Five-year-old Xi Jinping (left) with younger brother Xi Yuanping (center) and father Xi Zhongxun (right) in 1958.
College/University
Gallery of Xi Jinping
30 Shuangqing Rd, Haidian, Beijing, China
From 1975 to 1979 Xi Jinping studied at Tsinghua University.
Career
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2008
Xi Jinping greeting then President of the United States George W. Bush in August 2008.
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2010
Xi Jinping with then Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on September 28, 2010.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2012
Xi Jinping giving a speech at the United States Department of State in 2012, with then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then Vice-President Joe Biden in the background. Seated in the front row is former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2013
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping waits for a meeting with then United States Secretary of Treasury Jacob Lew during his visit to the Great Hall of the People on March 19, 2013, in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2013
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
China's President Xi Jinping looks on during a signing ceremony with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas at the Great Hall of the People on May 6, 2013, in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2013
Beijing, China
Chinese President Xi Jinping attends a signing ceremony with King Abdullah II bin Al Hussein of Jordan (not pictured) at the Great Hall of People on September 18, 2013, in Beijing, China. At the invitation of Chinese President Xi Jinping, King Abdullah II bin Al Hussein of Jordan paid a state visit to China from September 15 to 18.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2013
Beijing, China
China's President Xi Jinping holds the umbrella as he arrives for a tribute ceremony marking the 64th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China at Tiananmen Square on October 1, 2013, in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2013
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
China's President Xi Jinping (center) and Premier Li Keqiang (left) wave to delegates as they arrive for the opening ceremony of the 11th National Women's Congress at the Great Hall of the People near Tiananmen Square on October 28, 2013 in Beijing, China.
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2014
Brisbane, Australia
BRICS leaders Vladimir Putin, Narendra Modi, Dilma Rousseff, Xi Jinping and Jacob Zuma at the G20 summit in Brisbane, Australia, on November 15, 2014.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2014
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Former Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe shakes hands with China's President Xi Jinping (right) during their meeting at the Great Hall of the People, on the sidelines of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meetings, on November 10, 2014, in Beijing, China.
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2014
Xi Jinping speaks at the closing press conference of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit.
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2014
Victoria Street & Federal Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
Xi Jinping addresses the audience at a luncheon at the Skycity Grand Hotel on November 21, 2014 in Auckland, New Zealand.
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2015
Moscow, Russia
Xi Jinping with the first lady during the Moscow Victory Day Parade on May 9, 2015.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2015
Westminster, London SW1A 0AA, United Kingdom
Xi Jinping, who was on a four-day state visit to the United Kingdom, addressed both Houses of Parliament at Westminster on October 21, 2015.
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2015
Xi Jinping meets with then Taiwanese President Ma Ying-jeou in November 2015 in their capacity as the leaders of Mainland China and Taiwan respectively.
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2015
Beijing, China
Former South Korean President Park Geun Hye, Russian President Vladimir Putin, Chinese President Xi Jinping, former Chinese President Jian Zemin, former Chinese President Hu Jintao, and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang arrive on top of Tiananmen Gate to watch a military parade to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II on September 3, 2015 in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2015
Beijing, China
Chinese President and leader of the Communist Party Xi Jinping rides in an open-top car as he greets soldiers and others in front of Tiananmen Square and the Forbidden City during a military parade on September 3, 2015, in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2015
London, United Kingdom
China's President, Xi Jinping (left), accompanied by Prince Philip (behind, not pictured), reviews an honor guard on October 20, 2015, in London, England.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2015
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping applauds during the opening of the 3rd Session of the 12th National People's Congress at the Great Hall of the People on March 5, 2015 in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2015
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping accompanies then President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan to view an honour guard during a welcoming ceremony inside the Great Hall of the People on March 25, 2015 in Beijing, China.
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2016
Xi Jinping with Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, January 23, 2016
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2016
Hangzhou, China
China's President Xi Jinping speaks during the opening ceremony of the B20 Summit ahead of G20 Summit on September 3, 2016, in Hangzhou, China.
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2016
Hangzhou, China
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi (left) shakes hands with Chinese President Xi Jinping (right) at the West Lake State Guest House on September 4, 2016, in Hangzhou, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2016
Hangzhou, China
Chinese President Xi Jinping (right) shakes hands with former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the G20 Summit on September 4, 2016, in Hangzhou, China. World leaders were gathering in Hangzhou for the 11th G20 Leaders Summit from September 4 to 5.
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2017
China
United States President Donald Trump arrives in China on November 8, 2017.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2017
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
China's President Xi Jinping attends a closing meeting of the Fifth Session of the 12th National People's Congress (NPC) at the Great Hall of the People on March 15, 2017, in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2017
Beijing, China
Chinese President Xi Jinping leaves the stage after speaking during the opening ceremony of the Belt and Road Forum at the China National Convention Center (CNCC) in Beijing, on May 14, 2017.
