoif . Now , it required but half an ej U im that the conflicting testimony of the friends , of the poor to Mr . Fjibbah * , and of the friends of the mSx" test to the Right Honourable Baronet , was the best argument that could be found for Mr . Febbaxb ' s motion ; sinoe nothing but the positive documentary evidence of the Guardians' aetnal proceedings ooald settle the motion , and show which was right . Mr . Fbrbam » put this matter very forcibly : —
" He weald not detain the House further ; he would only say that the Right Hon . Baronet ( Sir J . Graham ) had insinuated that he ( Mr . Febband ) had stated in that House what was not true , and the Right Hon . Baroset balled on the House not
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to place too much confidence in what he said . Now , whatever he might think of the Right Honourable Baronet ' s conduct to him , % supporter of her Majesty's Government , as he bad been , whenever he conscientiously could be , he had to tell the Right Hon . Baronet that the question was between the Right Hon . Baronet and himself which of their statements coincided with truth . If the Right Hon . Baronet could induce the House to agree to refuse
these resolutions , still he ( Mr . Ferrand ) , it must be remembered , was courting every inquiry . He desired nothing more than that the matter should be sifted fully , and that the Right Hon . Baronet and himself should be placed fairly before the country . If the Right Hon . Baronet succeeded in refusing the papers , the country would conclude that he was convinced that the production of the papers would show so much cruelty , and such ill-treatment of the poor tbat it would not be expedient to produce them . "
This Febrahd is a tough fellow—not easily " driven ; " and one might almost have expected this to be a poser . But a " shabby" Bvonet is often lucky in mischances ; and so he discovered a perfect god-send of a sheet cover for his minion in the fact , that Mr . Ferrand had made some reference to a vote of censure which had been passed upon him by the Halifax Poor Law men . This vote of censure was a " breach of privilege ; " and it was a very ungracious thing in the Honourable Member for KnareBborough to wish to claim the " pririlege" of not having the lie given to him by a tramping Poor Law Commissioner ! : —
" He could not think that it would be advisable for the House to embark on the question of breach of privilege under the guidance of the Hon . Member for Knaresborough . 1 c would not be prudentit would not be discreet . " Here then was a god-send for getting rid of the whole matter . The degradation , the inhumanity , the murderous effeot of the "Devil ' s dust" millwhether worked by tread wheel or hand wheelwere entirely lost sight of , and this M privilege question " was the only thing to be seen and talked of . The Right Honourable Baronet could not think of vindicating the" privilege" of the Hon . Member for Knaresborough . The cuckoo song was echoed by his satellites , both Whig and Tory , and " privilege , " ' privilege , " " privilege , " was the only thing they could any of them see iu the whole n atter .
Determined to leave them no " loop-hole , " Mr Febband " came up" again , and knocked down the privilege prop . He said : — 11 Hia only objeot was to let the House and the country know what had taken place . Ho found that there was a treadwheel ordered for the Halifax Union , which was to hold from four to forty persons . He did not know what had since occurred , and he would take no steps to bring Mr . Clements to the bar of the House if the papers were produced . "
This was a oloser ! among men of ordinary decency it would have decided the question . But tyranny sets decency at defiance when its objeots are to be maintained . And after this frank and explicit avowal from Mr . Fe&rand , that what he wanted waa the papers , and not the " privilege , " Sir Robert Peel , if he be rightly reported , had the ineffable meanness still to insist that the motion was : —
" A renewal of the question of privilege , and that it was the intention of the Hob . Gentleman to enforce the charge against Mr . Clements . Into that question the House , in hia opinion , had better not enter —( hear , hear ) . No person had more at heart the privileges of the House than he , but it was because of hiB regard for them that he would not wish to entoroo a debate on them in the present instance . "
Now this is , to our thinking , paltry and despicable beyond description ! but it was the only weapon that could be used against Mr . Ferrand ' s motion . And Sir Robert and Lord John Russell shared the honour (!) of its handling between them . Mr . Febrand ' s motion had , of course , no chance , and he withdrew it . O ! how we long to see the people assert their own " privilege , " that these sickening scenes may pass away 1
In the interim it is refreshing to see even one such member in the House as Bcsfield Ferrand , Tory though he be . Like a true Englishman , he " came up to time" again , next day , as fresh as ever ; and the pair of "Shabby" Baronets finding him not to be choked off , but determined to play the part of " the importunate widow " , with a very ill grace , suffered the rehearsal to go on—reading their own part of " unjust steward" somewhat imperfectly . They con * sented to produce all the actual transactions of the board on that day , but denied the " Notices " whioh would have proved the meeting to be a packed one for the purpose of censuring an M . P ., who had dared to speak in his place of their doings , and the resolution to exclude the press from their conclaves in future .
