Route instructions for pedestrians usually include many references to landmarks. The specific
landmark used depends on the perceived familiarity of the traveller with the environment. …

Although numerous studies have shown that landmarks are important for navigation, almost
all navigation systems implement a shortest-route algorithm without considering landmarks. …

Nowadays, navigation systems are widely used to find the shortest path between a starting
point and a destination. In order to guide the user these systems rely on visual information. …

Conventional navigation systems use visually perceptible landmarks to navigate their users
from a starting point to a destination. However, sometimes visual information is not enough …

Landmarks are crucial elements of route instructions given by humans. The currently accepted
qualification of an object as a landmark is dependent on spatial dimensions, ie visual, …

Numerous studies claim that personal dimensions-such as personal interests or prior spatial
knowledge-influence the identification of landmarks for pedestrians. We assume that the …

Landmarks play an important role in spatial cognition, and therefore should be considered
as a part of pedestrian navigation. This research addressed the question of human …

This paper proposes a multidimensional model for the selection of personalized landmarks.
The model is based on an existing landmark salience model, which was designed to be …

… This more observer-centered approach was further established by Nuhn and Timpf (2017b),
who suggested personal dimensions for landmarks. Such an approach needs to include …

There are a number of models available identifying landmarks based on what we call the
landmark dimensions. However, we may assume that the selection of landmarks by a human …