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2017
Yanqi Lake, China
Russian President Vladimir Putin (left) shakes hands with Chinese President Xi Jinping (right) during the welcome ceremony for the Belt and Road Forum at the International Conference Center on May 15, 2017, in Yanqi Lake, north of Beijing, China.
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2017
Hamburg, Germany
Leaders and their spouses pose for a group photo outside the Elbphilharmonie philharmonic concert hall on the first day of the G20 economic summit on July 7, 2017, in Hamburg, Germany.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2017
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping delivers a speech during the opening session of China's 19th Party Congress at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2017
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping (bottom center) is applauded by senior members of the government after his speech at the opening session of the 19th Communist Party Congress held at the Great Hall of the People on October 18, 2017 in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2017
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks at the opening session of the 19th Communist Party Congress held at the Great Hall of the People on October 18, 2017 in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2017
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping (center) and other Chinese politicians and delegates listen to the national anthem during the closing of the 19th Communist Party Congress at the Great Hall of the People on October 24, 2017, in Beijing, China.
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2017
Beijing, China
Chinese President Xi Jinping greets United States President Donald Trump at a welcoming ceremony on November 9, 2017, in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2017
Beijing, China
United States President Donald Trump takes part in a welcoming ceremony with China's President Xi Jinping on November 9, 2017 in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2017
Beijing, China
Chinese President Xi Jinping greets United States President Donald Trump at a welcoming ceremony on November 9, 2017, in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2017
1100 S Ocean Blvd, Palm Beach, FL 33480, United States
Chinese President Xi Jinping and his wife Peng Liyuan pose for a photo with United States President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump on April 6, 2017, at the entrance of Mar-a-Lago in Palm Beach, Florida.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2017
Beijing, China
Xi Jinping attends a summit at the Belt and Road Forum on May 15, 2017 in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2017
Beijing, China
Xi Jinping attends a news conference at the end of the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation on May 15, 2017 in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2017
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping taking a vote at the closing session of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2017
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Xi Jinping speaks at the podium during the unveiling of the Communist Party's new Politburo Standing Committee at the Great Hall of the People on October 25, 2017 in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2017
Flughafenstr. 1-3, 22335 Hamburg, Germany
Chinese President Xi Jinping waves upon his arrival at Hamburg Airport for the Hamburg G20 economic summit on July 6, 2017 in Hamburg, Germany.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2018
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping accompanies French President Emmanuel Macron to view an honor guard during a welcoming ceremony inside the Great Hall of the People on January 9, 2018, in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2018
Beijing, China
Chinese President Xi Jinping (center) attends a ceremony at Tiananmen Square, on the eve of National Day on September 30, 2018, in Beijing, China.
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2018
Buenos Aires, Argentina
2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit
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2018
Buenos Aires, Argentina
2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2018
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping attends the 2018 Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation - Round Table Conference at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on September 4, 2018.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2018
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping during a joint press briefing with French President Emmanuel Macron at the Great Hall of the People on January 9, 2018, in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2018
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks during the 2018 Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation - Joint Press Conference at the Great Hall of the People on September 4, 2018 in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2019
Beijing, China
Chinese President Xi Jinping (right) shakes hands with Russian President Vladimir Putin (left) during the Tsinghua University's ceremony at Friendship Palace on April 26, 2019, in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2019
Osaka, Japan
Chinese President Xi Jinping (right) shakes hands with United States President Donald Trump before a bilateral meeting during the G20 Summit on June 29, 2019 in Osaka, Japan.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2019
Beijing, China
Chinese President Xi Jinping walks past an honor guard as he approaches the Monument to the People's Heroes during a ceremony to mark Martyrs' Day at Tiananmen Square in Beijing on September 30, 2019.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2019
Beijing, China
Chinese President Xi Jinping (first from the left), former Chinese President Jiang Zemin (second from the left), Chinese Premier Li Keqiang (second from the right) and Chinese Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Wang Yang arrive on the balcony overlooking Tiananmen Square before the beginning of the military parade on October 1, 2019 in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2019
Osaka, Japan
Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin (left) before a family photo session at the G20 summit on June 28, 2019, in Osaka, Japan.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2019
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping attends the second plenary meeting of the second session of the 13th National People's Congress (NPC) at the Great Hall of the People on March 8, 2019 in Beijing, China.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2019
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping, left, and Chile's President Sebastian Pinera, right, attend the welcoming ceremony at the Great Hall of People in Beijing, China on April 24, 2019.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
2019
Beijing, China
Chinese President Xi Jinping walks past floral wreaths at the Monument to the People's Heroes during a ceremony to mark Martyrs' Day at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, on September 30, 2019.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
Chinese President Xi Jinping announced the creation of a fund to help developing countries achieve sustainable development goals.
