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Northern Star (1837-1852), 3rd April 1852, Edition 2 of 2, Page 1

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      And National Trades' Mjmal. ¦

      AND NATIONAL TRADES' MJMAL .

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      Tl The Trxice Between The Party In Power...

      Tl The trxice between the party in power and the IhiehteefeU Opposition has this vreek been broken by I he be course pursued by Earl Derby . Upon the disincinct engagement that the -Session was to close » . pesneedUy , and he confined to urgent business only , the 3 jpppponejita oi the Government consented to waive all [ Dpppposition , and to grant the supplies for the year . In I thiihis manner the Army , Navy , and Ordnance estimates iha ^ ave been v oted with a celerity and a unanimity i alnalmost unparalleled , but having succeeded in oh-Itaitaining them , the Prime Minister has suddenly I tutturned round , repudiated the arrangement , and

      declaclared that , as far as he is concerned , the session shall momdt % e shorter than nsual ; . while the Chancellor of tli + Jie Exchequer intimated , 4 he same night , that it is giiiajs-intention to bring forward a budgetriiivolving , as a ss matter of course , a sitting of at least the ordinary ^ . duration . Itis not to he expected that the opposition wi-will tamely submit to these unscrupulous tactics . SilChey have the majority , and can , at any moment jmt Stan end to the unconstitutional policy attempted to be aiaursuediy the Derby Cabinet . The grants for the ckivil service are not yet voted , and they have , there-* Mbre , cither theoption of refusing them . altogether , or « o « of wting them for a short period , and thus compel

      'S' & a . t appeal to the hustings , from which the Governacnent appear to shrink If that fails a direct vote of Vwant of confidence is open to them , in which case itit would be impossMefor the Ministry to continue I Parliament . Under any circumstances , Lord Derby ' s « conduct must prove exceedingly damaging , not only t to hisown reputation as an honourable man , hut also t ts & e charat ifeerof his'Ministry . There is nothing of \ * fcich theSnglish people are less tolerant , than play-\ Hng fast ^ snd loose with distinct p ledges ; and we . canno , t - ^ oubt # . at the struggle between parties , both in and out of ! Paruameat , trail grow more keen and bitter ia consequence of this avowal . ^ & other respects , the-week . has been a busy one in Iferiiament . It was . opened by a stirring debate on Hhe Militia Bill , proposed by the new Ministry , which , jipon the whole , was well received . by the Commons ,

      with the-exception cf the Manchester School , though they confined thetaselves to a mere protest , and declined , on * ae first stage , to press a division . It would be premature to express any decided opinion as to the ultimate fate of the measure , though we incline to believe that , as its nature becomes better understood in connexion with the absence of any real cause for such an exceptional and burdensone arrangement , public opinion will declare strongly against it . The motion of Mr . Akbebsos , by which She Steam Mercantile Navy might be converted , in taseof necessity , into a warlike armament , had far mofle of practical utility , and is , at once , the cheapest , the readiest , and the most effective mode of meeting * any hostile aggression , should such be contemplated . " * he division on Mr . Bebkeiey ' s annual motion for

      the B ; iUot . indicates the near approach of a general erection . A larger number voted in its favour than we believe on asy former occasion ; and even Lord John © Seredesery modified opposition , qualified by the distinct a & sission that the proposal was largel y supported . fey # 8 biicopinion . Mr . AysrEr ' s motion fortheimpo-Sitioa of a doty of one shilling a gallon on foreign wine 5 s "one recommended hot onl y by financial but moral Seasons . He showed clearly that the effect would be such an increase to the revenue as would permit of the reduction of nmnerous taxes which hear heavily © a Some ipresiuce and home industry ; while the en-< % nuragemostit would hold out for the consumption . of the light « nd wholesome wines of France , would not only preswote temperance and comfort amongst the largo classes of the community , but also extend our

      trade trith those countries from which these wines are imported . Indefatigable Mr . Sharman Cbawfobd again tried his Tenant Bight Bill for Ireland , which & as small chance of being adopted by a Parliament of Landlords , though , to the credit of many of them , at was warmly supported by men belonging to both ^ parties . The treatment of foreign refugees constituted on Thursday the topic of an animated debate , -with little immediate result , besides tbe expression -of an opinion which must have the effect of showing 4 be Ministry that there is a point beyond which the ¦ people of this country will not permit them to go , in -order to oblige their despotic friends on the . Continent . The rejection of Sir De Lacy Evans ' s motion for inquiring into bribery and corruption , in the borough of Harwich , is onlv one more added to tbe

      many proofs , that our Legislators , with all their professed anxiety to suppress botb , have no heart in the matter , and studiousl y discourage every genuine attempt to put an end to these disgraceful and demora-Jisieg agencies . ^ Among the more noticeable items under the aead of election intelligence this week is the Candida . 1 ft Mr * W - Szmm for ^ e Tower Hamlets . Labour could bare no better or abler representative in Parliament than that gentlemen . The moderate , intelligent , yet Brm r tl , u ? wed tnannerm which he has supported the views or tie bod y 0 f which he is so distinguished a member , has conferred

      an hononr not or-ly upon it , but upon the labour cubs « large ; and it will be the commencement of a new « a , When a n » o , BO well fitted by practical knowledge and expmeiics , of the wants , 4 he sufierin « s , and the intelligence oi the wor & ing classes finds a place in the Legislature , and sanies St . Siephen ' s with tie sound of a real working nan a roice . We trust that tbe democratic borough he » as selected will do itself the honour of electing him , Mould he go to the poll . Prom the speech of Sir J . Gbahah at Carlisle , it would appear as though he was running a race for tbe Premiership of the next liberal Ministry . He has come hack to bis first love , and after having broken with the Whigs , allied himself with Lord SrAStEr , and served under Peei .

