Ancient Egypt.

Presentation on theme: "Ancient Egypt."— Presentation transcript:

1 Ancient Egypt

2 History Archaic Period: 3000-2686 B.C.E. Old Kingdom: 2686-2181 B.C.E.
First Intermediate Period: B.C.E. Middle Kingdom: B.C.E. Second Intermediate Period: B.C.E. New Kingdom: B.C.E Third Intermediate Period: B.C.E. Late Period: B.C.E. Graeco-Roman Period: 332 B.C.E. - C.E. 395 Ptolemaic Period: B.C.E. Roman Period: 30 B.C.E.-C.E. 395

3 History From prehistoric times, there were 2 opposing kingdoms:
Lower Egypt (in North) Upper Egypt (in South)

4 History Circa 3100 B.C.E, King Narmer united these 2 kingdoms - this begins the Archaic Period of Egyptian history

5 Old Kingdom Archaic Period began the Old Kingdom.
Set up capital at Memphis Created ample wealth Huge building projects exhausted the newly created wealth Pyramids of Giza

6 Old Kingdom - Pyramids Third Dynasty -
2650 BCE: Earliest known pyramid in Egypt built for Djoser The Step Pyramid

7 Old Kingdom - Pyramids Fourth Dynasty - 2613-2589 BCE: Rule of Snefru.
Bent Pyramid built in honor of him Angle was changed half-way through construction because original angle was too steep to support the weight

8 Old Kingdom - Pyramids Fourth Dynasty -
2575 BCE: Great Pyramid of Giza built Tomb for Khufu (Cheops) 479 feet tall

9 Old Kingdom - Pyramids Fourth Dynasty -
2532 BCE: Second largest of Pyramids of Giza built Tomb for Khafre 470 feet tall

10 Old Kingdom - Pyramids Fourth Dynasty -
Circa 2500 BCE: smallest of 3 Pyramids of Giza built Tomb for Menkaura 215 feet tall

11 Old Kingdom-The Great Sphinx
Historians do not agree on the background of the Great Sphinx Who was the model for the face? Who built it? When was it built?

12 Old Kingdom-The Great Sphinx
Most common story: Built by Khafre to guard his pyramid Head of a human with body of a lion NOT unique to Egyptian culture

13 Old Kingdom- Pyramids/Sphinx

14 Old Kingdom-The Great Sphinx

15 Old Kingdom-The Great Sphinx

16 Old Kingdom- Pyramids/Sphinx

17 Old Kingdom- Pyramids/Sphinx

18 Old Kingdom-The Mummy Mummification was very important for a person’s/pharaoh’s journey into the afterlife Gods need to be able to recognize the appearance and soul of the individual

19 Old Kingdom-The Mummy The Egyptian Soul is comprised of 7 parts Ren
Sekem Akh Ba Ka Sheut Sekhu

20 Bob Old Kingdom-The Mummy Bob
Ren - A person’s name. Given at birth and lives as long as it is spoken Why there was an importance in placing a name in a lot of writings Bob Bob Bob Bob Bob Bob Bob Bob Bob

21 Old Kingdom-The Mummy Sekem - Energy or Power of a person who has died

22 Old Kingdom-The Mummy Akh - combination of the Ba and Ka
Possibly a ghost

23 Old Kingdom-The Mummy Ba - Personality. Closest in comparison to the western idea of soul Makes one unique Lives on after the body dies

24 Old Kingdom-The Mummy Ka - the life force
Death occurs when the Ka leaves the body Ka is maintained through food and drink Food and drinks often brought to the dead or left with coffin Like bringing flowers to graves today.

25 Old Kingdom-The Mummy Sheut - the shadow. Always present
Cannot exist without a person, a person cannot exist without a sheut

26 Old Kingdom-The Mummy Sekhu - The physical body.

27 Old Kingdom-The Mummy Process of mummification perfected in Old Kingdom

28 Old Kingdom-The Mummy Yearly flooding of the Nile makes mummification possible Leaves behind pools of water Water evaporates and leaves white crystals - natron Natron absorbs moisture

29 Old Kingdom-The Mummy Original mummification process took 70 days
1. Abdomen slit open 2. Organs removed, but preserved 3. Brain pulled out with long hook through the nose

30 Old Kingdom-The Mummy 4. Body cavity stuffed with sacks of natron
5. Entire body covered in natron - or soaked in solution 6. Body cavity washed out 7. Aromatic oils applied to body

31 Old Kingdom-The Mummy 8. Body cavity stuffed with straw, grass, sawdust, or wads of linen 9. Body wrapped in wet bandages of linen