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Russia
Chairman of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping during his visit to Russia.
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Xi Jinping presented Vladimir Putin with the Order of Friendship. The Russian leader became the first foreign head of state to receive a high state award from China.
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Xi Jinping during the early years of manifestations of his political activity
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Washington, D.C., United States
Xi Jinping, his wife, Peng Liyuan, and then President of the United States Barack Obama in the Lincoln Bedroom.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
No.8-1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China, 100105
Xi Jinping speaks during the 86th INTERPOL General Assembly at the China National Convention Center.
Gallery of Xi Jinping
Xi Jinping
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Xi Jinping and Donald Trump
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Xi Jinping
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Xi Jinping
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Xi Jinping
Achievements
Membership
Awards
Golden Olympic Order
2013
The Golden Olympic Order, that Xi Jinping received on November 19, 2013.
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Liberator
2014
The Grand Cordon of the Order of the Liberator, that Xi Jinping received on July 20, 2014.
Order of José Martí
2014
On July 22, 2014, President Xi Jinping received the Order of José Marti presented by the Cuban government in Havana.
Nishan-e-Pakistan
2015
The Nishan-e-Pakistan, that Xi Jinping received on April 21, 2015.
Order of King Abdulaziz
2016
King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud conferred the King Abdulaziz Medal, the highest order in Saudi Arabia, on President Xi Jinping on January 19, 2016.
Grand Collar of the Order of the Republic of Serbia
2016
President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping was awarded the Grand Collar of the Order of the Republic of Serbia on June 18, 2016.
Order for Promotion of Peace and Friendship
2016
Xi Jinping received the Order for Promotion of Peace and Friendship from Alexander Lukashenko, President of Belarus, on September 29, 2016.
Order of St. Andrew
2017
Xi Jinping, receiving the Order of St. Andrew from Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, on July 3, 2017.
Order of Zayed
2018
The Order of Zayed, that Xi Jinping received on July 20, 2018.
Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
The Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, that Xi Jinping was awarded on March 30, 2014.
Xi Jinping giving a speech at the United States Department of State in 2012, with then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then Vice-President Joe Biden in the background. Seated in the front row is former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.
1111 S Figueroa St, Los Angeles, CA 90015, United States
Xi Jinping is presented with a jersey by President and CEO of AEG China John Cappo, Los Angeles Galaxy star David Beckham, then Mayor of Los Angeles Antonio Villaraigosa, and former NBA player Earvin "Magic" Johnson during a game between the Phoenix Suns and the Los Angeles Lakers at Staples Center on February 17, 2012 in Los Angeles, California.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping waits for a meeting with then United States Secretary of Treasury Jacob Lew during his visit to the Great Hall of the People on March 19, 2013, in Beijing, China.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
China's President Xi Jinping looks on during a signing ceremony with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas at the Great Hall of the People on May 6, 2013, in Beijing, China.
Chinese President Xi Jinping attends a signing ceremony with King Abdullah II bin Al Hussein of Jordan (not pictured) at the Great Hall of People on September 18, 2013, in Beijing, China. At the invitation of Chinese President Xi Jinping, King Abdullah II bin Al Hussein of Jordan paid a state visit to China from September 15 to 18.
China's President Xi Jinping holds the umbrella as he arrives for a tribute ceremony marking the 64th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China at Tiananmen Square on October 1, 2013, in Beijing, China.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
China's President Xi Jinping (center) and Premier Li Keqiang (left) wave to delegates as they arrive for the opening ceremony of the 11th National Women's Congress at the Great Hall of the People near Tiananmen Square on October 28, 2013 in Beijing, China.
Chinese President Xi Jinping gives a toast during the National Day reception marking the 65th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China at the Great Hall of the People on September 30, 2014, in Beijing, China.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Former Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe shakes hands with China's President Xi Jinping (right) during their meeting at the Great Hall of the People, on the sidelines of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meetings, on November 10, 2014, in Beijing, China.
President Xi Jinping of China is greeted with a hongi by Government House's Kaumatua Lewis Moreau during a State Welcome at Government House on November 20, 2014, in Wellington, New Zealand.
Chinese President Xi Jinping gives a toast during the National Day reception marking the 65th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China at the Great Hall of the People on September 30, 2014, in Beijing, China.
Xi Jinping meets with then Taiwanese President Ma Ying-jeou in November 2015 in their capacity as the leaders of Mainland China and Taiwan respectively.
Former South Korean President Park Geun Hye, Russian President Vladimir Putin, Chinese President Xi Jinping, former Chinese President Jian Zemin, former Chinese President Hu Jintao, and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang arrive on top of Tiananmen Gate to watch a military parade to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II on September 3, 2015 in Beijing, China.
Chinese President and leader of the Communist Party Xi Jinping rides in an open-top car as he greets soldiers and others in front of Tiananmen Square and the Forbidden City during a military parade on September 3, 2015, in Beijing, China.