      returns to the ranks of Liberals and Reformers , mating protestations which throw L <\ rd J . B . HSSbLL * B hesitating liberalism into the shade . He is not quite ready for tbe Ballot yet , but entertains no insurmountable objection , while he is quite prepared to sweep away the small boroughs which the late Premier was so anxious to preserve , and to distribute their members among larger populations and more worthy constituencies . This is bidding Kgh for office , and at ail events renders the restoration of the ' Family Party' to power in its d & integrity an imposnfaiiitv . 6

      The accounts from the manufacturing districts show toe existence of a slate of things by no means in accordance with the statistics of the Frf e Trade journals . Some nreUtJi lbe ^ "did totals' and aggregate results Sal baSs l tlle , n * eem * ° * est on D 0 reliaole or *« bstanthe l , u „ ' - lKn , ije come to inquire into the condition of work i ? . H in aeta 5 ! - ft daw * eTer r trade there arelr mplaints S eneraI » an , i in numerous cases redaction ^ P atfSao < 1 tarn-outs in consequence of attempted to ? £ S . Ma V ' Lor ' Sumwai delivered an Imperial ukase whieh »„ JeS W ho ^ ne has des ignated by Legislatorial titles , and tw cwdeat , v showed that these titles are a mockery , foncimiEt i 5 tte ! D ? . their part to exercue Legislative wts

      and tho ;»^ V , .. " were taisinea m ros speecn , hUoSi n ° e" ? e wl - th » Md » * its conclusion he warned 9 & hT ^ at tt ?? ' ? Upended upon their remaining * SdS" ° W ° Ul < J ^ snnie ^ Ferial title as well ^ tfwer nf ° / ' »» d » W deal for his indomita-* dihL face ~ Y | ry httle indeed for the men who WpabS ^ 00 ^ ly l ^' S * " " . such gross and ^« S' ™ ? * brute-force is in nZ ^ toZl *« Pf » l * fiw « n , beiog in bondage , but nmai » vawgh m m deep-aad the day will

      The Social Condition Of Labotjb. Mr. Emt...

      THE SOCIAL CONDITION OF LABOTJB . Mr . Emtob , — 'The countries wherein the laws respecting land . are unrestrictive in their operation , and attendant with but trifling expense j wherein , too , the Educational Question has been largely considered , and the children of the poor have been blessed with a good practical education ; in these countries the condition of the working classes is in a gratifying state There , abject poverty , such ; as : is-daily-, witnessed , in this wealthy empire , is not to be seen ; that mental degradation , by which so many of our people are reduced to the level of the brnte creation , there does

      not prevail ; while to the social-misery of-the Anglo-Saxon peasant many of the continental nations are strangers . Much as the British labourer may boast of his civil and political freedom , in point of § ociaJ comfort and intellectual joy , his position is $ ruly distressing , when compared with that of the Swiss and Prussian peasantry ; and wherever the hind is permitted to become individual property , that country stands out in bold relief , and shows a ; sunay sky and a cheerful aspect , as contrasted with . the terrible picture which Ireland presents to the world . In England , Scotland , and Ireland , as we too well know , the laws pertaining to land are restrictive , obscure , -and exceedingly expensive . God ' s ! eartb ,: upon this

      speck of the globe ' ssurface ,, is the privileged posseBsion of theone thousand and eightieth part oftlie people now living ; thereon—the property of some 25 , 000 persons , ; and the British law protects them in their holdings , to the almost absolute exclusion of the remaining inhabitants . Hence , for the majority of 27 , 000 , 000 of souls , there is but the faintest hope , : that . many of their numbers will become land proprietors ^; ' " and hence the condition of the workman is what it is , for the system hasclosed-against him nearly eveny . chance of his becoming an independent man , jib the master of his own position . I shall endeavour to maie this clear to nry waders ,- . because I feel strong in the conviction that the Labour Problem cannot be

      solved , unless the land of the country is made public property , and tbe laws which press upon the same wholly repealed . But . it must be understood , tha . t , as my object , in this letter , is to place in contrast the condition of the continental labourer with that of one of our own countrymen , he he English , Irish , or Scotch , I do not purpose to discuss the abstract question of the rig ht of any one man to . the laud , ^ > r any portion of it , so that it may be indefeasibly hisproperty , and iiia only . Such a right , when so considered , I unhesitatingly say , does not exist . But taking things as they are , and with a desire to help in the solution

      of the difficulties which so heavily bear upon Labour , by working the imperfect materials of . the present into a shape and . form fit to face the future , I claim fur laud that which is enjoyed by trade g enerally , viz ., that it shall bo as muchamarketuble commodity as is tbe seed which men bury in its bowels . It is not bo with us . ; and-because it is not , I make hold . to say , much of the misery and degradation of the people is fairly attributable . The law of Promogehiture # n 3 Entail , -andsthose which relate to land generally , are . the remnants of feudality ; and though the . times and the ihstitptio ' ijs of the people have undergone severe changes , '' -theie laws have been but slightly modified . Such enactments must have been passed for the purpose of

      rendering concord an impossibility , otherwise they would not have been , in this respect , so eminently successful . To keep the land in as few hands as possible , and to give to the territorial class all but a supernal . power over the nation , were the leading objects contemplated . The end has been attained . The soil has ceased to be the property of a majority of . the people ; and the laws above-named declare that , in relation to certain holdings , the right of disposal has terminated ; the estate must descend from generation to generation , always as the private property of . the famil y , whose names are written upon certain title deede , executed hundreds of years since ; and descending , too , from eldest son to eldest son , or by a denned law . of affinities .