Here then we have an imperium in imperio with a vengeance ! A parcel of hired , tramping , scamping vagabonds called Poor Law Commtssioaera , commit atrocities against the poor , unheard of in any other country under heaven—and if a Member of Parliament shall breath a whisper of their doings in his place in Parliament , or venture to express an opinion that they are not the very pink of Christianity and virtue , these tramping , scamping , vagabonds call together a " picked party" of their . middle class mates and tools , and denounce and censure him ;
they put this forth under the false pretext of its being the resolution of the " Board of Guardians "; theyexolude the press , lest their lying subterfuges should be exposed ; and they are protected in all thiB by the Government of England in the active measures of its Premier and Home Secretary , who exert themselves with " shabby * ' pertinacity to prevent their atrocities from being dragged to light 1 Do the people want more argument to show them the impossibility of ever obtaining justice or fair play while the system lastB under which these things ean be done !
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Stockport Chartists tell us that Mr . Doyle i s to lecture in the large room , Hillgate ; but they don't soy when . An Elector of Martlbbonb is referred to Mr . O'Cmnor ' s advertisement . John Fknton . —We do not know enough of law to advise him . We have sent his letter to Mr . O'Connor . George Batehan . —The Home Secretary was subpanaed , and he attended on the subpoena ; but representing , through the Attorney General , that his being detained until the witnesses for the
defence could be called was a serious inconvenience , Mr . O'Connor consented to his discharge , on the undertaking of the Attorney-General to produce for the prosecution a witness named Wilcojc , from whom , by cross-examination , he could elicit the same facts to which he intended to have had the evidence of Sir James . A . Radical of Hunt ' s School . —Never mind the prating fool . Thomas Grbenbovd . —We know nothing about it : perhaps some of the London Chartists can tell him .
Several Parties from Leicester write to ask how it is that M'Douall and others of the absent defendants were defended at Leicester by Counsel , and that Mr . O Conn 6 r cross-examined the Crown witnesses on behalf of Leach , while Cooper was entirely overlooked ! To this J must say , that I can give no answer to any such question ; and that it appears to me to have been suggested by a captious spirit . At all events , it is most improperly addressed to me . I know
nothing about the matter . I had no concern in the appointment of Counsel for the defence ; and all 1 know of the appropriation of the Defence Fund is that not a shilling of it was appropriated to my defence , or to my use in [ any way , —Wh . Hill . W . Kmghton . —Write on one side of your paper only for the future . We had not room for any reports last week . Dobkino Chartists will see that their communication is inserted .
Thomas Ibbotsom , of Bradford , would greatly oblige the Chartists ofTyldesly i f he would publish hie address , as they tciah to communicate with him . Will the Secretary of some cooperative society be to good as to send a copy of their rules to the Secretary of the Earl Shilton co-operative society . Oub . Manchester Correspondent is informed that his second portion of the meeting for Mr . Roberts was not received here till Thursday afternoon , — sixteen hours after the former part of it had gone to press .
