… we teach. This article assesses the concept of 'backwash' in language teaching, looks at the
consequences of testing on teaching … language teaching more difficult. The two processes of …

… effort to engage and test the ideas such … test the policy hypotheses offered by this report
so that it might help move the field ahead in terms of strategies for change in teaching, teacher …

… do well on such tests, teachers and … So teaching to the test does not necessarily mean
teaching to the standards, and with increasingly great incentives and punishments attached to test …

… of the test. In short, the numeric test scores mean little to the teachers we studied, particularly
without the interpretive context that teachers alone possess. Against such views about the …

… In contrast, this last period has begun to see the testing of … As we will see, language
teaching has by no means ignored … In exploring the teaching and testing of second language …

… of testing in teaching Software Engineering, based on more than a decade of experience. We
teach tools and techniques for automated testing … principles, illustrated with test suites for C …

… ’ tests to shape teaching and the teacher workforce, and … testing. We evaluate these findings
with attention to the nature of tests, the use of tests, and the stakes that are attached to test …

… of merit pay to teachers on the basis of their students' test … test can directly and powerfully
influence how teachers teach and students learn. I will argue that this process corrupts the test's …

… reading construct to effective ways to teach reading and test reading. The chapter will then …
for teaching L2 reading abilities across a range of curricular settings. It will also outline testing …

… is engaging in a very different kind of teaching. For clarity, I will refer to teaching that is
focused directly on test items or on items much like them as item-teaching. I will refer to …