China's President, Xi Jinping (left), accompanied by Prince Philip (behind, not pictured), reviews an honor guard on October 20, 2015, in London, England.
President of China Xi Jinping (left) and Britain's Queen Elizabeth II attend a state banquet at Buckingham Palace on October 20, 2015, in London, England.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping applauds during the opening of the 3rd Session of the 12th National People's Congress at the Great Hall of the People on March 5, 2015 in Beijing, China.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping accompanies then President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan to view an honour guard during a welcoming ceremony inside the Great Hall of the People on March 25, 2015 in Beijing, China.
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi (left) shakes hands with Chinese President Xi Jinping (right) at the West Lake State Guest House on September 4, 2016, in Hangzhou, China.
Chinese President Xi Jinping (right) shakes hands with former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the G20 Summit on September 4, 2016, in Hangzhou, China. World leaders were gathering in Hangzhou for the 11th G20 Leaders Summit from September 4 to 5.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
China's President Xi Jinping attends a closing meeting of the Fifth Session of the 12th National People's Congress (NPC) at the Great Hall of the People on March 15, 2017, in Beijing, China.
Chinese President Xi Jinping leaves the stage after speaking during the opening ceremony of the Belt and Road Forum at the China National Convention Center (CNCC) in Beijing, on May 14, 2017.
Russian President Vladimir Putin (left) shakes hands with Chinese President Xi Jinping (right) during the welcome ceremony for the Belt and Road Forum at the International Conference Center on May 15, 2017, in Yanqi Lake, north of Beijing, China.
Leaders and their spouses pose for a group photo outside the Elbphilharmonie philharmonic concert hall on the first day of the G20 economic summit on July 7, 2017, in Hamburg, Germany.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping (bottom center) is applauded by senior members of the government after his speech at the opening session of the 19th Communist Party Congress held at the Great Hall of the People on October 18, 2017 in Beijing, China.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks at the opening session of the 19th Communist Party Congress held at the Great Hall of the People on October 18, 2017 in Beijing, China.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping (center) and other Chinese politicians and delegates listen to the national anthem during the closing of the 19th Communist Party Congress at the Great Hall of the People on October 24, 2017, in Beijing, China.
1100 S Ocean Blvd, Palm Beach, FL 33480, United States
Chinese President Xi Jinping and his wife Peng Liyuan pose for a photo with United States President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump on April 6, 2017, at the entrance of Mar-a-Lago in Palm Beach, Florida.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping taking a vote at the closing session of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Xi Jinping speaks at the podium during the unveiling of the Communist Party's new Politburo Standing Committee at the Great Hall of the People on October 25, 2017 in Beijing, China.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping accompanies French President Emmanuel Macron to view an honor guard during a welcoming ceremony inside the Great Hall of the People on January 9, 2018, in Beijing, China.
Chinese President Xi Jinping attends the 2018 Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation - Round Table Conference at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on September 4, 2018.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping during a joint press briefing with French President Emmanuel Macron at the Great Hall of the People on January 9, 2018, in Beijing, China.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks during the 2018 Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation - Joint Press Conference at the Great Hall of the People on September 4, 2018 in Beijing, China.
Chinese President Xi Jinping (right) shakes hands with Russian President Vladimir Putin (left) during the Tsinghua University's ceremony at Friendship Palace on April 26, 2019, in Beijing, China.
Chinese President Xi Jinping (right) shakes hands with United States President Donald Trump before a bilateral meeting during the G20 Summit on June 29, 2019 in Osaka, Japan.
Chinese President Xi Jinping walks past an honor guard as he approaches the Monument to the People's Heroes during a ceremony to mark Martyrs' Day at Tiananmen Square in Beijing on September 30, 2019.
Chinese President Xi Jinping (first from the left), former Chinese President Jiang Zemin (second from the left), Chinese Premier Li Keqiang (second from the right) and Chinese Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Wang Yang arrive on the balcony overlooking Tiananmen Square before the beginning of the military parade on October 1, 2019 in Beijing, China.
Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin (left) before a family photo session at the G20 summit on June 28, 2019, in Osaka, Japan.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping attends the second plenary meeting of the second session of the 13th National People's Congress (NPC) at the Great Hall of the People on March 8, 2019 in Beijing, China.
Renda Huitang W Rd, Xicheng District, China, 100031
Chinese President Xi Jinping, left, and Chile's President Sebastian Pinera, right, attend the welcoming ceremony at the Great Hall of People in Beijing, China on April 24, 2019.
Chinese President Xi Jinping walks past floral wreaths at the Monument to the People's Heroes during a ceremony to mark Martyrs' Day at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, on September 30, 2019.
Xi Jinping presented Vladimir Putin with the Order of Friendship. The Russian leader became the first foreign head of state to receive a high state award from China.
