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Northern Star (1837-1852), 28th November 1846, Edition 3 of 3, Page 7

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    • fotti&t i-HoiKmentS*
    • dotontai an& gom$n intent gem**
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      Ffifl Jpiheb 28, 1646. The Northern Star...

      ffifl _jpiHEB 28 , 1646 . THE NORTHERN STAR . ¦ _-- _„ r _,-: _^ J _^ * ___^^^^^^^ _^^^^^^ ** ' ' _•**•**•"**•*•"• ' _^ _^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ _^^* _- _^^" _^^ _^^^^ _~* 11111 _*' 1 _*' 1 _*' _"'* _' _* _- _* _- _* _- _* _- _* _- _* _- _- _* _* _- ' /

      Fotti&T I-Hoikments*

      fotti _& _t _i-HoiKmentS *

      ,. *Nd I Will War, At Leastia Werdb, Jt,...

      ,. * nd I will war , at _leastia werdB , _Jt , A ~ -s boviAiay chance so happen—deeds , ) _^ flhVll wbo war vfith Though t !" , * inlt I be » raUttlebiru , whos » gB J _^ _pgj _. plebyandbywillbe tie stronger . " - —Btsom .

      <Rne American Agrarian Reformers. {Conti...

      < rnE AMERICAN AGRARIAN REFORMERS . { Continued from our last . ) The several attempts we have enumerated to bring . „ pject ofLand Monopoly aud the universal right ? land before the people were not fruitless , although low of producing the wished-for result . At length , lSi _* i _figerous effort was made to form an _Agra-^ _j , party , and this attempt has been eminently _-nncessfnl-On thc 4 th of March , ISM appeared the first _number of The \ Feop _U's Rights , under the editorship of 5 _? L _fl'indt and George II . Evans . 01 the personal history of these two patriots , lire Giuccni of the _rZiencan movement , we know but very little . Mr . _£ _^ n in 139 had commenced a paper entitled The _yfrlbig Man ' s Advocate , which had an existence of

      .. me years duration , he appears also to have conducted papers entitled the Daily Sentinel and The _icm - hot none of these papers ever came under our Se . In 1636 ill health compelled him to retire from _Xew Tork to New Jersey , where he cultivated 3 gusli farm in great part by Ms own hands . In _^ nIse of time tffis return to nature restored Mr . Evans to robust health , but though he loved his farm life and detested the iniquities and abominations of _citvlife . he felt called upon to make some sacrifice _for _' the public go * d . Twelve years * experience ( boy and man } as a mechanic , followed by eight yeara of the life of a practical agriculturist , had sufficiently shown Mr . Evans tbat neither description of labour « as adequately remunerated ; thus convinced , and

      being not the less convinced of the grand remedy for ihe evil he had witnessed in town and country , he determined , in his own words , to "devote a few years ot the p rime of life to an attempt to bring about a condition of society more in accordance with the naiional professions as set forth by Jefferson ' s immortal pen . " _Accordingly Sir . Evans cave up his farm and returned to New York in ISM , where , as above stated , he started The People ' s Rights . Of Mr . "Windt , all we can say is , tbat Sir . Evans describes him as " one of the beat of printers and most honest and self-sacrificing of men . " We may here state { hat Tlie Feople ' s Rights was started as a tri-weekly naper , simultaneously with which The Working Man ' s

      Advocate ( under the same management ) was started 83 a weekly paper . After some time the tri-weekly was merged into the weekly paper , and subsequently the title of Working Man ' s Advocate was changed to { bat of Young-America . Sir . Evans has continued editor of these papers to the present time . Mr . "Windt docs not now appear ostensibly in the _character of " editor , " but he continues as Treasurer _t- _» { he Reform Association to give active and efficient aid to the movoment he assisted Sir . Evans to organise . As one proof ofthe high estimation in which Sir . Win . 1 t mnst be held by his _fellow-citizens , we may mention that we observe his name in the National Reform Ticket for this year ' s Congressional election as candidate for the _scnatorship of New

      Webave abovespoken of _Messrs . _"Windt and Evans _, as the Grachii ofthe American movement ; we should accom pany this by remarking , that we know but little of tneir oratorical powers , as tbeir speeches but seldom appear in print ; but what the Roman Grachii wrought by eloquence of speech , Slessrs . "Kindt and Evans , accomplish by unceasing action and tie eloquence of the pen . We are not inclined to " man-worship . " or " hero-worship ; " nevertheless , we hold it to be a duty Jo yield honour to whom hononris due ; and to these two brave , good men . Windt and Evan 3 , mainly belongs tha glory of originating and organising the National Reform Party . At the " same time be il understood , we consider { heir noble compatriots— -whom we snail hereafter name—to have also "deserved well of their country " and their kind , now and for ever .

      In the very first number of the new paper , the editors of ThePtoplis Rights manfully avowed tlieir determination to agitate against the monster grievance of the present system—the monopoly of the soil . After showing that in Republican America tbe labourer does not receive the reward of his toil ; that that equality promised by the great charter of independence is not realised ; that tbe fear of the lasb in the South , and the fear of want in tbe North , were creating races ot masters

      and slaves ; tbat in the hitherto free West , mercenary capitalists were rapidly buying up the public lands ; that even in the free states , crime and pauperism , prisons and poor-houses , are multiplying : after showing these things , the editors of The People ' s Flights proceeded to announce tbeir plan to remedy these evils . As that p lan was subsequently adopted by the National Reformers , and continues to be the great and principal object of their agitation , we shall at once quote so much of the plan as will enable our readers to comprehend its main features : —

      "EQUAli RIGHT TO LASr * . The leading measure that we shall propose in this paper is the equal right of _ewry man to the free use ofa suffAent portion ofthe earth to til ' , for his subsistence . If man has a right to _uvs _, as all subsistence comes from the earth , he bas a right , in a state of nature , to a portion of its spontaneous products ; in a state of civilization , to a portion of the earth to till for his subsistence . Tbis right is now , no matter why , in the possession of a comparative few , many of whom possess not only a sufficiency , hut a superfluity , of land ; yet we propose not to divest them of that superfluity against their consent . * We simply propose , thatthe inequality extend nofurfherthat Government shall no longer traffic or permit traffic in that which is the property of no man or Government ; that the Land shall be left , as nature dictates , free to the use of those who choose to bestow their laoour upon it .

      _pso-rosi-noi * _** . Tfe propose that the pubHe lands of the States and of tie United States shaU be free to actual settlers , and to actual settlers only ; that townships of six miles square 3 hall be laid out in farms and lots , of any vacant one of which any man , not possessed of other land , may take possession and keep the same during his life or pleasure , ana with the rig ht to sell bis improvements , at any time , to any one not possessed of other land . On this plan , it will be seen , every man will be enabled , athis option , to apply his labonr to the cultivation Of tbe soil Or in any Other manner that may seem bast to bim , with full liberty to dispose of the fruits of that labour in any manner that shall not involve a monopoly of the land . As it is right that on the first settlement no man shall possess more than his equivalent portion , so it is just as right that all future generations should have only an equal share . Thereforn no mon can _franker Aisttnprotements to one who alreadg possesses his portion of tend _.