      Perish such an abomination as this ; its workings are fiendish and inhuman ; its effects upon suffering labour are cruel beyond description . Itis in Great Britain and Ireland , in Russia , and in some parts of Austria , that this monster evil is perpetrated ; but , thanks to the events in France , of 1789 , the wrong does not elsewhere prevail . The statutes which gave power to the territorial class of France , to keep the . laud in . their respective families , for several generations together , fcllin 1789 ; of Prussia , in 1811 ; of Holland , Belgium , Denmark , Saxony , Nassau , Bavaria , Wurtemburg , Baden , and Switzerland , at various times , during the last fifty

      years . Before such alterations took place , our best writers and travellers pictured to us horrors such as are daily to be " seen in Ireland , and in a slightly modified extent , in many parts of England . Mr . Arthur Young , writing about the condition of the French peasantry , previous to the subdivision of the great estates in France , says : — 'It reminded me of the miseries of Ireland . It was as bad in Germany and in Prussia . * ' The peasantry , ' says Mr . Young were in the moat indigent stato ; their houses dark comfortless , and almost destitute of furniture ; their dress , ragged and miserable ; thqir food , the coarsest and most humble fare . ' But so vast has been the

      improvement since tbe laud became saleable property , and subdivided into small farms , that the traveller can detect the difference it has made upon the men of tbirty-fiye , and those Tno . r . e advanced in years . The former have been educated , and made partakers of the present advantages of the altered system ; the latter cannot efface the scars , nor thoroughly heal the wounds of their early struggles , which a helot system solel y occasioned . Each class , yonngand old , hears the respective stamp of their history . On the one , the impression is as if struck with the die of humanity , the other with that of crushing tyranny and devilish design .

      In dermany , Holland , and Switzerland , for the last thirty years , every child , male and female , has been receiving a good education . ' Of the men and women , ' says Mr . Joseph Kay , ' under tliirty-fivG years of age , nine-tenths are well-educated . In 1846 , the Prussian Government made a general inquiry throughout the kingdom to discover how far the school education had been extended , and it was then ascertained , that , out of all the young men in the kingdom who had attained the age of twenty-one years , only two in every 100 were unable to read . '

      And , as may be supposed , the effect of this diffusion of knowledge is bearing fruit in other ways ; for it has taught the people to appreciate their position , seeing that by the practice of self-denial , and a steady refusal to incur responsibilities which are certain to keep him poor for the remainder of his days , a man can , by his industry , possess himself of a small estate , and thus far become independent . So it is found , ' that the poor of these countries do not marry so early in life as the English labourers , and do not rear , consequently , such large families . In

      some parts of bwitzerland , as in the canton of Argovie , for instance , a peasant never marries before he attains the age of twenty-five , and . generally much later in life .... the women very seldom before they have attained the age of thirty . ' In Lucerne , Argovie , Unterwalden , & Cf > ^ vs are in force , which impose heavy penalties upon young persons who marry before they have proved to the mag istrate that thoy are able to support a family , 69 far as present wcujasl ^ ucea enable then } to an-

      The Social Condition Of Labotjb. Mr. Emt...

      swer : tbe ^ question . The following figures Will boar evidence to the value ' of these remarks ;— 'In . 1843 , 4 , G 80 marriages were celebrated in Prussia , ' between . persons , Of whom , either the , map ; or the woman , was more than fortyrfive years old . In the same year , 26 836 marriages were recorded , when the man was more than forty-five , < and the Woman less than forty-five , or the woman was wore than thirty , and the man less tban « eixfcy ; 21 , 138 men were married , each of whom was more than thirty ; and less'than thirty five ; and ' 25 , 123 women , each of whom was more than thirty years of age . So that of all the persons married in Prussia , in 1843 , . there were : — . , 731 men under -45 years of ago .

      7 , 273 „ between 45 and CO " 1 . 444 . , ( jl abovej . ' -. 60 . ^ 111 , 396 women under i . 30 years of age , 25 , 223 „ between 39 and 45 „ . 3 , 935 ,, above 45 „ . Ths : average age of marriages in Prussia , >\ a , for men thirty-five years , for women thirty . Now look to England , ' . upon this picture and upon that . ' In England , in 1846 , out of 24 , 356 men ; married to the same number of women , —

      590 men . were wider 20 years ofage . 11 , 790 „ were just 20 „ 6 , 467 „ ,, 25 ; , ' and Jess ( ban -2 , 464 „ „ 30 „ „ 'UN .. . .. 35 11511 " ' ' -1 ? " * " " i su » . > i 4 a „ and over . 2 , 812 women were under 20 jcars ofage . 32 , 470 ,, . rrere just 20 „ 5-S ? ' « 25 » and less than Ml * " " sn w " " f " " 753 " " « " a " 'V * , n M 45 ,, ana over .