(The first published work by a sitting Chinese President, ...)
The first published work by a sitting Chinese President, The Governance of China (Volume 1) offers a unique look inside the Communist Party of China and its vision for the future.
(The Governance of China (Volume 2) explores Xi Jinping's ...)
The Governance of China (Volume 2) explores Xi Jinping's legacy with 99 additional speeches, talks, interviews, instructions and correspondences spread throughout 17 chapters and 29 photographs.
Xi Jinping is the top leader in the Communist Party of China and the President of the People's Republic of China. As general secretary, Xi holds an ex-officio seat on the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, China's top decision-making body.
Background
Xi Jinping was born in Beijing on 15 June 1953. He is the second son of Xi Zhongxun and his wife Qi Xin. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 by Mao Zedong, Xi's father held a series of posts, including propaganda chief, vice-premier, and vice-chairman of the National People's Congress. Xi's father was from Fuping County, Shaanxi, and Xi could further trace his patrilineal descent from Xiying in Dengzhou, Henan.
Education
In 1963, when Xi was 10 years old, his father was purged from the Party and sent to work in a factory in Luoyang, Henan. In May 1966, the Cultural Revolution cut short Xi's secondary education when all secondary classes were halted for students to criticize and fight their teachers. Student militants ransacked the Xi family home and one of Xi's sisters, Xi Heping, was killed. Later, his mother was forced to publicly denounce his father as he was paraded before a crowd as an enemy of the revolution. Xi was aged 15 when his father was imprisoned in 1968 during the Cultural Revolution; he would not see his father again until 1972. Without the protection of his father, Xi was sent to work in Liangjiahe Village, Wen'anyi Town, Yanchuan County, Yan'an, Shaanxi, in 1969 in Mao Zedong's Down to the Countryside Movement. After a few months, unable to stand rural life, he ran away to Beijing. He was arrested during a crackdown on deserters from the countryside and sent to a work camp to dig ditches. He later became the Party branch secretary of the production team, leaving that post in 1975.
From 1975 to 1979, Xi studied chemical engineering at Beijing's Tsinghua University as a "Worker-Peasant-Soldier student." The university's engineering majors spent about one-fifth of their time studying Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong thought, doing farm work and "learning from the People's Liberation Army."
After numerous unsuccessful attempts, in 1974 Xi Jinping was accepted into the Communist Party. The following year he began to study chemical engineering at Beijing's Tsinghua University, earning a degree in 1979. From that point forward, he steadily rose through the ranks of the Communist Party. Between 1979 and 1982, Xi served in the Central Military Command as vice premier, gaining valuable military experience.
Transferred to Fujian in 1985, he worked in various party posts, beginning as Deputy Mayor of Xiamen. He proposed several infrastructure improvements, all of which were rejected by the provincial authorities. In 1987, Xi transferred to Ningde, where he served as a district party chief. He launched a conservation campaign that beautified the major artery connecting Ningde to the greater Fujian province. He was the party leader in Fuzhou, the provincial capital, from 1998 to 2000. Credited with stimulating foreign investment, Xi revitalized the historical "Three Lanes and Seven Alleys" section.
His reputation as an honest and efficient politician rose steadily during his time in Fujian province. In 2000, he was named Fujian's provincial governor.
In 2003, he moved to the province of Zhejiang, where he served as governor and party secretary. During his tenure, private industry quadrupled its research and development investment in the province.
Xi would make a steady ascent in the ensuing decades, with postings as governor of the Fujian and Zhejiang provinces and as party secretary. In 2007, his career got a further boost when a pension-fund scandal rocked the leadership of Shanghai and he was named as its party secretary. He spent his tenure promoting stability and restoring the city's financial image, and that same year was chosen for the Politburo Standing Committee. In early 2008, Xi's visibility became even greater when he was elected vice president of the People's Republic of China and placed in charge of preparations for the 2008 summer Olympics in Beijing.
In early 2012, Xi Jinping traveled to the United States to meet with then President Barack Obama and members of his cabinet. He also made a nostalgic trip back to Iowa and then visited Los Angeles. During his visit, he spoke of increasing trust and reducing suspicions between the two countries while respecting each other's interests in the Pacific-Asian region.
Later that year, on November 15, Xi Jinping was elected general secretary of the Communist Party and chairman of the Central Military Commission. In his first speech as general secretary, Xi broke from tradition and sounded more like a Western politician, speaking about the aspirations of the average person and calling for better education, stable jobs, higher income, a more reliable safety net of retirement and health care, better living conditions and a better environment. He also vowed to take on corruption within the government at the highest levels. He referred to his vision for the nation as the "Chinese Dream."