      Should our proposition of an "E qual Bight to the land be adopted , either by S tates possessing public lands , or by the United States , th « siae ofthe farms and lots , into which a township may be divided , will , ofcourse , bea subject of legislative action . Our plan , after consultation with numerous individuals favourable to the _principle , it , to divide the township into farms of o _= e hundred and sixty acres and lots ( for persons engaged in agriculture ) of at least five acres each , proportioned , as nearly as may be , according to the last census . The above plan of a township makes provision for 160

      families of farmers and forty of more of other occupations , say 200 families or 1000 individuals in a township . There would be some waste land or water , and there would be some individuals working for others in order to get the means of commencing business for themselves , so that there would probably be at least 1000 individuals in a township when fully settled ; and then , if we consider the capabilities of improving the lana , and the advantages of co-operation , we can easily imagine how a township might support four of even right thousand indivi duals , by families to the third or fourth generation volnntarilyremaining on the homestead .

      In the centre square mile represented in our diagram , mig ht be laid out a public square , of about thirty acres , on which might front about forty lots of five acres each , besides which there might be several lots of from 12 to 20 acres each , which wouldprobably be chosen by mechanics -or manufacturers , whose business required more room than ordinary occupations . Inthe centre of the public -square , should be the Town House , where all public business should be transacted , and where all public meetings might be held , every inhabitant of the township being within an bom ' s walk ofthe Town House .

      The first number of " The People ' s Rights" confciinedacallfor a . public meeting at Croton Hall , New Tork , of working men desirous to ameliorate their condition . This meeting took place on the 8 th of ; March , 18 * tt ; Mr- John Lawson , blacksmith , in the chair , and Air , Egbert S . Manning , Secretary . The meeting was addressed by several speakers , including Sir . Devyr ( formerly of the English Northern Liberator , and now editor of the Albany Anti Renter ) and Sir . Mackenzie , the well-known Canadian " insurgent . " At this _meetinii a committee was formed for the purpose of devising a basis ftr a future agitation for the restoration of the People ' s right to the land ; with power , so soon as thtir arrangements were perfected , to summon a larger meeting .

      „ , . _, This ever-memorable meeting was called for and took place en the 20 th of March , 1 S 44 . J- ™ _" _*** - _? yne was appointed chairman , and George II . ifc . vans , secretary . Messrs . Commerford and Manning , who have never slackened in tbeir patriotic labours trom that hour to the present time , first addressed the meeting ; after whieh , Mr . Devyr brought up and wad the Committee ' s report , a document reflecting great credit upon its authors . This document has alread y appeared at length in the columns of the _Northern _Starlof April 3 ? , 1844 ) , we would gladly KPrintitin entire but its length forbids , nevertheless , a few extracts we deem necessary to render tnis " etch something like accurate .

      Having made ane inquiry into thefacts , tbe committee » e satisfied that there is a much larger number of _aoouringpeople congregated inthe seabord towns , than * _^ our next we Shall notice the _vww here expressed _'" - _^ dinj the present race of _Im _& monopolistB , —B » . N . S

      <Rne American Agrarian Reformers. {Conti...

      can find constant and profitable employment . * ou committee do not think it n ecessary to enter into statis - tical details , In order to prove a fact that is not disputed by anybody . The result of this over-supply of labour is a competition among the labourers , tending to reduce wages , even where employment is employed , to a scale greatly below what is necessary for the comfortable _subsistence of the working man , and the education of his family . It appears to your Committee , that as long as the supply of labour exceeds tho demand , the natural laws which regulate prices will render it very difficult , if not altogether impossible , to permanently improve the condition ofthe working people .

      The "Report" then shows that the causes which have produced the above evils are becoming multiplied in number , and more powerful . At great length the prostration of human labour by machine labour is shown , and that the power of machinery is * constantly advancing . Tho "Report" then asks : — "Where lies our remedy ? How shall we escape from an evil which itis impossible to avert V The question admits of an answer , simple ,

      satisfactory , and conclusive . Nature is not unjust . The Power who called forth those mechanical forces did not call them forth for our destruction . Oca befooe is cpon tbe Soil , in all its freshness and fertility—oca he * _i-TacE is in the Pcblic Domain , in all its boundless wealth and infinite variety . This heritage once secured to us , the evil we will complain of will become our greatest good . Machinery , from the formidable rival , will sink into the obedient instrument of our will- —the master shall become our servant — the tyrant shall become our slave .

      In tbis Republic , all tbat the Creator designed for man ' s useis ours—belongs , not to the Aristocracy , but to the people . The deep and interminable forest ; tho fertile and boundless prairie ; the rich and inexhaustible mine , all , all belong to the people , or are . held by the Government in trust for them . Here , indeed , is the natural and healthful field for man ' s labour . Let him . apply to his Mother Earth , and she will not _rsfuse to give him employment—neither will she withhold from bim , in due season , the fulness of his reward . Have we not boundless territories of unsettled , almost unexplored lands * Were not those lands " created for the express purpose of furnishing us with food and clothing , and happy homesteads ! Have not those lands been redeemed from tbe British Crown by the priceless blood tbat flowed in our Revolutien ? Have they not been redeemed from the aboriginal tribes by monies paid ! into the Treasury by the _productive classes of the whole United States ?

      Are they not ours , therefore , by every just right , natural and acquired ? On what principle , then , should they be withheld from us , tbeir rightful owners ? Already have we paid for them twice over ; wherefore shonld we be required to pay for them agidn ? Your Committee does not recognise tbe authority ol Congress to shut out from those lands such citizens as may not bave money to pay another ransom for them . Still less do we admit their authority to sell the public domain to men who require it only as nn engiue to lay our children under tribute to their children to all succeeding time . We regard the public land to be a capital stock , which belongs not to us only , bnt also to posterity . The profits of that stock are ours , and the profits only _. The moment Congress or any other power proceeds to alienate the stock itself to speculators , that moment do they attempt a cruel and cowardly fraud upon posterity , against which , as citizens and honest men , we enter our most solemn protest .

      The first great object , then , is to assert and establish the right of the people to the soil ; to be used by them in their own day , and transmitted—an inalienable heritage—to their posterity . The principles of justice , and tbe voice of expediency , or _rafhsr of necessity , demand that this fundamental principle shall be established as tbe paramount law , with the least possible delay . Tour committee can perceive but one w 3 y of accomplishing those objects , and that it is by combination—by a determined and brotherly union of all citizens who believe the principles set forth to be just in themselves , and necessary to the public welfare . We propose , therefore , that such union be organized at once . It is our opinion that all citizens who desire to join the ranks ofthe _National Reformers shall have an opportunity of doing so without delay .