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D . Hahrowbr Jun . —Certainly not ; but you must not put them on newspapers . The Defence Speeches of Messrs Leach and Baibstow . — " Box . Editor , —A great many of your subscribers to the Northern Star are very desirous that the defences of Leach and Bairsto w be published at full lengh in your coming number of this week . By so doing , they will feel muoh obliged . I am , on their behalf , yours most sincerely , W . Horner , Sub-Secretary , Oldham . " — We are sorry to be unable to comply with this request ; simply because we have no reports of the speeches of those gentlemen . In order to ease the Reporter a little , —whose labours in this trial werel really harrassing to an extent far beyond
the power of most reporters , —an arrangement was made between Mr . Hill and Messrs . Leach , Bair ' slow , Harney , Beesley , and others , that the speakers should kindly furnish their speeches at the close of their trial , as it was impossible for any one man to take them allsA full length , and we were desirous to give all the defendants ' speeches enliie . The parties all promised to supply their speeches , and consequently the Reporter took no note of them ; but Mr . Harney and Mr . Beesley were the only parties who did supply them . We regret this much ; as Bairstow ' s was an excellent speech : Leach ' s
we \ did not hear . We can readily conceive that the turmoil of " "congratulations" and bustling from pl ace , after the trial , may have prevented the other parlies from having leisure to write them out . We make this statement , therefore , not at all in the way of complaint ; but simply as explanation ; that it may not be supposed that any undue means have been resorted to by us for suppressing these speeches . Had it not been that the parties premised to supply them , we should have had some report of them , less or more ; as it is , we have none- The omission } will be , doubtless , supplied in Mr . O'Connor ' s report of the whole proceedings , which will be published shortly .
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James Sinclair . —Yes . Wh . Cuttle . — Sevenpenoe each . Simeon—The first parcel was sent before the letter arrived . Robert ( Waring . —On the 29 th of April and about every six weeks ; but the time varies a little .
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FOR HRS . ELLIS . £ s . d . From a friend , Sheffield 0 0 6 .. MriHunsworth 0 0 6 ^ MrJRodgers 0 o 6 „ Mr : Bernard 0 0 1 „ Mr . Lancaster 0 10 „ London , per Thomas Farrar 0 10 0
: FOR VICTIM FUND . From West Auckland , per Mycroft 0 4 9 « , a few poor persons at Ormskixk ... 0 10 0 « . Thi > rnley Colliery , per G . Brown ... 0 2 4 j „ a few friends in the cause , per j"W . C . T . 0 10 0 „ Wingate Colliery , collected by Wed-] dle and Cowins ... ... ... 0 12 0 „ Ditto , collected by Embleton and Miss iCowius ... ... 0 5 7 „ Wingate Colliery , raffla for a cradle , ' presented by George Brown . [ This cradle was won by Mr . J . Bor-Ikouse , who immediately presented it again ; and it is to be raffled for , for the benefit of the Victims . ] ... 3 1 8 . ]
FOR ROBERT PEDDIE . From London , per Thomas Farrer 0 10 0 FOR MRS . ROBERTS . From Mr . Hunsworth , Sheffield 0 0 6 .. Mr . Rogers ... 0 0 6
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; THE STRIKE . TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . SiR ,-4 lf Peargus O'Connor , yourself , and your coadjutors , who have been unjustly hailed before the judgment-seat , have not ( which is proven ) been guilty of creating " riots , tumults , and insurrections , to the great terror of her Majesty ' s liege subjects , " it follows , as a matter of course , that the aots of August { last must have been concocted and perpetrated by other parties than the active members of the Chartist body . These being fully exonerated ,
and , moreover , their conduct having elicited expressions of commendation from , not only the presiding Judge , but from the vicarious plaintiff , the Attorney-General , it would be incompatible with every principle of ratiocination to suppose that the disciples of these men—those advocates of " Peace , law , and order "—should engage in a physioal crusade against the lives or property of their fellowmen . Toe thing is impossible , and ita impossibility is evidenced by the Attorney General ' s tearing up of the black pages in the " Monstrous 1 n » ict-MENT ! ' »
Sir , I heartily rejoice at the result of the trial , as by it the innocent—but once suspected—are not only exculpated—but the cause has received an increased impetus—its lustre is more visible , and we may now joyfully anticipate a complete and permanent triumph over the hosts of despotism . But , Sir , who planned the outbreaks ! Who incited the credulous and unreflecting to aots of violenee Who drove the workies from their avocation and looked | up their hells ! The country have a shrewed guess ; and the thin-skinnedness of Cobden and Co ., on the' matter , serves to strengthen the guess , if proof was required .