Xi was elected President of the People's Republic of China on 14 March 2013, in a confirmation vote by the 12th National People's Congress in Beijing. He received 2,952 for, one vote against, and three abstentions. He replaced Hu Jintao, who retired after serving for two terms. In his new capacity as president, on 16 March 2013 Xi expressed support for non-interference in China-Sri Lanka relations amid a United Nations Security Council vote to condemn that country over government abuses during the Sri Lankan Civil War. On 17 March, Xi and his new ministers arranged a meeting with the chief executive of Hong Kong, CY Leung, confirming his support for Leung. Within hours of his election, Xi discussed cybersecurity and North Korea with U.S. President Barack Obama over the phone. Obama announced the visits of treasury and state secretaries Jacob Lew and John F. Kerry to China the following week. Within a week of assuming the presidency, Xi embarked on a trip to Russia, Tanzania, South Africa, and the Republic of Congo.
In March 2014 Xi made a trip to Western Europe visiting the Netherlands, where he attended the Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague, followed by visits to France, Germany and Belgium. He made a state visit to South Korea on 4 July 2014 and met with then South Korean President Park Geun-hye. Between 14 and 23 July, Xi attended the BRICS leaders' summit in Brazil and visited Argentina, Venezuela, and Cuba.
In September 2015, Xi made his first state visit to the United States. In October 2015, he made a state visit to the United Kingdom, the first by a Chinese leader in a decade. This followed a visit to China in March 2015 by the Duke of Cambridge. During the state visit, Xi met Queen Elizabeth II, then Prime Minister David Cameron and other dignitaries. Increased customs, trade and research collaborations between China and the UK were discussed, but more informal events also took place including a visit to Manchester City's football academy.
In March 2016, Xi visited the Czech Republic on his way to the United States. In Prague, he met with the Czech president, prime minister and other representatives to promote relations and economic cooperation between the Czech Republic and the People's Republic of China. His visit was met by a considerable number of protests by the Czechs.
In January 2017, Xi became the first Chinese president to plan to attend the World Economic Forum in Davos. On January 17, Xi addressed the forum in a high-profile keynote, addressing globalization, the global trade agenda, and China's rising place in the world's economy and international governance; he made a series of pledges about China's defense of "economic globalization" and climate change accords. Premier Li Keqiang attended the forum in 2015 and then Vice-President Li Yuanchao did so in 2016. During the three-day state visit to the country in 2017 Xi also visited the World Health Organization, the United Nations and the International Olympic Committee.
In March 2018, the party-controlled National People's Congress passed a set of constitutional amendments including removal of term limits for the president and vice president, the creation of a National Supervisory Commission, as well as enhancing the central role of the Communist Party.
On 17 March 2018, the Chinese legislature reappointed Xi as president, now without term limits; Wang Qishan was appointed vice president. The following day Li Keqiang was reappointed premier and longtime allies of Xi Xu Qiliang and Zhang Youxia were voted in as vice-chairmen of the state military commission. Foreign minister Wang Yi was promoted to state councillor and General Wei Fenghe was named defence minister.
Xi Jinping is considered the central figure of the fifth generation of leadership of the People's Republic. He has significantly centralised institutional power by taking on a wide range of leadership positions, including chairing the newly formed National Security Commission, as well as new steering committees on economic and social reforms, military restructuring and modernization, and the Internet. Said to be one of the most powerful leaders in modern Chinese history, Xi's political thoughts have been written into the party and state constitutions, and under his leadership the latter was amended to abolish term limits for the presidency. In 2018, Forbes ranked him as the most powerful and influential person in the world, dethroning Vladimir Putin who held the accolade for five consecutive years.
Among his major writings is "The Governance of China," a compilation of political philosophy released in 2014 by "ICP Intercultural Press." It places among the top 50 in the "politics and government-Asian" category of the Amazon rankings.
President Xi Jinping was honored by the Cuban government in 2014 with the Order of José Marti, the highest honor Cuba can confer. Named for a revered revolutionary and writer, this award was given in recognition of Xi's efforts to strengthen Cuban-Chinese ties, and to strengthen the socialist cause.
(The first published work by a sitting Chinese President, ...)
2014
Religion
Some sources claim, that Xi Jinping is unofficially a believer in Chinese Buddhism which is a combination of Buddhism and Taoism. They say he respects traditional Chinese religions and also China's great history.
In 2017, the local government of the Jiangxi province told Christians to replace their pictures of Jesus with Xi Jinping as part of a general campaign on unofficial churches in the country. According to local social media, officials "transformed them from believing in religion to believing in the Party." According to activists, "Xi is waging the most severe systematic suppression of Christianity in the country since religious freedom was written into the Chinese constitution in 1982," and according to pastors and a group that monitors religion in China, has involved "destroying crosses, burning bibles, shutting churches and ordering followers to sign papers renouncing their faith."