      After mature and anxious deliberation on the matter , we are unanimously of opinion that . nothing can be effected without putting the National Reform Test to every candidate for legislative office , State and National . Any one who would oppose tbe measure of justice for wbich we contend is not a Republican at all—he is a Monarchist in soul , and we should treat bim as such at tbe ballot box . " The " Report" was unanimously adopted , and eloquent speeches from Mr . Mackenzie and the celebrated Mike W _^ lsii , closed the proceedings of this important meeting . On the 23 th of March , 1314 , the organization of the new partv was accomplished , bv the adoption of a constitution and laws : THE _AGRARIAN

      LEAGUE WAS COMMENCED , TIIE NATIONAL REFORM ASSOCIATION WAS ORGANIZED , THE _EARNER OF A "FREE SOIL" WAS US FURLED . ( To be continued . )

      Mexico. (Continued From The &Ar Of Novem...

      MEXICO . ( Continued from the _& ar of November 14 th . ) BEVOLUTIOXS . The invasion of Spain by Napoleon gave Mexico the same opportunity it gave to Peru , Columbia , and Buenos _Ayres , and it was even more promptly seized . In 1808 the Spanish Viceroy was sent prisoner to Spain , and in 1 S 10 Mexico rose and declared her independence . She was , however , troubled by the _intrigues and arms of Spain till 1812 , when she fully established her independence . A revolutionary chieftain named Iturbide became emperor , nnder the title of Augustin I . ; bnt the title or the man were unsuited to the country , and he was banished with a pension . In the midst of the convulsions which followed he returned , was taken prisoner , and shot .

      After the overthrow ofthe Imperial government of Iturbide , a national representative body met , and before separating , at the end of fourteen months , agreed to a federal constitution , embracing the original royal states of New Spain . It was proclaimed on the 4 th of October , 1824 . The first congress under it met on the 1 st of January , 1825 , with General Victoria as president of the federal republic . Rulers were overturned , or replaced , or executed . After the execution of President Guerara , in 1831 . an exiled president , Pedraza , was recalled to serve out three months of his _a'lotted term . Santa Anna succeeded in 1833 . Pronunciamientos and insurrections were vigourously , and not very mercifully quelled by him .

      In 1835 . a ** pronunciamiento" was published and quelled in Zacateeas . A few day ** after this victory there was another , called the * " Plan of Toluca , " which was generally believed to have been framed by Santa Anna . This plan was fatal to a federal system . It destroyed the constitution of 1824 . vested the power in a central government , abolished the legislatures of the states , and changed those states into departments , under the controul of military commandants and governors , responsible only to the chief authorities of the republic . This last bold act of Santa Anna , previous to his capture in Texas , formed in its principles tbe basis of the " Central Constitution " adopted in 1 S 3 G , instead of the federal constitution of 1824 .

      "When Santa Anna departed for Texas , Barrigan , whom he left in his absence as president , died , and Coro assumed the administration , until Bustamentc ( a former president ) , whose friends had elected him to the presidency under the new and central constitution , returned from France , where he had lived obscure since his defeat at Tenhilon , in 1 S 30 , by Santa Anna . In 183 S , Mexia advanced towards the capital of Mexico with a considerable array . He was met in the neighbourhood of _Fuebla by Santa Anna . Mexia was defeated , taken prisoner , and immediately shot , by order of Santa Anna . ' Soon after Vera Cruz was blockaded by a French squadron , and attacked by the French troops . Santa Anna , while following theFrench , as they retreated to their boats , was wounded in the leg .

      In August , 1841 , an insurrection was announced by the " pronunciamiento" of Pa . _redes in Guadalaxara , and enforced bv Valencia and Lombardini inthe capital , and bv Santa Anna at Vera Cruz . The '' _nrmvnciamiehts" of those generals were succeeded by a month ' s contest in the streets of Mexico ; a bombardment of the capital ; some conflicts between the rival troops of tbe neighbourhood ; the downfall of Bustamente ; the elevation oi Santa Anna to the provisional presidency , and the ' Plan of faeubaya by the seventh article of which he was invested with dictatorial _powerr . By this plan , a congress was to meet in lb _« , to form anew constitution . In June of that year , a corps of patrotic citizens , chosen by the people , met for that purpose > the capital . " The _provwional pre , ! _ent , in a speech , declared forcibly his _partiality for a firm andcentral _government ; but that he should acquiesce in the finafdecision ofthe congress .

      In December , 1842 , after two attempts to form a system ef administration , the provisional president dissolved the congress , and convened ajunta o notables . This junta , headed by Santa Anna , proclaimed on the 13 th of June , 1843 , " the basis of political organization of the Mexican republic . It is not called a constitution . ( To be continued . )

      •"Tis Disrascb Lewis Enchahtmssi," 4c, A...

      • "Tis DisrASCB Lewis _Enchahtmssi , " 4 c , Ac . —Some ladies lay the colour on their cheeks so thick , that like scene painting , jou an obliged to go to a distance to judge of the effect .

      Dotontai An& Gom$N Intent Gem**

      _dotontai an & _gom _$ n intent gem **

      India. War In Cashmere. Despatches Have ...

      INDIA . WAR IN CASHMERE . Despatches have been received from Calcutta of the 8 th , and from Bombay to the 15 th of October . The Bombay nrHls of the 15 th of October bring important intelligence . The British troops in the north-western provinces of India are in movement , in consequence of the difficulties in which the new Maharajah , Gholab Singh , is placed . In conformity with the provisions of the treaties last March , he . for some months . has endeavoured to obtain possession ofthe Vale of Cashmere ; but ha has encountered _unexpected opposition from Sheik Emaum-ood Deen , the son of one of his old confederates , who has governed that district during manv years . The Sheik

      has raised the standard of resistance to Gholab ; the latter sent a force to reduce him , but the Cashmerian mountaineers beat Gholab ' s forces and slew the commander . Sheik Eraaum-ood-Deen has assumed the title ot Emir-ool-Moomenin . and has attempted to make it a religious war against the Sikhs , whether under Gholab , or under the Lahore Government . The Mahommedan tribes in the neiehbourhood appear disposed to support the Emir-ool-Moomenin . Cashmere is known as a most remarkable tract to the north-westward of the Punjaub . It is healthy and fertile , and the inhabitants have long been celebrated for their industry .