Surely our friend Duncombe , and those gentlemen in the House , who bave given us a specimen of their love of justice , will not only keep the inquiry in motion ; but the country will support their exertions by loudly demanding a full investigation into the affair , to the end that justice may find the delinquents iin their proper place—not lurking in the dark , but at her own tribunal . Yours , truly , WrtLiAM Rider . Leeds , March 16 th , 1843 .
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MANCHESTER . —Money received by Thomas Davies , for the General Defence Fund : — i £ b . d . An Old General , ... 0 0 6 A few fine spinners , near Great Ancoata-street 10 0 Piltington 0 10 0 Two ; friends 0 2 0 Ditto ... ~ 0 1 0 D . W 0 0 6 A few friends from Marple 0 10 0 James Allen , 0 2 0 George Exley 0 7 6 John Hilton 10 16 Newgvenders Of Manchester 1 10 3 WinHter , Derbyshire , per James
Jackson 0 3 0 Brownhill and friends 0 3 lg Timothy Booth 0 10 Joseph Ogden 0 10 Isaac Wilson 0 10 JohnSuiton 0 0 6 Charies Horton 0 0 6 Fred . Ogden ... 0 1 0 By a- tailor .. 006 John Burgess , Hollins Green ... 0 5 0 ThoB . Rankin 0 0 6
A friend 0 0 6 Richard Greenwood 0 0 6 Frederick Groves 0 0 6 Daniel Flinn 0 0 6 A . Tweedie 0 0 6 New Z 9 aland 0 10 Thomas Heames 0 0 6 Martha Brown 0 0 6 John Kervria 0 0 6 A Foe to Tyranny ... 0 0 6 W . C . ... 0 0 6 William Groeoott 0 10
Carpenter b Hall . —Two lectures -were delivered in the above Hall , on Sunday last , in the afternoon and evening , by Mr . Peter Rigby , from Choriey . The lectures were well attended . OX . DHAM . —On Sunday last , Mr . T . Clark delivered ] a spirited address in the Chartist Room of this place . The audience listened with great attontion till the conclusion of the lecture , although it was almost suffocating , numbers having ; to go away who could not gain admittance . On Tuesday , Mr . Peter Rigby lectured in the same place ; hiB lecture gave general satisfaction . Malton . —Mr . Brown visited this town , on Saturday last , and on Sunday he gave two excellent discourses on practical Christianity ; and although the notice was short and the weather unfavourable , he had a good attendance and was well received . For the future all lecturers must give five dear days ' notioe , or otherwise they will not be supported .
LONDON . —Carvers amd Gilders ^ Bailet ' s Cofpee House , New Compton-Street , Seven Dials . —Mr . Wheeler lectured here on Monday evening to a respectable audience . The chair was ably occupied by Mr . Hutchins . After the lecture , a discussion took place on the subject of the Corn Laws , in which a veteran Corn Law Repealer , Messrs . Wheeler , Alexander , and other individuals took part . A library has been established in connection with this locality , and it bids fair to become a powerful accession to the ChartiBt body . Mr . Rctpy Ridley lectured oh Sunday evening to aj numerous auditory , at the Working Man ' s Hall ; Mile Ead Road , and was loudly applauded . Mr . Knight lectured on Monday evening to the Chartists meeting at the Flora Tavern , Barnsbory Park , on The Slavery practised by the Milloorats and Mine Owners of this country on Men , Women , and jChildren . " The lecture elicited great approbation .