      In'Prussia , one man in . every . sixteen who marry , is forty-five years old ; m England , only one in every twenty-one , : of the same age while nearl y half of ail the men - . married , every year , are not older than twenty-years ! Early marriages are severe Wots upon the industrial escutchon of English labourers . What with their mental -ignorance , and the hopeless prospect before them , too many of the working classes plunge , themselves in . this way intoinextricable . sorrow . ; producing a fearful amount . of pauperism , and a conflicting redundancy of population . Our bastardy laws , also , betoken a fearful . amount of error committed by illicit-intercourse j yet . the statistics collected by the governments of Germany , Austria , Belgium , and France , show that fewer illegitimate children are born in Prussia than in any other of the European countries .

      I donothold with the French law upon the subdivision of land , although I am qnite ^ suro that it-is far superior to the . restrictivclaws of our own country . In France it is a forced ; partition , uponthe death of each proprietor ; elsewhere , His a voluntary disposnl on the part--of the testator . This is an important difference . ; fof the French . law compels sunli ( i minute sub division as to copduce , toji V certain extent , to thesquat ting systom ; still ( however , the average is eight an / 1 a- 'half acres for " each ' proprietor . Twenty-four out of Jhirtysix millions of sp' ^ ls are now supposed to bo living ' upnn laud in Fra ' riqe , the property of the heads ; of jSye millions vof fainiljd * i | . ? and says Buret , though in France there is poverty , in England , there is misery ! I shall pursue this subject , in ; my next letter , Censob .

      The O'Connor Fund. Monies Rbckived. Brou...

      THE O'CONNOR FUND . MONIES RBCKIVED Brought forward , £ 3 lCs . -Oil ;; Daniel Campbell , Barrhead , Is . ; Edward ( lann-di , ditto , Is . ; Robertson Fisher . Is . ; A Democrat , 6 ii . ; Ea £ le tavern , Nottingham , per . J . Sweet , 4 s . ; T . Stones , per ditto , 2 d . ; Three Friends at King ' s Cross , near Halifax , oa . —Total , £ 1 9 a . 2 d . RECKIVBD BY MR . B . O ' CONNOR . Two Friends , Yorkshire , 2 s . ;—Stockport : * J . Walker , and son ,-2 s . 6 d . ; J . Berwick , Is . ; J . Home , Is . ; J . Whitehead , Is . ; A . Dockor , Is . ; W . Hewson , Is . ; 3 . Bridge , la . ; J . CraMree , , 61 . ; J . Hough , 6 J . —Braintroe : - | B , Knop , Is . ; W . Kirby , Is . This was acknowledged in ' The Star' of the Gth of March , under file head Braiutree , per II . Kirk . tThiswasaclmowledjjedin 'The Star ? of the 20 th of March , under the head of Stockport , per . T . Walker .

      The Co-Operative League. On Tuesday, The...

      THE CO-OPERATIVE LEAGUE . On Tuesday , the first ev < ning meetiui of this Association was held at the Oaven Hotel , Mr . . Cwningham in the chair . Mr . B . VansittartNfal . eread a ; paper explanalQfyof . the objects of theleague . It was formed to pi ice those . who entertain , or ev . cn incline towards the principles of Cooperative Association , in direct , frfquent , and permanent intercommunication , so that they might acquire a positive know , ledge and clear comprehensioTi o'f each others views arid opinions , and the diffusion and propagation of co-opata ( ive principles . The . attainment , of general happiness w , as the basis of allsocial theories . To found a , ne ? r science , thftt \ of

      co-operation , was their j gi-eat object . They . were to collect books , papers , andjfaoto , and all general information which might be useful for < this purpose . All persons , without distinction of nation or creed , 'political or religious , might be admitted members . If they should succeed in . establish , ing a new science , ' it would be the crowning science ; one which would truly ^ produce as its fruits " peace on earth and goodwill ' wowards jnen . " An . animated discussion then ensued , in which . the ehairim . anj 'Messrs . Hunt , Johnson , and others took part . Amongst ithe speakers was a German gentleman , whosa' address was received with great attention .

      Convicts Left Fob Exijcptro . Jf.— Last ...

      Convicts left fob ExijcpTro . Jf . — Last WB . ek ' s . aBsizes left no fewer than nix convicts / or execution , a cireumsit ^ noo , happily , \> ut of vnro occ « irre . ncs > in this country of late years , Already three murderers have suffered the extreme penalty of the law , viz ., Kalabonro , at ' Oxford ; Turner , for the murder © fan old la ' dy , at Derby ; and jtlie \ v . oman Pinckard , at Northampton , for ' strangling her nio . thcr-inlaw . The wretched woman , Sarah French , w , ho was convicted at Lewos of poisoning ' her husband at Chiddingley , awaits execution on Saturday ( this day ) week , so that with the two men , Eyres and Kcmish , who were found guilty at the Winchester assizes of a murder at Romsey , but have since been reprieved , there has been altogether twelve cr iminals condemned to death during the present assizes , and as yet they are not brought to a close . At Bury S . t .