      The extent of Casbrae is about 120 miles in length and * 70 in breadth . It was annexed to the _Dooranee empire by . Ahmed Shah in 1752 . and in 1819 . Runjeet Singh subdued it by intrigues , and governed it by Mahommedans ; after the defeat of the Sikhs in March last , it was ordered to form a part of the kingdom which the Governor-General conferred on Gholab Singh . The Vale of Cashmere has seven passes , through which it may be entered ; they are scarcely passable for even horses . The son of the old Governor may seize those passes , and . defy Gholab during the winter months , that is , until May next . While thus embarrassed by his new and refractory subjects , Gholab applied to the British authorities , and they have sent a force of 6 , 000 men under General Wheeler , from the Jullunder Doab , to occupy Gholab's capital , while he proceeds with all his forces to put the rebellion down . To render the matter more singular , the British have persuaded the Government of Lahore to aid Gholab bv

      _despatchint ; -10 , 000 men to the passes cf Cashmere . The latest intelligence is that tbe Emir is _makins preparations to resist , and that the British are about * o move towards Cashmere . The winter is a fearful season in the passes , and it is apprehended that but little can be done in them until May next , if the Emir makes the anticipated resistance . A bloody revolution has taken place at Katmandoo , the capital of one of the most powerful Indian States . Nepaul has long been notorious for its fierce _, wild inhabitants . The paramour of the Queen of that _cowntry was assassinated by a faction : he was a man of low birth and habits . To avenge his death she procured the massacre of the Priise Minister , and of hundreds of other influential persons . She is the second wife ofthe Maharajah , and she is jealous of his eldest son by a former marriage . IIer husband has fled , and there is a prospect of more carnage in that wretched country .

      The Nizam ' s dominions present the usual picture of inextricable confusion .

      POLAND . The Posen Gazette contains , under the heading of " Frontiers of __ Poland , October 18 th , " the following notice , highly important to all those whom business or any other motive may induce to visit this unfortunate country : — The police regulationsconcerning foreign visiters to the kingdom of Poland are very severe , and enforced , _espe . cially at Warsaw , with great rigour . Every foreigner , immediately after his arrival , is obliged to appear with bis passport before the police , and to take with him all papers which can in any manner prove the business which has brought bim thither . There he must declare tbe object of his journey , bow long be proposes to stay , and with what persons he intends to hold any inter .

      course . If he does not convince the police of the _urgenay of the business which be alleges as the cause of bis arrival , be is ordered to quit tbe place immediately , and to cross the frontier or to return to his place of habitual residence . Such a person is prohibited from speaking to any one before his departure . When , on the contrary , the authorities are satisfied that the foreigner has business to perform , ani is in no wise suspected , then he receives a card of surety for as long a time as the authorities deem necessary for the accomplishment of his business . The leave to sojourn granted by this card is never prolonged , unless extraordinary circumstances operate in favour of the stranger . From that moment the foreigner is not for an instant lost sight of . If the slightest trace is discovered of his departure fsom the line of business

      he bas declared his intention to pursue , or of his mixing with persons under political suspicion , or of hihaving said a word about politics or government matters , then , if a native , he is immediately subjected to an examination and imprisonment , and , if a foreigner , is carried off by Cossacks to the frontier . We , therefore , advise foreigners who intend to visit the kingdom of Po land , to furnish themselves , besides a passport , with authentic documents , which will prove the object of their journey , and as so -n as they will have touched the Polish territory to avoid any contact with persons unknown to them , especially if these persons talk liberally and openly , as m > ne is _' allowed to speak freely and without restraint to foreigners , but men belonging to the police , many of

      whom are to be found in all places of public resort , in low as well as high stations of society . These men assume usually the mask of officers dismissed from the army , of commercial notaries , or agents , or servants out of place ; oftentimes they appear aa young , handsome , and educated gentlemen , who fasten themselves upon foreigners , under the pretence of showing them the lions of the metropolis . Foreigners therefore ought to limvare of all men not having regular employment , whether they proffer their secret legal advisers , or as agents , or as servants * to hire , or as ex-officers . All this rabble note down what they hear , indulge in the expression of liberal sentences , and lastly draw up their police reportB , and thus occasion innumerable evils .

      Under the title of The Poles and the Protective Powers , the Democratic Pacifique of the 18 th , tell us : — It is rumoured that in Poland , Prince Paskiewitch , contrary to the stipulations of the Ukase concerning the mutual relations of peasants and landowners , has ordered the peasants to fulfil until the 1 st of January following , their duties towards their landlords according to former regulations , and that the execution of the new Ukase is to be postponed till the following year . The peasants appear disposed to resist this new order of the Prince , the government therefore has resolved to call for military reinforcements from the adjoning pro . _vincea .

      If we remember , the circumstantial news published in our last concerning the disappointment felt by the peasants when this very Ukase , at the postponement of which they now manifest their discontent , was communicated to them , we cannot but recognise tbat the spirit of resistance _against foreign domination which animates the Polish _gentry , and renders ( hem aware ofthe disturbing and oppressive nature of every government measure , whether it enacts new regulations or postpones and repeals them , animates equally the people , who henceforward will be the bas _* s upon which any national movement will be founded . This inference is fully supported by the following document , extracted from the Reforme of the 18 : •—" A letter dated from Galicia , November 4 , and addressed to the Swabian Mercury , contains what follows : —

      However incredible the fact may appear , reports are current tbat _tmilinji is spreading among the Polish nobility connected with the kingdom of Poland and the grand Duchy of Posen . Measures _nevertheless of such a nature have been taken , that any attempt at revolt will be put down instantly . The malcontents are blind enough to imagine that the peasants will co-operate with them . The bloodt _lessos therefore they hive _recuived has been of no avail for their instruction . The peasants have been teiror-struck by the promulgation of martial law , which will be enforced with due severity , and exUndcd even to the emissaries who excite the peasants and nobility to revolt . The ordanance respecting passports receives the most rigourous execution . Individuals having no regular paperB are _provisorily in carcerated , " Trade and commerce suffer severely from the unsettled condition of the eountry .

      The tone and spirit of this correspondence shows evidently the source from which it flows . None but an Austrian government-agent would complain of the insufficiency of tiie bloody lesson given by a paternal government to their restive children . None of our readers will therefore be astonished at the exultation of the correspondent , at the [ rigorous execution of tmrtiallaw _, or deceived by _theskilfulinanner in which he tries to insinuate that this martini law wns directed against those bands of privileged murderers who slaughtered the patriots of Galicia . None of them has been , as far as we know , prosecuted for his crimes , but some of them have been beaten to death for confessing thc truth as to the real instigators of the slaughter . Well may the peasants , who _ttok no part in thia horrible butchery , have . been

      terror-struck by the promulgation of martial law , threatening , not the culprits , but their victims ; and this very fact explains the hopes entertained by the patriots in the co-operation of the peasants , who are threatened by the same dangers with themselves , and therefore recognise that they are united with them in a common cause , and in a common struggle . No supposed blinduesscould explain hopes entertained by the victims of unmerciful slaughter in the generous benevolenc » of their executioners ' . From the very admissions of the Austrian government organs , it is therefore evident that not only hope aad energy are existing among the Poles , but that experience and the manifesto of . Cracow have produced their effect , and that henceforward any national effort will be of a popular nature , and supported by popular _masses ,

      Annexation Of Cracow. Behu-V Nov. 1d.—Th...