Politics
Early on in his term, Xi repeatedly issued pronouncements on the supremacy of the Communist Party, largely echoing Deng Xiaoping's line that effective economic reform can only take place within the one-party political framework. In his view, the Communist Party is the legitimate, constitutionally sanctioned ruling Party of China and the Party derives this legitimacy through advancing the Mao-style "Mass Line Campaign". Also, the Party represents the interests of the overwhelming majority of ordinary people. In this vein, Xi called for officials to practise mild self-criticism in order to appear less corrupt and more popular among the people.
Xi's position has been described as preferring highly centralized political power as a means to direct large-scale economic restructuring.
Xi believes that China should be 'following its own path' and that a strong authoritarian government is an integral part of the "China model," operating on a "core socialist value system," which has been interpreted as China's alternative to Western values. However, Xi and his colleagues acknowledge the challenges to the legitimacy of Communist rule, particularly corruption by Party officials. The answer, according to Xi's program, is two-fold: strengthen the Party from within, by streamlining strict Party discipline and initiating a large anti-corruption campaign to remove unsavoury elements from within the Party, and reinstituting the Mass Line Campaign externally to make Party officials better understand and serve the needs of ordinary people. Xi believes that, just as the Party must be at the apex of political control of the state, the Party's central authorities (the Politburo, PSC, or himself as general secretary) must exercise full and direct political control of all Party activities.
Xi and Communist Party ideologues coined the phrase "Chinese Dream" to describe his overarching plans for China as its leader. Xi first used the phrase during a high-profile visit to the National Museum of China on November 29, 2012, where he and his Standing Committee colleagues were attending a "national revival" exhibition. Since then, the phrase has become the signature political slogan of the Xi era. Since 2013, the phrase has emerged as the distinctive quasi-official ideology of the Party leadership under Xi, much as the "Scientific Outlook on Development" was for Hu Jintao and the "Three Represents" was for Jiang Zemin. The origin of the term "Chinese Dream" is unclear. While the phrase has been used before by journalists and scholars, some publications have posited the term likely drew its inspiration from the concept of the American Dream. The Economist noted the abstract and seemingly accessible nature of the concept with no specific overarching policy stipulations may be a deliberate departure from the jargon-heavy ideologies of his predecessors. While the Chinese Dream was originally interpreted as an extension of the American Dream, which emphasises individual self-improvement and opportunity, the slogan's use in official settings since 2013 has taken on a noticeably more nationalistic character, with official pronouncements of the "Dream" being consistently linked with the phrase "great revival of the Chinese nation." The policy implications of the "Chinese Dream" remain unclear.
In September 2017, the Communist Party Central Committee decided that Xi's political philosophies, generally referred to as "Xi Jinping Thought" by western sources, would become part of the Party Constitution.
Xi first made mention of the "Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era" in his opening day speech delivered to the 19th Party Congress in October 2017. His Politburo Standing Committee colleagues, in their own reviews of Xi's keynote address at the Congress, prepended the name "Xi Jinping" in front of "Thought."
Xi himself has described the Thought as part of the broad framework created around Socialism with Chinese Characteristics, a term coined by Deng Xiaoping that places China in the "primary stage of socialism." In official Party documentation and pronouncements by Xi's colleagues, the Thought is said to be a continuation of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the "Three Represents," and the Scientific Development Perspective, as part of a series of guiding ideologies that embody "Marxism adopted to Chinese conditions" and contemporary considerations.
On October 24, 2017, at its closing session, the 19th Party Congress approved the incorporation of Xi Jinping Thought into the Constitution of the Communist Party of China.
The concepts and context behind Xi Jinping Thought are elaborated in Xi's The Governance of China book series, published by the Foreign Languages Press for an international audience. Volume one was published in September 2014, followed by volume two in November 2017.
Xi has reportedly taken a hard-line on security issues as well as foreign affairs, projecting a more nationalistic and assertive China on the world stage. His political program calls for a China more united and confident of its own value system and political structure.
As part of his goal to establish China as a 21st century global superpower, Xi has pushed for military reform to upgrade naval and air forces. Already chairman of the Central Military Commission, in 2016 he added the title of commander in chief of its joint battle command center.
In recent years, Xi has asserted China's naval capacities through the construction of artificial islands within disputed territories of the South China Sea. Despite his claims to the contrary, satellite photographs indicated that the islands were being used to house military developments. In July 2016, an international tribunal in The Hague ruled that China had illegally claimed those territories, although China refused to accept the authority of that ruling.
While often at odds with the United States over trade issues, Xi has publicly acknowledged the need for China to cooperate with its Western counterpart on the issue of climate change. In September 2016, Xi and then President of the United States Barack Obama announced they were formally adopting the international climate-change agreement reached in Paris the previous December to reduce emissions from the world's two largest economies.
In November 2017, Xi met with United States President Donald Trump for a two-day summit in Beijing. Despite earlier accusing China of being a currency manipulator, Trump offered praise this time around for the country taking advantage of financial opportunities. For his part, Xi spoke about a "win-win" cooperation between the two economic superpowers, announcing memorandums of understanding to increase trade by $253 billion.