      Edmunds Lord Campbell performed the painful office of leaving three convicts for execution in ' as . many . ' days ,. Of those criminals , the aged poisoner , William R 61 Unaoi \ , ex-Cites the most attention . The miserable old creature is eighty-three years ofage , and ' he'was ' convioted of ' administering arsenic to a marriod womaw named Cowell . As may be remembered , he lived with his daughter , and hearing she was about to get ' married ;' arfd " thinking he would be deprived of his home , he . endeavoured- ; to-dissuade her , and failing in doing so , he rhix ^ d awem ? , with her food , and altogther , it is sa . id , upwards of % dozen persons innpf . ently took of it , the deceased woman ' CoWell dying from the effects of it . When sentenced he was removed from the dock in apparently a dying state , and it is considered a matter of much doubt whether he will live uiitil the sentence of the law can be carried into effect . It is stated he has made a confession of his guilt to one of the prisoners . The second convict , William Baldryy the farmer of Preston , who was left for execution for poisoning his wife , will suffer death

      at the same period as old Rojlmson . John-Mickleburgh js the third criminal , He has "been removed to Ipswich , where he will undergo his sentence . This convict was a farmer at Thrawdeston : he desired to have a certain intimacy with his servant girl , who ' repulsed him ; he followed her to a village feast , and , finding her in the company of her sweetheart , he procured a knife and stabbed her in" the abdomen , of which she died . The fourth convict is John Keene , who is now awaiting death atBorsemongcr-lahe Gaol for throwing his wife ' s child down a well on Aldbury Iloath . The law will be carried into effect on the 12 th inst , The other two culprits are Abel Ovans and his paramour , Eliza Dove , who were convicted at the Monmouthshire Assizes and sentenced to die for drowning their illegitimate child . £ he woman has confessed that her companion took the infant from her breast and threw it into tho river , where it was drowned . ' The pro bability is that the extreme penalty of the law will be prdy carried iatooffeot on oae . of'tbewcriminals , . '' .: '

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      [As The Columns Under This Head Are Open...

      [ As the columns under this head are open forihs free expression of all opinions , tho Editor is not responsible for , or committed to , any ;] _ .. •"¦ THE . POLITICAL EC ONOMY OP ' -MBt BlBIiE i

      . CON / TiyUBD . 10 . TUB EDIIOU . OE THB STiR . j Dear Sir , —In my last letter ! laid before > y our readers God ' s First Great Land Charter . . to , the - . Human . * Racc , and God ' a Second Great Land Charter . to . hiaI ' popto Israel i both . of which , you perceivfl > are itt ' strict ac ' dpfddmie With the natural state of society , 'in which ' the" wages ; and , ' rer wards of labour are all thafc labour cart acquite Or prodiieej and , notwithstanding Dr . / Aflam SmitlrVassertion to'the contrary ,-wo have seen that it is quite . possible for this natural state of things-to last beyond the first appropriation of land nnd . aecumulation of capital , provided that such appropriation . and ancumulation take place itt a just-aud equitable manner . Iff it ^ be said ,, in objection to . this , '' The hind of Canaan you know was . not much larger than Ireland *

      and if all tho land wero ' , divided among the generation or men then existing , and they were afterwards to 'increase , as was promised , till they were'like-tho stars in Heaven , or the sands on the sea shore for multitude , over-population must soon have destroyed ^ thafcrsystem of government , as that small strip of land / though "fruitful ' bey . ond any other , and literallyflowingwithmilkand . honey . coiild notpossibly continue to produce sufficient food for iits rapidly -moreasing ^ inhaDitants / ' Englishmen . 'know : thafe > thia state of things might easily -bo provided for by .. employing one part , of . their , surplus bands in manufactures , . and another nart in foreign trade and commerce , for which their

      seaooast was , from its . extent , and its excellent . situatipn , pan-. ticularlycohvenierit ; ortheyniight , in . pbedien ' co to ' Gqd ' s ' first command , ' and under God's first blesfsihg , swarm off and emigrate to other-lands , —in Asia or Africa , —not yet used or appropriated , there i to repleriish -tho earth , < an ( l subdue it , and have dominion over it . " In my last letter , in connexion with God ' s ' Great Land Charter tothepeoplb * of Ista ' ei ; I showed how ' the ^ Priests / . atfd-the ' Tribeof'Levi , ¦ wei'o . providod for in tho divisionidf ithe ^ Iand ; this render ' s it necessary for mo to describe their form : of . government ;; but my-present purpose , is ,, to > lay before you the laws given by . Moses ,. to secure the permanency of the People ' s . Greait . Land Charter .

      • Exodus—Chap . XX . — " God spake these words , saying j : Remember the Sabbath day , to keep it holy , six-days -ahalt thou labour , and do all thy work , but the iSeyenth day is the'Sabbath of the Lord ¦ 'th y God j in it thou shalt not do any work , thou , nor thy-son , nor thy daughter , nor thy man servant , nor ' thy maid'servant , nor 'thy cattle , nor the straneer that is withimtby gates ; and the "Lord blessed the Sabbath and hallowed-it . " The Sabbath , therefore , is God ' s weekly holiday , for . the refreshment and ease . of the human labourer and , labouring cattle . The command , observe , requires , an ' d . is restricted . Bimply to abstinence . from labour , iiitd the day is . to , be . spent in ease and rest by all . " The Sabbath is made for man , and not man for the Sabbath . "

      Leviticus—Chap . AAV . — "And . the Lord spake unto Moses in Mount Sinai , saying , When ye come into the land which I give you , then shall ye keep a Saboath year unto the Lord . Six ye ; vs thou shalt sow tby ' -neld , and six years thou shall prune thy -vineyard , and gather in the full thereof ; - 'but the seventh year shall be a-Sabbath of rest unto the Lord ; iii it thou shale neither sow thy-field , nor uruue thy ' vineyard . " That which groweth of its own accord uf thy harvest , " : thou shalt . not reap , neither .-gather the ' . " . apes of thy vino , * hut it nhnU he free tor . me . tt , for theu , in'J for thy sorvant , and for ihy . m / fii , and hit ihy liireil suvr . wt , » ntl for the striincer th '< t sojuurneth with th < 'e , ind for thy cattle , and for tho beast that are in thy land ,. shall all the increasethereof he for meat . " Thus , w see , that during every seventh year , the private appropriation and ownoi ' s-hip . of land ceased , and the land was resumed hy God , -the Great Original , : and the -only-irjghtful . Land ^ Owner , who gave all tlie spontaneous \ produoe thereof of ' that year for the free and equal use of every . human being ,-and of every living creature m all the land of Israel , But this was not all . Read on ,