      ANNEXATION OF CRACOW . _Behu-v Nov . 1 D . —The following ordinances have been published at Cracow : — ' We _. _'Ferdinand of Este , by the grace of God , _fcmperor ol Austria , King of Hungary and Bohemia , "After the peace of Tienna , of the 14 th of October , 1809 , had detached from our empire the city of Cracow and its territory , and had added it to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw , but which , in consequence of the events ofthe war of 1812 , the Russian troops are reconquered , our father , the late Emperor Francis , 1 ., concluded with the allied courts of Russia and Prussia a treaty , dated the 21 st of April and 3 rd of May , to the following effect : —

      " Cracow , with its territory , shall form , for the future , a free and independant city , under the protection of the Three Powers . Nevertheless , the express condition , and the necessary supposition of that arrangement , will be the strict neutrality of that free town , and the duty imposed upon it not to give an asylum to any refugee who is a subject of the Three Protecting Powers , but , on the contrary , to deliver them to the competent authorities . Nevertheless , an unhappy experience of sixteen years has proved that Cracow has not fulfilled the conditions of its independent existence , but that since the year 1830 it has been the incessant cradle of hostile intrigues against the Three Protecting Powers . To such an extent has this gone , that at the end ofthe month of _February ofthe same year it became the theatre of scenes more violent and more dangerous than ever . After the government and the constitution had been destroyed , and that the late of the town was abandoned to a certain numberof conspirators , who had

      taken the title ofthe Revolutionary Government of Poland , and excited the inhabitants of all the _am-ient Polish provinces to an armed revolt against the existing government , an armed horde made an irruption from the territory of Craeow into the states . It was therefore necessary once more to place Cracow under a _provisional government under the military authorities , and to occupy it with the troops of the Protecting Powers . These events having placed us inthe impossibility of re-establishing the basis of the liberties and independence of Cracow , which had been hroken hy the enemies of tho order , the repose , and the tranquility of Europe ; and penetrated at the same time by the duty of _placing our faithful subjects of Gallicia , and fhe peaceful inhabitants of the town of Cracow itself , i » a _position of safety from the attacks of the revolutionary party , we have , in accordance with his Majesty the _Knsr of Prussia , and his Majesty tlie Emperor of Russia , submitted to a serious appreciation the future fate of Cracow .

      '* With this view , deliberations have taken place with the special plenipotentiaries of the _c-uits of Berlin and St . _Petersburg . The result of these deliberations has been a convention , concluded on the 0 th of November of this yeir , at Vienna , by which the Three Protecting Powers of the city of Cracow revoke and suppress the treaties of the 3 rd of May , 1815 , and in consequence that __ town and its territory return under our sceptre in the same manner that it belonged before the peace of Vienna , of 14 th October , 1 S 0 O , to our late father and to our ancestors . It is on this account that we take possession of the said city of Cracow and its territory . We join it forever to our crown , and declare that it forms an inseparable portion of our empire , in which we incorporate ic .

      " We name the Count Maurice de Deyme , our chamberlain , member of the Council and Governor of Prague , our Aulic commissioner , for his taking into possession , and we seriously invite all the inhabitants ofthe town of Cracow , and of its ci-devant territory , in tlieir own interest , to obey that Aulic commissioner sent by us , and also U the authorities whom we confirm , and whom wo establish anew . We invite them , besides , to follow punctual the ordinances made and to be made . 11 On the other hand , we promise them the

      maintenance and protection of our holy religion , impartial justice , equal division of imposts , and full and entire guarantee of the public security to those who will render themselves worthy of our grace by submitting immediately to the present measure , which is in their interest , and by tlieir fidi lity and their devotion to our house . We shall always be a mild Prince and a gracious Emperor , and we shall make every effort in our power to insure to them the benefits that their union to a great and powerful monarchy is of a nature to guarantee to the inhabitants of Cracow .

      "Done to _owr Imperial Palace at Vienna , thellth November , 1846 , and of our reign the 12 th . ' Fermnand ( L . S . ) "Charles Count de Jazaghe , First Chancellor . "Fiuxcis Baron de Pillersdorfp , Aulic Chancellor . " John Baron dk Kruckzka , Vice Chancellor . " By the special order of his Apostolic Majesty . "Francis Chevalier of _Wadhenry , Aulic Councillor . " The following proclamation has been issued by the provisional Governor of Cracow : — " Field Marshal Lieut . Count de Castielione , entrusted provisionally with the government ofthe free city of Cracow , by the Three Protecting Powers , has announced in their name that on the Gth instant they drew up and signed the following convention : —

      " Considering that the conspiracy which in the month of February , 1846 , led to certain events in the Grand Duchy of Posen , was a project arranged at a distance , with the assistance of numerous accoroplics in that country : —considering that this criminal faction took arms atthe time agreed upon , commenced hostilities , and circulated proclamations which excited the minds of the people to a general revolt "—considering that Cracow became the seat of a central authority which assumrd the name of a revolutionary government , and that this goTernment issued ordonnahecs forthe direction ofthe insurrection ; consiidering that all these circumstances have put the city of Cracow into a miserable state of war . which would have authorised the three courts of Austria , Prussia , and Russia , to use all the rights

      which a state of war gives ; considering that upon this one ground tho three courts aforesaid might have disposed as they thought proper of a territory which had taken a hostile attitude against them ; but , in eonsidcring also that the intention of the three said powers is not to subject the city of Cracow to the law of the _strongest ; considering that where there is so great an inequality of force , such law ought not to come into operation ; considering that it is no longer a question for an act of retaliation against that city , nor for its punishment , biit that the high protecting powers only desire to reestablish peace and order in thc territory of Cracow , and have not any other object than to protect their subjects from a recurrence of events which have so seriously disturbed their tranquillity ; considering that by a treaty of peace concluded between them on the 21 st of April ( 3 rd of May ) , 1815 , the city of

      Cracow , with its territories , was declared a free , independent , and strictly neutral city , and placed _linger the protection of the three high contracting powers , and that the three courts have desired to put into execution hy this convention the articles relating to Cracow , in their several treaties of the 21 st of April , ( 3 rd of May ) , 1815 , of which one was concluded between His Majesty the Emperor of Austria , and His Majesty the-Emperor of Russia ; and the other , of the same date , between the Emperor of Russia and His Majesty the King of Prussia , but , considering that the existence ofthe tree city of Cracow , so far from _fulfilliKg their intentions , has been a source of disorders and troubles , which for a period of twenty years have not only menaced the peace and prosperity of that free city , and the security of the neighbouring territories , but _huve further had for object to overthrow the state of affairs established by the treaties of 1815 : —