However, the two leaders then contrasted one another during their subsequent appearances at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Vietnam. In his speech, Trump criticized the development of globalization for harming American workers and companies, declaring, "we are not going to let the United States be taken advantage of anymore." Taking the stage immediately afterward, Xi painted a glowing picture of the collective benefits of globalization, saying, "let more countries ride the fast train of Chinese development."
Tensions between the two sides mounted after Trump ordered stiff tariffs on aluminum and steel imports in March 2018, as part of United States efforts to level the "out of control" trade deficit with its Asian counterpart. China responded by slapping tariffs on a range of American goods, including fruits, nuts and pork products, prompting Trump to threaten to escalate the matter further.
Xi sounded a conciliatory note during his speech at the Boao Economic Forum in April, in which he pledged to "significantly broaden market access" for foreign companies by easing restrictions in the financial and auto sectors and lowering import tariffs for vehicles. Additionally, he promised greater protection for intellectual property.
Amid the escalating tensions of a potential trade war, the yuan fell to a six-month low against the dollar in late June, sparking speculation that China would let that course continue and make their goods cheaper on the world market. Meanwhile, the matters of military deployments in the disputed South China Sea and American support of Taiwan's claims of independence also remained delicate subjects in discussions with Washington.
Views
Quotations:
"What we now face is the contradiction between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life."
"I like sports, and swimming is my favorite. Doing physical exercises keeps one fit and healthy and helps one work more efficiently. I think we all need to strike a balance between work and relaxation. This can keep us energetic and help us do our job better."
"In the modern era, our nation experienced constant hardship and difficulties. The Chinese nation reached the most dangerous period. Since then, countless people with lofty ideals to realise the great revival of the Chinese nation rose to resist and fight, but failed one time after another."
"NBA games are exciting to watch and have global appeal. They are very popular in China. I do watch NBA games on television when I have time."
"The Chinese nation is a great nation; it has been through hardships and adversity but remains indomitable."
Membership
Xi is considered one of the most successful members of the Crown Prince Party, a quasi-clique of politicians who are descendants of early Chinese Communist revolutionaries.
Personality
Some sources note, that Xi Jinping loves football, has experience in Buddhist martial arts and qigong breathing exercises. He repeatedly confessed his sympathies to Russian classical literature, singled out F. Dostoevsky among Russian writers and noted the influence that Leo Tolstoy and M. A. Sholokhov's epic novels had on him.
Xi enjoys Hollywood films. Saving Private Ryan, directed by Steven Spielberg, is among his favorite ones. He is also a fan of HBO television series Game of Thrones. The politician said that in such pictures he is attracted by "a clear look at values, a clear distinction between good and evil," and the fact that "good usually triumphs."
The press noted that "for several decades of political activity, the name of Xi Jinping was never associated with participation in corruption scandals," and in this matter he is "absolutely clean." In the media, he is often described as "a wise, purposeful, balanced, pragmatic and far-sighted politician."
According to Bloomberg, Xi Jinping, his wife, Peng Liyuan, and daughter, Xi Mingze, do not personally own the business, but their closest relatives are very rich.
In the first half of the 1980s, Xi Jinping was married to Ke Lingling, the daughter of Ke Hua, who served as China's ambassador to the United Kingdom. According to some sources, the couple "lived in apartments in the prestigious Nanshagou district in western Beijing, where they fight almost every day." After the divorce, Ke left the country and moved to live in England.
Since 1987, a prominent Chinese folk singer Peng Liyuan has been Xi's wife. A household name in China, she was better known to the public than Xi until his political elevation.
Xi and Peng have a daughter, named Xi Mingze (born 1992). According to some reports, she studied Psychology and English at Harvard University under an assumed name.
Father:
Xi Zhongxun
Xi Zhongxun (October 15, 1913 - May 24, 2002) was a Chinese communist revolutionary and a subsequent political official in the People's Republic of China.
Mother:
Qi Xin
Qi Xin (born November 1926) is a former member of the Communist Party of China, who also authored various articles on her husband, Xi Zhongxun.
Spouse:
Peng Liyuan
Peng Liyuan (born November 20, 1962) is a Chinese contemporary folk singer. From 2012 to 2017, Peng was President of then People's Liberation Army Academy of Art and, from 2005 to 2010, served as Vice President of the All-China Youth Federation.
Sister:
Qi Qiaoqiao
Qi Qiaoqiao (born March 1, 1949) is a Chinese businesswoman and former civil official.
ex-spouse:
Ke Lingling
(born 1951)
Daughter:
Xi Mingze
(born June 27, 1992)
Sister:
Xi An'an
(born 1951)
Brother:
Xi Yuanping
Xi Yuanping (born November 1956) is president of the International Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Association.
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