      Deuteronomy , chap , XV— "At the * end of every seven years thou shalt make areWaae , which isthe Lord ' s release , and in this manner-shalt'thou make it . —Every creditor that lendcth aught to his neighbour shall release it ; he shall not exact it of his neighbour or of his brother , but that which is thine with thy brothenthine hand shall release . Save when there shall be noipoor among you ; for the'Lord shall greatly bless . thee , if thou observe to do alitheae compiandments , which I command theo . this day . And thou shalt lend to many . nationa ,. but thou shalt not borrow , A . nd if there be among you any poor man of your brethren , in any of thy gates , thou shalt . not harden thy . heart and iBhut thy hands against thy poor brother , but thou shalt surely lend 'him sufficient for his need . Beware thatthere be not a thought in thy wieked * eart sa 5 in 3 , thesove . ntbyear , the

      year of release , is at ( hand , and thme © ye be -evil agaiu ' sjt thy poor brother , and'he cry-unto me ; . andjt be sin unto thoe , but thou -shalt surely . jjivo-him , and ; tlijne ; lieart shalt not be grieved when thou givest . untohim . " J 3 xodus ,. ohap . XXII . — " And if . thou lend money toany of ; my people , that is poor , thou shalt notbean usurer . to him , neither . shalt thou lay upon him usury . " Deuteronomy , chap . XXIII" Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother—usury ; pf money , usuryof victuals , or usury of any thing that is'lent upon usury , And if thy brother , an Hebrew man , or an Hebrew woman , be sold unto , thee , and serve theemix years , then , in the seventh year , thou shalt Jet him go free from thee ; and thou shalt not let him go away empty , butjshalt furnish him , liberally , out of thy flock , and out of thy floor , and out p ' f thy winepress , According as . the Lord hath

      blessed thee . And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt , and that the Lord redeemed thee . " We Christians despise , or , at least think lightly of the Jewish as compared with the Christian dispensation ; but how immeasurably ^ inferior is our law an d practice in all Christian countries to the laws o ' f Moses , in all that relates to the labouring people . Wo now come -to the Jewish Great Sabbath o'f Sabbaths—the fiftieth year—the year of jubilee—the great means devised by Moses to confirm and perpetuate God's second great Land Charter . His Land Charter to hia people Israel . Leviticus , chap . XXV , — "And tho Lord spake unto Moses in Mount Sinai , saying , Thou shalt number seven Sabbaths of years unto thee , seven times seven years , even forty and nine years . Then shalt thou cause the

      trumpet of the jubilee to sound on the tenth day of the seventh month ; in the day of atonement shall ye make the trumpet sound throughout all your land . And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year and proclaim liberty throughout all the land , unto all tho inhabitants thereof ; and ye shall .-return every roan to Uis possession , a & d c ^ exy man unto his family . A jubilee shall that fiftieth year be unto , you ; ye shall hot sow ; neither shall ye reap that which groweth of itself in it , nor gather the grapes in it of thy vine undressed . It shall be holy unto you ; y . e shall cat the increase thereof out of tho field . And if yeshall say , ' What shall we eat tho seventh year , behold we shall not sow nor gather in our increase , * then will I command my blessing upon you in the sixth year , and it shall-bring forth fruit sufficient for three years ; and ye shall sow in the eighth year , and continue

      to ea t the old fruit even unto the ninth year , The land shall not bo sold for ever , for the land is mine , foryo are strangers and ' sojourners with me . And in the land of your possession ye shall grant a . redemption for the land . And if thou sell aught . unto thy neighbour , or buyest aught of thy neighbour ' s hand , ye shall not oppress one another . : According to the number of years after the jubilee , thou shalt buy of thy neighbour , and according to : the number of years of the fruits he shall sell unto thee . According to the multitude ; of year * , tbou ' shalt increase the price thereof , and according to the fewness of years , tho ' u shalt diminish the price thereof , '; for ; according to the number of the years of t-he fruits , doth he sell unto thee . Ye shall not therefore oppress one another ; but thou shalt ffiar the Lord thy God . And then the land \ shall yield her fruit , and ye shall '' . eat ' your fill , and dwell there in safety . If th y brother be waxen poor , and hath sold away some of his possession , andif any of his kin come : to redeem it , then shall he redeem that which his brother

      sold . And ifthemau have none to redeem it , and himself be able to redeem it , then let him count tho years of the sale thereof , andrestore the overplus unto the ma « to whom i ? t ' * ^ he may return unto h is possession . But if he be not able to restore it to him , then that which is sold shall remain in the hand of him that hath bought it until the year of Jubilee : and in the Jubilee it shall go out ; and ho shall return unto his possession . And if a man sell a dwelling house , in a walled city , then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold ; and if it be not redeemed within the space of a full year , then the sale shall bo established for ever to him that bought it , and it shall not go out in the Jubilee . But the houses in the villages , which have no walls round about them , shall be counted as the fields of the country ; they may be redeemed , and they shall go out in the Jubilee .. The cities of the levites , and the houses of the cities of their possessions , may the Levites redeem , at any . time . And if a man purchase a house of the Levies , then the house that was sold , and the city of his possession , shall go out in the year of Jubilee ; for the houses of the cities are-their possassien , among the children , of Israel , But the field of tWfiwbnrbs