      " Considering that numerous events of this kind , which are too generally known to render it necessary to examine them further , have entirely changed in its essence the nature of the condition of the city of Cracow , and that by proceeding contrary to the provisions of existing treaties . Cracow has on several occasion cast aside the duties which a strict neutrality would impose upon her , which proceedings have on several occasions led to the intervention of the Three Powers , and that all tho modifications heretofore effected in her constitution , with a view of giving more strength to her goverment , have not l ? een sufficient to prevent a recurrence to these deplorable events ; - —considering that the patient spirit manifested in the benevolent ordonnance of tho three governments , instead of leading to tho object intended , has only served to strengthen tho irreconcilable enemies of order in their projects , and that the free city of Craeow is now become the focus of a new and

      extenmvo conspiracy , the ramifications of which extend in all the ancient provinces of Poland;—" Considering that thia culpable and disloyal project has been followed up by an attack with open force on the part of Cracow , which has become the centre from which the spirit of revolt has sought to undermine the foundations of thc interior tranquillity ofthe adjacent territories;—considering , from this circumstance , that it appears that Cracow , as a political state , is evidently to weak to resist the continual attempts of Polish emigrants , which hold that city in a state of moral servitude , so that she no longer affords to tho powers aforesaid any security against the recurrence ofthe attempts at disturbance so often made :-

      —" Considering , further , that enterprises of this character are an evident violation of the treaty of the 21 st April ( 3 d May ) , 1815 , as also the second article of the act of constitution for the free eity of Cracow of the 30 th May , 1833;—considering that the convention above-mentioned concerning Gracon * _. agreed to by the three powers , were repeated in articles G , 7 , 8 , 0 , and 10 o f the general act of the Congress of Vienna , of the 9 th of June , 1813 , solely in order that that treaty might comprehend , the various results ofthe arrangements concluded , in the course of particular negotiations between the -governments ;—considering consequently that if the three aforesaid courts now agree to change in -regard to

      Annexation Of Cracow. Behu-V Nov. 1d.—Th...

      pracow a state of things upon which they were vo-J untarily agreed in 1815 , the ** are only adopting the exercise of an incontestible right ;—"Considering all which precedes , and having taken into serious consideration _the-safety of their territories , so often threatened by the free city of Craeow , the three courts of Austria , Prussia , and Russia have agrepd to the following resolutions :-. " First , The said three courts of Austria , Prussia , and Russia revoke the articles of the- treaties concerning the city of Cracow , agreed _ta _* , tho one between his Majesty tbe Emperor of Russia and the Emperor of Austria , and the other between thc Emperor of Russia and tbe King of Prussia , and signed on the 21 st April ( 3 d May ) , 1815 . *

      ' In like manner tho additional treaty between Austria , FVussia , and Russia , of th 9 same date , is revoked and suppressed . " Secondly , In consequence , the city of Cracow and its territories are restored to Austria , and reunited to the'Austrian monarch , tobe _possessed by his imperial , royal , and apostolic Majesty , as it was previous to the year 1899 . ( Signed ) " CASWIIONE . " Craeow , the 16 th November , 1846 . *" - " The Craeow Gazette of the 17 th publishes along account of the formal taking possession of Cracow by Austria on tho preceding day . A salute of 21 guns was fired , there was a service at the cathedral , and all possible demonstrations were made by the Austrian authorities-. The public buildings were

      illuminated , but the ieelingshown by thepeople was that ot deep melancholy . Accordimr _tO'tihe _Universthe Czar is preparing for the realization nf all tho dreams of Russian aggrandizement wh « b have been indulged in by all the- Sovereigns of that empire since tho time of Peter the Great . The _Unvuers' publishes a letter from Odessa , which states that tlie Emperor Nicholas had ordered the concentration of an armv of 160 , 600 men in Wolhynia . " _Aaainit whom , "" asks the writer , " " aire these preparations intended * Their object is surrounded with great mystery . Some believe that the Cxar is intent ' on cimying out tlie Panselavism scheme , others that those armamen _t s are intended for the Caucasus , where the Russian troops have of late sustained several defeats , and others connect them with the long-meditated plan of establishing the groat Eastern empire . *''

      PORTUGAL . THE CIVIL WAR . By the arrival of the Polyphemus at _Portsmouth , we have received news from Lisbon to the 17 th instant . Nothing ofa dechivc character had occurred up to that date between the armies of _Suldanlia and Das Antas . A correspondent writes that news had reached Lisbon that the advanced guard of Saldanha " had been completely beaten , with loss of ammunition , and the whole of thc advanced force taken ; and that Saldanha had retired on _Carregardo ( four leagues north-west of Cartaxo ) . It was known ( he adds ) , that Das Antas would not attack Saldanha until the arrival at Santarem of the Conde de Bomfim , with the 5 lh and 0 th Cacadorea and Cavalry , who were hourly expected , as well as General Ozorio , ai the Count is resolved to have eood general officers

      to manoeuvre and attack General Saldanha in that way that his force will be completely cut off from Lisbon . " In a postcript on the 17 th ho says— " It was stated at the last moment that the Conde Das Antas will attack Saldanha on the 18 th . " Great desertions , it was stated , were still taking place of the Queen ' s troops to the enemy . The force * , of Schwalback had been routed by the Conde de Bomfim near Evora , and the former had fled to _Elvas , and was thus completely cut off from all communication with Saldanha . All the Western Isles were said to have pronounced in favour of the popular movement , The prisons of Lisbon were full , but the arrests still continued . Finding that the public refused to take the pap _<* r trash ofthe bankrupt " Bank of Lisbon . " The Queen had issued thefollowing decree : ¦—

      " Art . 1 . Every person who shall reject a Bank of Lisbon note , when tendered in payment , shall incur the punishment of transportation , besides a penalty of from 50 to 100 milreis at thc discretion of the Judge . " " Art . 2 . The same punishment , and pecuniary penalty , will be incurred by all who shall stipulate for payments in coin , or who shall establish one price for payments in notes and another in coin . " " Art . 3 . All clausps , conditions , and agreements already entered into , stipulating for payments in coin , are hereby declared null and void . " " Art . i . Offenders against the provisions of this decree shall neither he allowed bail nor trial by jury . " " Palace of Necessidades . ( Signed ) " Tub Quekiv . " Countersigned by all tne Ministers . "

      ITALY . A letter from Rome , of the 12 th , states that a erand dinner in honour of thc possesso of Pope Pius IX . took place the day before in tlie Theatre Aliherti . About athousand guests , including a number of persons who had been amnestied , were present . Several speeches were delivered and pieces of poetry declaimed , and loud acclamations in honour of the Pooe were heard .