32 Old Kingdom-The Mummy During mummification, internal organs were kept safe and preserved in canopic jars Heart remained in body Believed this was where the Ka resided

33 Old Kingdom-The Mummy Canopic Jars - images of the 4 sons of Horus
Imset - (human) - contained the liver Hapi - (baboon) - contained the lungs Duamatef - (jackal) contained the stomach Kebechsenef - (falcon) contained the intestines

34 Old Kingdom Sixth Dynasty -
No written records as to why Old Kingdom came to an end Evidence of mass burials, war, famine, disease Some skeletons found in awkward positions (woman covering child, man covering both) - obviously not buried

35 First Intermediate Period
Dark times (few written records) One possible theory: Dramatic reduction in rainfall, reduced the flooding of the Nile

36 First Intermediate Period
Rival families created separate capitals Herakleopolis Magna (Greek) - Lower Egypt Thebes - Upper Egypt

37 First Intermediate Period
Central authority had broken down because: financial trouble No strong political center Rival claims to throne Lack of artistic standardization

38 Middle Kingdom 2055 B.C.E.: Egypt was reunited by prince of Thebes. - Mentuhotep II 11th and 12th Dynasties gained importance God, Amun, stressed

39 Middle Kingdom Egypt expands boundaries
Referred to as Ancient Egypt’s “Classic Age” High quality art, literature, language

40 Middle Kingdom 11th-14th Dynasties: Many military campaigns against Nubia during this time

41 Second Intermediate Period
1640 B.C.E.: Princes of the Asiatic peninsula (Palestine) take control in Lower Egypt Took advantage of weakening political structure

42 Second Intermediate Period
Known as the Hyksos Semitic People (Israel, Palestine area) Introduced the war-chariot Split Egypt South still ruled by Egyptians in Thebes

43 Second Intermediate Period
15th Dynasty - Ruled by Hyksos 16th Dynasty - Ruled by Hyksos

44 Second Intermediate Period
17th Dynasty - Rulers from Thebes used the war-chariot against the Hyksos Defeated the Hyksos and reunited Egypt

45 The New Kingdom 1530 B.C.E.: Thebans reunite Egypt

46 The New Kingdom 18th Dynasty -
Warrior-pharaohs created the strongest empire in Egypt’s history Empire stretched from Nubia to the Euphrates River

47 The New Kingdom Egypt becomes richest and most powerful country in the ancient world

48 The New Kingdom Much of the country’s wealth went into great building projects to honor gods and Pharaohs

49 The New Kingdom Kings/Pharaohs no longer buried in pyramids
All buried in The Valley of the Kings

50 The New Kingdom Valley of the Kings was created to protect the pharaohs from grave-robbers and defacing

51 The New Kingdom Valley of the Kings is the home of King Tutankhamun’s tomb KV62

52 Diagram of Tut’s Tomb

53 KV62

54 KV62

55 Into Tut’s Tomb

56 Tut’s “Treasury”

57 Tut’s “Burial Chamber”

58 The New Kingdom Valley of the Kings’ most impressive tomb
KV5 Tomb of sons of Ramesses the Great 120 known rooms Ramesses the Great is in KV7

59 The New Kingdom Valley of the Kings is home to Ramesses, Horemheb, Seti I, Amenhotep I, Hatshepsut, and Tut

60 The New Kingdom B.C.E.: Amenhotep III stressed arts and architecture

61 The New Kingdom Temple of Amun at Karnak was built

62 The New Kingdom Hatshepsut Female Pharaoh
Stepson, Tuthmosis III, was very young when he inherited the throne Named herself co-regent; eventually took total control Very competent & ambitious - inspirational Ruled for 20 years

63 Hatshepsut’s Tomb

64 The New Kingdom B.C.E.: Amenhotep III’s son, Akhenaten weaken’s empire Armana Period

65 The New Kingdom Akhenaten was very offensive to many citizens because:
Moved capital to new city - he had named Akhetaten Wanted to change the national religion

66 The New Kingdom Akhenaten name means “One who works for Aten”
Tried to make Aten the supreme deity People used to worship Amun Identified with Ra

67 The New Kingdom Akhenaten’s images are interesting when compared to the art that had emerged – shown seeming very feminine; wide hips, elongated and delicate facial features Assume that they are accurate and show birth defects

68 The New Kingdom Tutankhamun - Akenaten’s son
Name means “living image of the god Amun” Took the throne at 8 years old Guided by advisors - one of which was Horemheb Died at 18 years old

69 The New Kingdom Not a very influential pharaoh
Only famous because of completely intact tomb Discovered by Howard Carter in 1922