      [As The Columns Under This Head Are Open...

      of their cities , may not be . sold ; far It is their perpetual possession ; " . " And if thy brother bo waxen poor , and fallen into decay with thee ; . then thou shalt relievo him : yea , though ho bo a stranger , or a " sojourner ; that he may live . with thee . And take thou' tio usury from him . Thou shalt not give him thy money on usnry ; nor lend him thy viotuab for increase ; but fear thy , Gdd . And if thy bvother , be waxen poor , and be sold . unto thee ; thou shalt not compel him to . serve as a bond-servant , but ao jln hiredi servant and as asoiobrner ,, !* shall be with ^ thce g ^ Jf ^ of Jubilee . ' AM thkihhH ho depar from ^ e / bbth he and his-children with him ' aho ^ ' ! ^" M " df , if 5 * S family , ^ d uuttftto posses ^ x >{ m ^ . SiL ? oS tUfn . iPrtrt . hriv 3 irfi . mv servants ., which I ^ 2 ?* * . ™ T

      out of the land of 'Egypt ; thoy . shallnofe be . solu * a * . " " ,,, men-., ffb'du shalt ndt , tule ; overhim with rigour . } but shaw fear . thy . God . " ; . .. . .. ••• ,-. j . " And if a stranger , or sojourner : wax rich by thee ; atia thy brother , that ; dwelleth fey'h'im ' i wax poor , and sellhihiself to tho stranger ov sojourner , or to . the stock pfiho stranger ' s family . After that he is sold : Ke inay . be re .- ' deemed , again . One of his brethren ; inay redeeih -him ; 'br His uncle , or his uncle ' s son , orany-that is nigh of . kia unto his family , may redeem . him ; or if ho is able ho may redeem : himself ; and he shall reckon , with hl ; n that bou | ht . him } fiomihoyear that he was sold , totheyear of Jubilee : if there be yet many years , or if there remain put few . years to the . Jubilee ; according to-the number of the years , snail he . / rive him asaia the price -of hia .

      redemotion and if he b ' e not redeemed in ' these yeai-ay then ' ho B vii g 0 6 ut ™ tho year of Jubilee , notb-he , ' and his children with-him j and" during the time , when he was sold , as a yearly hired servant dMlIhebe , arid the other shall not rule over him with-rigour , in K # right . & 6 v sthe children of Israel are my servants , alonO , wMiv I : br 6 tight ioeth out of : the } andofEgypt , togive ; you the 1 " and-of Canaan for a possession , , 1 am , the Lord your God * . Therefore , shall ye lay up these words in your heart , and , in yoar-soulj , and , biad , them for a sign upon your hand , that . they . may be as frontlets between your eyes . And ye shall teach themtinto ' y ' our children ; . speaking of them ,, when thott aittest in their 'bOuse , and - ^ hen thou walkest'brtho way „ when thbuliest down ;< a » d when thou ' rimb up , and thou shalt write them upon the door posts of thine house , and

      upon thy gates , tbatyou ' r days may bemultiplied , andthe days of your , children , ; in the land , which the . Ldrd swore untoyourfathers , to give them , as the-days of-Heaven upon the . earth . " - 'forking menlmylast ; and present letters demand , yonr most serious consideration , and also every other man's serious attention who reverences the Bible , " or . professes to Jbe either a'Jew -or a ^ Ghristian . They contain the spirit Of a code of "laws , deliveredun der the highest sanction arid'authority , and in the moat .-solemn manner , by Hho greatest patriot , legislator , statesman , philosopher , politician , and political economist of anoiont . times ; and . as-sueh have his own beloved people , at least , f-sr . whom he cheerfully sacrificed all . that is dear to man on earth—always esteemed him . " When he was cast out , " we are told , " Pharoah ' s daugh t er 'took hint np , and nourished him , for hen > wn

      son . And Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians ( at that time the moat learned peonle in the world ) , andMoses was mighty fin words and in deeds ; and-when ho was full forty years old , it came into his heart to visit his brethren of the children of Israel , and , refusing'tho honour of being called the son of Pharoah ' s . daughter , hs ciiose rather to . suffer-nfilietion with theo ^ ople . of Godthan to ei : j- ) . v tlio p ' leasuies of sin for a season . Esiei . 'iliim £ . the reproach of Chrkt ( viz .. God ' s Messiah , or Seni Ales-en-!! nr , to « a ruttimi of sUvt-s ) i < rcnt ' e > - nciie- ' than all the tre ' asurea ol Esrypt ; he t ' orsoiil ; Egypt , tlwretove , mil fearing rue wrath of the king : '' ami'after-training his . people many . years in the -wibiiM-uests , in the kiiowh ;< tgf ami the lo > e of rational liberty , j'ist laws , und chcup and . good sovevniDi . 'iit : cnrefullv tcaehuig . ihi'in , ; ilso , a » we have seen ,