Mb . Bolwbil lectured on Sonday evening , at the Mechanic ' s Institution , Circus-street , New Road . The audience was numerous and enthusiastic .
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Chartist Hall , 1 , China Walk , Lahbeth . — At a meeting of members in this locality , it wag agreed to adopt the remonstrance , to send 6 s . to the Victim Defence Fund , and meet next Tuesday , to consider the subject of exclusive dealing , as the most speedy , agreeable , and certain means of causing the Charter to become tho law of the land . Oqq new member was enrolled . BIRMINGHAM . —White ' s Defence . —A public meeting , called by placard , was held in the saloon of the Mechanics Institute , Great Charles-s treet on Tuesday evening last , at seven o ' clock . At the time appointed for commencing business , Mr Thomas Reece was unanimously called to the chair '
The Chairman opened the business by reading the placard , and the address published by Mr . White's Committee , and introduced Mr . Win . timith Lindoo to move the first resolution . Mr . Lindon , in a neat and effective address , in which he dwelt on the unjust measures adopted by the Government respecting the Chartist trials , alluded to the necessity of pro ? caring means to send the necessary witnesses to Warwick to rebut the evidence brought against Mr White . He then moved tha following resolution : — ' 1 . ' * That as the misery Which now exists ia this country results from irresponsible Government , aod as it is clear t \ tat there is no hope of amendment until an effectual change is established , this meeting
therefore , resolves to continue the present struggft for liberty , and pledges itself to support the advocates of justice and equal lawn , until the People ' s Charter the only hope of the suffering millions , becomes the law of these realms . " Mr . Walter Thome seconde d the resolution , Mr . George White was then aUti on , and addressed the meeting at great length . Ha explained his views of the Charter , and stated hia determination to end as he had begun , by standing with his own class , as a whole-hog Chartist . H » dwelt at some length on the rottenness of the Whir Corporation of Birmingham , and after referrh » to his forthcoming trial , retired amidst looj cheers . The Chairman then pat the
resolution , which was carried unanimously . JU E . P . Mead proposed the second resolution aid passed a high eulogium on Mr . White ' s conduct . The resolution waB as followB : —** That as the cuaj of Mr . George White is inseparably connected wifo the town of Birmingham , we deem it to be our duty to exert ourselves to the utmost of our ability , jj order to enable him to convey the necessary wit . nesses to Warwick at the ensuing assizes . " Mr , John Mason arose to support the resolution , aod was received with loud cheers . He delivered u elegant and spirited address , in his usual fervid
style , and laid bare the corrupt system which produces so muoh misery in society , and called on then to do their duty on that occasion . He was loudly cheered throughout his address . The resolutioi was then put and unanimously agreed to . On the motion of Mr . John Follows , a vote of thanks and three cheers were given to the Chairman for hia praiseworthy conduct . Three cheers were gives for Feargus O'Connor , and t&ree for Cfeorga White . A number of persons afterwards enrolled their names iu the Chartist Association , and the meeting separated .
