… over an IP/MPLS network include the point-to-point protocol (PPP) and high-level data link
control (HDLC) — both usually employed by communication devices talking over … over metro …

… for VPN services: the Layer 2 approach or the Layer 3 approach. This section explains the
Layer 2 approach and provides two examples of Layer 2 VPN. Note: Layer 3 VPN consists of …

… Layer 2 Switching. Split horizon is used as a loop prevention mechanism. Layer 2 protocol
tunneling is used to send Layer 2 protocols like CDP, STP, or VTP over a pseudowire. …

… The main advantage is that MPLS is used over Layer 2 and Layer 3 protocols. It also discusses
the concept of Traffic Engineering that utilizes Multiprotocol Label Switching and that also …

… over shared infrastructures. MPLS has also been integrated with other technologies, such
as IP/MPLS … a comparison between MPLS VPN Layer 2 and Layer 3 in term of convergence …

… Both AToM and L2TPv3 supports the transport of ATM, HDLC, Frame Relay and Ethernet
traffic over an IP MPLS network. Tunnel or pseudowire is create between the provider edge …

… Layer 3 and forwarding with connection-oriented Layer 2 forwarding. MPLS clearly separate
the control plane, where Layer … of Layer 2 (data link layer) and Layer 3 (network layer), and …

… is to carry the existing layer 1 TDM and layer 2 (ATM, frame relay… MPLS, and the layer 1 and
layer 2 over MPLS architecture is … providers are using physically separate IP/MPLS networks …

… a scalable architecture through which to deliver Layer 3 Virtual … and video) carried on the
IP/MPLS backbone, the need for traffic … Migration of existing Layer 2 services onto an IP/MPLS …

… in a multi-layer IP/MPLS-over-meshed OTN scenario is presented. It allows designing the
IP/MPLS logical … This multi-layer traffic grooming algorithm is based on the idea of charging the …