      jioliycal Hoonomy , or the N .-itural St . itn of ll . umau Soeieiy , as : God'has ord .-nned and comniajnled . it jii wiiiuh all the fJi ' rid b < . doiii > ing to ttie nation should'for ever reh ^ iiiietjii-nly 'tfieT ' pl ^ periy , u"ili > r God , the <> nly "jiist liJiidtf ^ S ^^ of Jill , the ' . paople ' , aho Wa ^ es and rewards of l * bour AJe ' HfypaY a \ l times : a ! l -that / labour produces ; and in which the' ' men ^ wh . Om God has blessed . with surplus capit ' alareodmmandeu , under . tho gtimulusjof God ' s . highest rewardsfforiobedtence , and his most awful threatenings for disobedience , freelyto give , or , without asking for usury , or seeking . for . inorease , which are strictly forbidden , generously to lend out of their abundance ,, to assist their . poor and unfortunate brethren . -Sloses brought ^ hispeoplo to tho borders of the land God had promised them ; and there , in sight of-that goodly land , " Moses ,. the-servant of the Iiord , died , and wasburied ina . vnlley . iHthe land of Moab . '

      iWorkipg men ! you must have schools of your own in which to teach . your children Biblical Politics , and .-Biblical Political Economy . ; , and you arc welcome to my letters , for Scriptural Lessan . s . for them . In . my next , I think I shall be aole to prove tp you , that tb > Constitution and Form of Governmeat of Moses is more just and rational , and even better pd cheapej , thAU fhe boasted Constitution of the United States of 'America , which is , in the estimation of : maay ,. the pet pattern , if not the perfection , of legislation . I am , & c , Jonu Fracn . ¦ Liverpool , . March 24 th , 1852 .

      • 10,Tub Editor¦Of-Ine ..6.Tar. - ^Ib,—I...

      • 10 , TUB EDITOR ¦ OF-inE .. 6 . TAR . - ^ ib , —It was gratifying to every patriotic man to . hear . tho Wnounoement ftt the Chartist meeting , . held . at the Druid . ' s Hall , Snow-hill , « n Thursday last , that there was to be no declamation , no appeal ^ prejudice ' s , no denunciation , but a free / fair , calm , and open discussion . It was more -gratifying , 'beeauso indicative of improvement in action , as well as in desire , to find these promises to a considerable extent fulfilled . If men would . recollect , that to impugn other men ' s motives is merely guess work , that it lays the accuser's motives . open to imputation , ; and . incites retaliation . That when suok imputation is indulged , the matter in discussion is generally . overlooked . , That , iB makes partisiins . of both audience and speakers . That . it . is liable to . cause'bfmd passion to usurp the place Of far-seeing

      reason . And would they also remember , that no ma ' tter what a man ' s motives may b & , if you disprove h \ a case , refute , his arguments , you settle the matter , youput himuown effectually . An honest well-intentioned . man may be-aiool , a bad adviser . A dishonest man , a bad man , may ; be-a wise , man , and jjive the best advice . Are we to reject 'Bacon's iftarning , Bacon ' s great . gifts to posterity , because he was a time server ? Advice should be taken for what it . is intrinsically worth . A statement should be taken for its sterling value . It is a question of facts , of sound reasoning—not a . question of morals , or of personal integrity . If this had been rem « nbered and accepted , Mr . Shaw would not havo said , " That a great many of the parliamentary Beformera had nofaitbin their own scheme . That ho thought they v w « re only g «« mmoning the people . " This was accepted by the meeting . Ifow easily is this sort of taW : retaliated . Many thousands of persons think Mr . O'Connor humbugged the people , gammoned them , die , & o . ; and think

      tbe same of present leaders . The suspicious and ignorant can always find sufficient to feed their suspicion , -whethftr they are middle olass men , or working men , Chartists , or Parliamentary Reformers . Por the sake of the people , let this sort of thing ceaso . Tho truth must be par & m'ount , if there is free , fair , and calm discussion , without imputation distract . By what right did Mr . O'Brien tell an audience , to whosa understanding he was appealing , " That if they held up their hands for the amendment , they were to hold down their heads . " Did he mean men were to be ashamed of being convinced ? Did he mean to advocate the dastardly conduct of not voting according to convictions ? Did he mean to bully his audience , because ho felt he could not convince it ? If so , let him say so . Surely , Mr . O ' Brien , Wilson reflection , see that Jo hold this kind of language will neither increase the dignity nor the usefulness of da tw- i . i x . O . P . NwnotM . 10 , Great Winchester-street , March 20 th , 1852 .

      Parliamentary Reform—Progress. Mr. Hume ...

      PARLIAMENTARY REFORM—PROGRESS . Mr . Hume has brought forward hia motion for Reform in the sessions of 1848 , 1849 , 1850 , aud 1852 : — In 1848 his motion was supported by 8 S In . 1819 , by members who did not vote in 1818 22 » ; rS * ' "W members who did not vote in 181 S or 1849 15 In I 8 a 3 , by members who did not vote iu 1818 , 1819 , or 1850 .. 18 Total number of members who have voted in support of Mr . Hume ' s motion in 1818 , 1819 , 1850 , 1852 *« Deduct members not no ) v * i tlv ! liou « e ,, »

      18 THE B 4 M .-QT , DIVISIONS . Aye . Ko . 1 * 0 .... i aa in 1837 157 ...... 269 1 S 33 202 319 1839 •_ 220 ; 37 1812 , 101 29 t 1847 90 85 1819 89 140 1850 V 125 180 18131 91 53 1852 ,.., 4 ( j 248 In 1851 , it . will bo remembered , that Mr . Berkeley , by an asoident , was successful—the Buogess . however , coming to nothing , '

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), April 3, 1852, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_03041852/page/1/