_ Aston-street Meetins . —Mr . E . P . Mead delivered a lecture in Aston-street Room , to an attentive audience , on Sunday evening last , Mr . Thoaus Bates in the chair . The lecture gave general satisfaction . LEEDS— Mr . Robert Peddie , whose pat Buffering ! , during hia three years ' . confinement in Beverley Hell , us too well known to require enumeration , is once more restored to liberty . Upon his enlargement be imme . diately resumed bis labours as an agitator , having delivered , lectures oa Chartism in Hull , Bradford , ind Leeds . In the latter place he on Saturday evening bit , gave a detailed account of bu past sufferings daring the long confinement in Baverley prison . In the conns of
the lecture he adverted to the nature of the evidence brought against him , proving from a number of letteti and other documents tbat every witness employed fof the pnrpose of ensuring hia conviction was perjured ia the extreme ; he moreover intimated his intention of bringing the guilty parties before a fitting tribunal en i charge of gross and wilful perjury , and from the poaitin nature of the evidence which he advanced in support of his allegations , he must finally triumph over hit cruel and inhuman foes . Of the evidence and other matters , connected wita his conviction , it is not requisite now to speak , as he intends to lay the entire
facts of the case before the publio , through the medium of a circular , and , as it ¦ will contain ( in addition to the particulars of tha trial ) a faithful description of the treatment of political offenders , such as he himself experienced at the hands of the authorites j it mart prove a valuable auxiliary to the cause of democracy , in every locality , when Mr . Peddie ' s sufferings hate been enumerated . The statements made by Mr . Peddie relative to the treatment of prisoners , and theseieitoj of prison discipline ; are of euqh a nature , as to merit immediate investigation . In vain do oar rulers boat of civilization , and the blessings of Christian charity , if oruelties like these are to be tolerated in tbeneartof
Christian land ; not even the fabled horrors of tfee ancient Inquisition , with all IU appendages of gloomy horror , can outweigh the reflned cruelties of the present time . Kaefes and tortures , chains and dungeons , the fire and the faggotthese are said to have been used , when mental datkneu enveloped society ; * but the present system , though diversified in character , is nevertheless as painful ia cruelty . The tread-mill breaks up the physical constitution as effectually as the rack—the silent cell will engender madness—hunger and wretchedness will insure death as effectually as though administered at the hands of the executioner . This Mr . P . clearly demonstrated ; he moreover adverted to the conduct of the magistrates , who , after his conviction , refused to alls * him the right of petition , although he had ample evidence to prove his innocence of the charge for which
he stood condemned , and he was thus cruelly denied the means of petitioning , although justly and legally entitled to the same ; but of these things the public will hear more anon . There ia but one way of crashing the power of peraecution , and that is by avoiding secrecy , as our worst and greatest foe . Spies and informers , intriguers and political assassins , may attempt to impede the onward progress of demftgacy ; bal unity , watchfulness , and perseverance , will enable u td survive them alL Mr . Peddie inform ! me thil the Chartists o / Bradford are about'to get up a petition praying Parliament to institute an inquiry touching the conduct of those parties who witheld from Mr . P . the means of proving his innocence , by refusing him the right of petition . D . ROSS . —On Monday , Mr . Peddie gave a similar statement at Hull , to a crowded meetingat the Freemasons'HalL ¦ .
, . „ . ,. Armlet . —On Monday , the 13 th of March . Mr . Ross , of Manchester , gave an interesting lecture on ti » fallacies of the Corn Law humbug , and the oeneaa arising from the People ' s Charter , which waa lUtewo to with great attention , and gave great satisfaction . SHEFFIELD . —The CHARTIST TBIUHPH -Saeh must be the reading of the late " Chartist Trial w the future , for triumph , and a glorious triumpb w , that trial ha « proved . On Monday evening a ««»« meeting waa held in the Fijj . tree-Iane Ro ° »> f " j ~ from tanc