      GREECE . Brigandism is alarmingly on tho increase . Tlie Brigands have __ attained such a degree of audacity , that in the broad and open day they stop the citizens and demand from them ransoms . Piracy is also rife , several Jonian vessels having been pillaged by armed _ruliians . The environs of Mount Parnassus are in tested by the famous brigand Melissova , who was amnestied under the bonign Administration ofM . Coletti , and _wha has collected a powerful band of

      cot-throat ruffians round his standard . As if the country was not kept in terror and disorder enough by biigandage , the Government has added thereto by the outrageous proceedings which have taken place at some of the communal elections . _Income places armed men have assailed thc electors , dispersing those who intended to vote against the Government nominees , and at the village of Chryssapha three electors were killed . This is how M . _Coletti _' s Administration interprets the liberty of election .

      TURKEY . HORRIBLE MASSACRE OF THE NESTORIAKS . Constantino-pie , Nov . 9 . —Despite the anxiety of the Porte to keep from the publie knowledge nil the details ofthe frightful massacre which has just been perpetrated in Kurdistan on the Nestorinns , by Bcder Han Bey , I have learnt some particulars of this dreadful event , on the substantial truth of which you mayrely , whatever small incorrectnesses may be mixed with it . Beder Han Bey , not deterred by the demonstration the Turkish government had made to prevent the execution of hi . i murderous design , knowing that this demonstration was quite futile , collected , about a month a _^ o , various detachments of troops under

      the command of the Beys of Ilaikarai and Bevari , and taking himself the command of a large bony of Kurds , marched into the country of the Nestorinns . He met with , and he knew he would meet with , no resistance—so lie divided his force into small bands of fifty or of one hundred men each , and sent these in various directions to fall on thc defenceless Nestorian villages , Thirty-six of these villages at the least have been thus made tho scenes of the ? most harrowing wholesale murders . To speak of their having been sacked , plundered , and burnt to the ground , would be to . draw attention to an incident of small importance 'n tho face of thc _j-reiter horrors which these bloody barbarians committed . Men , women , and children crying for mercy ; the woman

      and children , in the agonies ot terror , were put'to death by every species of torture wliich cruelty could invent . Happy were those who were _** hot , or who fell by the sword , who had not their bowels ripped out oi ' them while living , or who were not impaled amidst the shouts and laughter of the murderers . Two of the bishops ofthe _Nestorians , if not more _, were impaled , and several of the priests . But that was not the worst torture inflicted . Children were torn from tlieir mothers , some from their mother ' s breasts , and in presence of their mothers , who were obliged , screeching , to look on , put in the most shocking manner to death . The mothers afterwards were

      sacrificed . The youth of both sexes underwent outrages which cannot be mentioned , before their throats , in disgust and satiety , were cut . Three _thousand of the Ncstorians have perished in this massacre on the lowest calculation , The most extensive slaughter took place at a large village , or township , called r > ia « , where Beder Han Bey was himself present . Herethe two bishops were impaled , and from this place was sent the throe hundrad heads ( pickled ) to the Pacha of _Moussoul , with the _issulting message , that if the Porte presumed to molest thc sender , lie-would send to Constantinople , instead ot _' jMusteiiaiii- 'l _' _urk heath enough to make a pyramid .

      THE K 1 VEK PLATE . Reskwal op _Hostilitihs . — According to _advircs from Brazil , a proclamation of the Moste Yideo- authorities had declared the armistice at an cud ; and hostilities had in consequence reconimeneed in the River _I'late on the loth of September . General lliveira had left Monte Video , and was proceeding to _Etitoii _llios ,

      The Jews Ix Polasd.—Warsaw, Nov. C—Since...

      The Jews _ix Polasd . —Warsaw , Nov . C—Since the 1 st of October , the memorable day on which the Jews in thiskingdem , by laying aside their national Costume , made thc first stop towards civilization , has afforded _usmanj comical scenes through the uncomfortable ; position in which the Jen's have been placed by it . Irom all the great cities of the kingdom _reapeotable-looking Jews arrived in all the splendour of their most costly ., silk pelisses , trimmod with sable , with their beards and ringlets in the best order to obtain a delay at least for some years ; but they had come to meet their ill fate , for they were here deprived of their silk pelisses , their beards , and their locks by some barbers , who had received the- _oiden

      The Jews Ix Polasd.—Warsaw, Nov. C—Since...

      of the police , arid the poor disgraced Jews _atok * clandestinely out of the city . A few days ago a similar event took place , which excited no tittle sensation in tlio remotest part of the country , where " Chapietism" _exercise-i its powerful inHuence on the demoralization of tho Jews . A company , _consisting of eighty men , with tiieir Rabbi at their head , arrived at the gates of our c ty , in order to obtain from the _tTince-Crovernor permission to retain their old _eosj _f-. - } hat so strange a companv , which might be _dlstingmahed at a distance by thoir strange gesticulations , was not permitted to enter tho . city without w u r r * J- _* --y ba conceived . General A-- , the chief o . the i _* .. licc , b « inE informed of the strange party

      before the city ordered that they should _b'f _imme--thately put . _underz-sood escort to the police office ; and there , that without speaking a word to _iheni ' tbeir beards and loeks should be cut off , and tlieir colisses slit up boiirnd . In half an hour iho p .. or people felt the cold ? air on tlieir bald unprotected fnocs , and when they recovered from their consternation , they found _tliemselves again at the gates of Warsaw , whither they had been conveyed . They _lud now no further , desire than to bo allowed to take the clippings ef their beards home , that they raight bury them in the cemetery . These , however , were dispersed to » ll points of the compass , and the " Travellers had now nothin _' . ' mire to do in Warsaw

      Slian to satisfy the barber ' s apprentices who came for their pay , —[ Vhe miscreant who could speak of the abovo nets of _brutal per-iecution as "c > mical seenes , " well deserves the gallows—or worde , tho knout ; either of these would wonderfully change his sense ofthe " comical . "—Ed . N . S . ]

      Ireland. Statu Of The Count'. *-*, Dubi....

      IRELAND . STATU OF THE COUNT' . * - * , DuBi . it * . Nov . 2 &—Generally ,, the measures for the relief ot" the peasantry are proceeding _satisf-ictorily , although from some districts there are still very _dishcarteninsj ' accounts ; and occasionally _wq have complaints of _Ueliiy in public works , or of the modeof paying the'persons employed ; but , looking to the vast extent of ihe operations of the board , nnd the great dilKcuIties they have had toencountor . it must be admitted that tlieir arrangements have been more successful tlinh thc most sanguine could have expected at the _otsitsct . The paramount ohiect was

      to employ the people , and , out of the fruits of tfieir labour , to supply the means of _savim ; them from st . irv . iiion . To accomplish this great duty at once , a very large outlay was _indispensable , and many comparatively useless works were , in consequence , sane * tinned . But those who complain about the ioss and inconvenience of such works , ought to _buar in mind that there was at the time , no choice between adopting them , after they had bren voted at the presentment sessions , or in ' resorting to the vicious _system of _distributing _mimey without work , which no rational _bring would recommend .