70 The New Kingdom Cursed? March 6: Carnarvon bitten by mosquito
Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter finally enter tomb on February 17, 1923. March 6: Carnarvon bitten by mosquito April 5: Carnarvon died (supposedly his dog died back in London at the same time)

71 The New Kingdom Event # of People Present # of those dead in 10 yrs
Opening of Burial Chamber 26 6 Opening of Sarcophagus 22 2 Unwrapping of Mummy 10

72 The New Kingdom Howard Carter died March 2, 1939 of lymphoma (cancer of lymph nodes)

73 The New Kingdom After Tut died, Aye married his widow (Ankhesenamun) and took over (Ankhesenamun also the name of the queen in The Mummy) Followed by a powerful general - Horemheb

74 The New Kingdom B.C.E. - Horemheb restored power and glory to Egypt Reopened temples Strengthened military

75 The New Kingdom “Ramesside” pharaohs follow Horemheb
BCE: 19th-20th Dynasties (11 pharaohs are called Ramesses)

76 The New Kingdom 19th Dynasty founded by Ramesses I Seti I took over
Reinstated the work and dedication of Horemheb Ramesses II (Seti I’s son) continued father’s work

77 The New Kingdom Seti I & Ramesses II are the only pharaohs to be circumcised

78 The New Kingdom Ramesses II is also known as Ramesses the Great
Very long and energetic career (67 years)

79

80 The New Kingdom Ramesses the Great is the pharaoh mentioned in the Old Testament of the Bible Exodus - The escape of Israelites who had been enslaved by Egyptian ruler

81 The New Kingdom Ramesses the Great fathered 40 daughters and 45 sons

82 The New Kingdom His court wanted to preserve Ramesses the Great’s famous hooked nose as a mummy Stuffed his nasal cavities with peppercorns

83 The New Kingdom 20th Dynasty - All pharaohs named Ramesses

84 Third Intermediate Period
21st Dynasty - High Priest of Amun at Thebes Splits Egypt in 2 again

85 Third Intermediate Period
Priesthood of Amun in control of Upper Egypt Smendes I controlled Lower Egypt

86 Third Intermediate Period
1075 BCE: Lybian invaders seized Lower Egypt

87 Third Intermediate Period
24th-25th Dynasty - 750 BCE: Nubian king Piye reunites Egypt Begins the final era of rule by Egyptians

88 Third Intermediate Period
30th Dynasty - Last native-Egyptian ruling family of Egypt

89 Late Period 525-332 BCE: Egypt is ruled by Persians
Persians allow Egypt to maintain Pharaonic tradition

90 Graeco-Roman Period 332-30 BCE: Egypt is ruled by Greeks
332 BCE: Alexander the Great conquered Egypt Recognized as a pharaoh for liberating them from Persian control

91 Graeco-Roman Period Alexander built the city of Alexandria on Egypt’s northern coast of the Mediterranean

92 Graeco-Roman Period Alexandria became the intellectual center of the world Museum and Library are said to have held all important intellectual achievements of the ancient world

93 Graeco-Roman Period Lighthouse at Alexandria is considered 1 of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

94 Graeco-Roman Period Ptolemaic Period 323 BCE: Alexander died
Territories were divided amongst his generals Ptolemy was given Egypt

95 Graeco-Roman Period Ptolemy’s line lasted 300 years
Ptolemy XIII - Cleopatra’s power-hungry little brother Gave Pompey’s head to Julius Caesar

96 Graeco-Roman Period 31 BCE: Battle of Actium was actually a war that Rome declared on Cleopatra Thought she was manipulating Antony into giving her land

97 Graeco-Roman Period 30 BCE-CE 395: Egypt ruled in absentia by Romans

98 Graeco-Roman Period 395 CE: Rome forces the adoption of Christianity
Egyptian temples are forced to close Marks the end of Ancient Egypt

99 Culture/Society

100 Culture/Society Greek historian, Herodotus, called Egypt “the gift of the Nile” Life centered around the Nile River and what it provided

101 Culture/Society Egyptians called their country, Kemet - means “Black Land” Refers to the fertile black soil on the banks of the Nile River Kemet was surrounded by Deshret - “Red Land”

102 Culture/Society Egyptian art focuses on colors of the world around them - blue skies, red desert, golden sun, green river, black soil

103 Culture/Society Egyptians believed very strongly in the balance of opposites: light & dark, order & chaos, male & female This balance was maintained by the gods, goddesses, and king (Pharaoh)

104 Culture/Society Pharaoh - literally means “Great House” and was originally used to signify the buildings of the court or a palace Came to mean the king, himself, in 18th Dynasty

105 Culture/Society Believed that the Pharaoh was a representative of the gods on Earth