from Mr . Harney an address on his return » ter . Mr . BriggB was called to the chair . J ^ -f ™ / delivered a lengthy adaresa descriptive of twM ? w ™ i in the coarse of which he highly landedthe eo adMt « Mr . Baron Bolfe . at the same time paying » JnrtU ? T of admiration to Mr . O'Connor for bis nn > naKnao » services , and to all the rest of his brother ***»» far their unflinching patriotism . Mr . Harney tW »»™ by moving the adoption of the following resolouon . " That this meeting , whUe upon a former ocew ™ strongly condemned Lord Abinger for hia . PJ * r ^ j rtiBoriUwfnl nnndnet at th «» f . ivp . rnool and ClK « PvT
Commiasious , deem it their duty to express the * * V ration of the impartial and just conduct ol *> Rolfe at the late trial at Lancaster , and w * n <* r expresses its hope that the noble example . ¦» ' that Judge will be imitated by all who »*» h the ju-iteial bench . " Mr . Parir . es seconded w ^ solution , which was unanimously' igceM _ ^ fellow-Haruey moved , seconded by Mr . Parkes , \ ^ . ^ ing resolution , which was also unanimously caw ^ That the thanks of this meeting are due , " ^ hereby given , to Feargus O'Connor , Bsq- » for ^ hjJ ^ did defence of the principlea of Chartism » 0 "i equalled labours in behalf of his brother 4 « f during the late trial ; at the same # *« *?" hUnnexpresses its thanks to W . P . Roberts , Esq .. j ^ Ln . " wearied exertions in behalf of our peraecatea " ^ L ^^ nB M * Rr . ot-. nn < v > naide » H that there WOW OtBef IP
who deserved the thanks of the meeting , and no so than Mr . Harney and Mr . Patkes , who "T , la done their duty and manfully defended the P"T ^ of the Chatter : he therefore moved , " Ttat 'fJTjir . of this meeting be given to Mr . Julian H " ^ & . Samuel Parkes for their honest , patriotic . * £ , ^ rageons conduct as defendants in the late t ^ - ^ resolution was unanimously adopted * •/^" r * ljt ( d then voted to the chairman , and the meeting aw * - . ABERDEEN—On Monday eveniDg ^' ^ John Frazer lectured in the HaU , ^ , ^ * " ^^ Bobjeot , " Industry the only trae source , " rjjf , prosperity and happiness ; and on Mondaj "" * . j » . Henery lectured on the" Progress of gwjjfc both lecturers acquitted themselves bigw j ^ . Batisfaction of the audienee , " and it is bat-wro ^ tice to say , that , each of them , displayed a " ^^ of thought and research , very seldom w »• with . ' _
The Ffortheen Star. Saturday, March 18, 1843.
THE ffORTHEEN STAR . SATURDAY , MARCH 18 , 1843 .
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&OCKPOKT—On Sunday evening last , Mr . John ' jUhfison lectured to a large and respectable 5 ?^ f * *^ ^ ? lengthened account of the i Cbaziat triumph at Lancaster . At the conclusion , I t \ & thanks and confidence of the meeting was •^ ¦¦ srdedhim , ^ j
> V * <*?« * In * , of WiGHa . —Mr . R . G . Gammajje ! jecfcmt Xiffliibe cause of . national Distress and the ; PeopleY * * ^ as the remedy , on Thursday the Sfch install * * and on Monday the 13 th ; both lectures TOie nun . W ' osly attended and the lecturer -was j listened to > ^ i " profound attention . i
Sto Aftea&Erjs Antr ≪£Omiapoul≫*M0
STo aftea&erjs antr < £ omiapoul >* m 0
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KNARESBOROUGH .-A public ** $ was held on the 15 th instant , to adopt » Jg ( , to Parliament on machinery , Bome tmng ' J ^ f dnt the- one sent from Leeds . * We- "to ? J ^ JJL&r will become general throughout # \* l ^ btf turinji diutricts , where the •* M # -tyS- SSijoi «* suffered so much from its effects ,, ^ The Pf ^ Jft . b © presented to the House by Mr ^ Fcrrana . ? ^ Duncombe will be requested to support U » * & of the same . A vote of thanks was gwen ^ j ^ Duneombe for his sterling adyocaoy m tW TJI cause , and likewise for bringialK WQ Lord Abinger before the public ^ X ** letter on the subject of the allotment flgJ ^ iW read , and the subject will be taken up fVJjp middle and working classes at no distant p » ^ % we intend to have a public meeting , anu * ^ memorial to the heads of the town ana *« owners in particular .
Ctjaritet Enteatsence.
Ctjaritet Enteatsence .
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4 ' THE NORTH E R N STAR . , _ ¦ ¦ ' ~ - ^ - — --- ~ m--- ~ ------- ~—m ~ - — - — - —— | M —* ' _______ ______ : - ¦ " — _____ ' ~™ "" " - ""——— — —
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Northern Star (1837-1852), March 18, 1843, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct473/page/4/
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