      The landlords generally are . ic'Mng in a credit . tb-e manner ; but they are beset by difficulties , one ofthe most unmanageable of which is the want of co-operation amongst themselves in promoting productive works , in accordance with the Cbivf _Secretary ' s circular . . Genkral Arming of tub Pkasaxtrt . —The Tipperary Vindicator , a Liberal and Uepeal paper , contains the following statement : —> A PoputAB Armament . —There is at present , literally speaking , a rago for fir <* -arms among the humbler classes oftlie people . The trade in guns , piscols , powder and shot , is the briskest of any within several miles ot Limerick , _Neiiagh , and other localities . The trade is quite a new one in Nemigh , butsinee it has commenced by one or two persons , it is almost impossible to meet the _demand . In u house in Queen-street , _Neiuitjli , on Thursday , the crowds were enormous . It was difficult to enter _t' . ie door . Groups of eager purchasers surrounded the

      counter , ami other * : gazed in at the window's , the former supplying themsulves with arms , or getting them repaired , whilst the owner of the simp , anil an " _experienced assi »» v . nt , " somewhat advanced in age , ar . d the very type o £ an armourer , had scHreely time to attend to their customers . The consequence is , that arms are almost iu erery hand . We believe the respectable class of fawners perfectly right in arming themselves as their inferiors are doiiii : so , cut we cannot 3 ee the good that will - Arise from . the _indiscriminate armament now going forward in almost every district we hear from , lleports of gun shots are frequent throughout the day ami at night . A . gentleman residing near the Shannon , between Birr and Borrisokane , heard several volleys within the last few nights . Shots have aUo been heard in tha neighbourhood of Kilcoleman _, and in other localities . We do think that this business cannot end well . A large seizure , we learn , of arms from a English house , consigned to Ireland , was made in an _En-lish factory last week , and tht ) arms sent to the Custom-house .

      1 he Leinster Express , a Conservative journal , gives the following , on the same subject from a Roscrea . ( Tipperary ) correspondent : — On Tuesday last , a sale of goods of some tenants of Mrs . Egan , of Carriek _, near Roscrea , wa 9 to have _tukc-n place for non-payment of rent , and regularly advertized ; but two hours before the intended hour for sale , a large mob of persons , principally from a distant part of the country , and several of them armed with guns and pistols , appeared on the land , tired about 100 _sltot ' _. und by intimi . dation and . violence , prevented the sale from taking place . The auctioneer was proceeding towards ihe lands , and on hearing of so many shots having been fired , returned to town . The country _people about this neighbourhood , principally small farmers' sons , and servant boys , have a very large quantity of tire-arms in their possession .

      The state of this part ol the eountry is increasingl y alarming . File-arms and ammunition are rapidly bought up , and are getting into the hands ol the lawless ; about sixty stand of arms have been purchased in this town lately . All order and government seems set at defiance . The industrious people , for twelve miles round , are afraid te leave their homes for goodj , such is the fear of hordes of armed robbers . Cattle are slaughtered on the lands . _Het , women , and chil > : fen aro robbed , and the whole state of society in this neighbourhood is well nigh unhinged ; and we look in vain lor any active measures to suppress the fearful outrage cf the law and good faith . _iMoub _Di-A-rns is SKiBBRnKKN . —Tho Skihbereen correspondent of the Cork Southern Reporter says that four more deaths have , within the hist few ' days , taken place on tho roads near Skihbereen , caused b y starvation , and Mr . Franklin Baldwin , the coroner is _«* xpected there to hold an inquest .

      County op Limkrick . —In a letter dated " Bruree Clmrleville , " the writer thus _dQscvibos the state of the barony of Upper Counelloe : — . " The people here were really in a very wretched state . In a wild barony of 00 , 000 acres ( I do not know the exact amount of population ) , you may readily conceive how much , how very much destitution must have existed ; yet of all the really wretched , there are now very few families without at least one member employed on public works . The range of wages is , say Is . 4 d ., Is . Gd ., Is . Si , and Is . IOd . per day , earned by task work—this so much

      reprobated task work ! The outlay of . the entire baronyis about £ 1000 weekly . In two short works—indeed it is one read—in this district 450 men are at this moment employed . Certainly much agricultural labour is not carried on , but this is not owing to public works—at least , by no means so much as some of the Dublin papers would have it thought . Many farmers , who could employ labourers last and other years , are this year scarcely able fo provide food for themselves' and many of them are in a worcc condition than those who never had hind at nil . Sto'tagk or a Public Work .- —A Jfeuagh paper states : —

      On Tuesday night last the steward employed by the Hoard of Public Works on a road at Loughorna , luthitt two miles of this town , shortly alter hu had retired to bed ia the house in which lie lodged , was fired at when ho had laid down , and the ball passed close ov « r his head , as if the parties outside Knew utll tlio locality withiu . A threatening notice was _fo-i »' ' next _linrninj posted on the door , threatening the steward with death if lie did not employ all the persons out of work in the neighbourhood—that unless he did s > , In * would not be allowed to act over thc few _undi-r his _charge . On his making a representation to the officers oi * Public Works in _Senagh , they very properly ordered the works to be _suspi-ndcd , and _conatquunily - ) _0 persons have been thrown out of employment . Wc understand that it is the orders ofthe board to suspend any works whire outrage is committed .

      "What has _Bkcomk of tub Ifkraw , ?"—Last week wo asked , and asked in vain , what has become ef the Repeal funds ; The illustrious Liberator says they are gone , aad . moreover , tho association is in his debt , " s'iy seven hundred pounds . " No one can tell where they arc gone , tinle .-s they be " with tho Repeal that was last , year . " Now , therefore , we ask where ia the Repeal that was last year ? Ami yet we fear we arc just as likely to get a real answer to that question , as il we asked " where is the snow that was last year 2 " * liut to the point .

      Our readers may not bo aware of ( he existence of a body called , 1 T ' h > Reform Club . " who hold their symposia in Dawson-street . This club counts amongst its members some moderate , some reckless , some wealthy , snme needy members of the movement party . " There aro many very respectable persons with a sliiiht surinkliii _* " of " tailors ; '' but upon the entire , they are rather too headstrong for the Liberator , any from the commencement have refused to have anything to do with tho Repeal _pledge . Well , at their anniversary dinnor given just twelve months past , Mr . _O'Connefl was requested to-preside , and to give the Re

      he asked , would he be permitted - peal , " _asthotooBt of the night . lie was told in reply , that he most certainly should not propose nny such toa *< i , " Then , " said the Liberator , "I will not go amongst you . My life , my soul , , my whole heart every remaining moment ot my existence is devoted to Ucpcal , and where I cannot give that toast I will not be . " Tho invitation was declined , for then , the pledge of _Spitalfields , " to lay his head upon the block it in six months the union was not Repealed _, was too recont , and then , too , the million dupes still congregated around . The scene is changed . Lord John Russell is in office . Morgan John O Connell ha * received £ " 2 , 000 a _yeaf-say two _fhonawd- *

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 28, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_28111846/page/7/