Tazama chanzo cha Udhibiti wa uzazi

{{unganisha|Uzazi wa mpango}}
{{Infobox disease
|Name = Udhibiti wa uzazi 
|Image= Opened Oral Birth Control.jpg
|Caption= [[Vidonge vya kuzuia uzazi]]
| ICD10= 
| ICD9 = 
| ICD9unlinked = 
| MeshID = D003267
| LOINC= 
| other_codes=
|MedlinePlus=
| eMedicine= }}

'''Udhibiti wa uzazi''' (pia '''udhibiti wa uwezo wa kuzaa''' au '''kontraseptivu''') ni juhudi za kuratibu [[uzazi]] kwa sababu mbalimbali. Upangaji, utoaji na utumiaji wa udhibiti wa uzazi huitwa [[uzazi wa mpango]].<ref name=OED2012>{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|year=June 2012 (online)|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19395}}</ref><ref name=WHO-health-topic>{{cite web|last=World Health Organization (WHO)|title=Family planning|url=http://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|work=Health topics|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)}}</ref> Kwa kuacha nafasi kati ya mimba na mimba, udhibiti wa uzazi unaweza ukaboresha matokeo ya kuzaa kwa wanawake wazima na kuishi kwa watoto wao.<ref name="pmid22784533"/> Katika ulimwengu unaokua mapato ya wanawake, [[rasilimali]], [[ukubwa wa mwili|uzito]] na [[elimu]] kwa watoto wao na afya huboreshwa kwa kupunguza idadi ya watoto. Udhibiti wa uzazi huweza kuongeza mapema [[ukuaji wa uchumi]] kwa sababu ya watoto wachache wanaokutegemea, wanawake wengi kushiriki katika [[utendakazi]], na matumizi madogo ya rasilimali haba, ingawa idadi ya watoto ikipungua mno, baada ya muda wazalishaji wachache wanabebeshwa mzigo wa kutunza wazee wengi, inavyotokea katika [[nchi zilizoendelea]].

Kwa kuwa suala hilo linahusu [[binadamu]] na [[uhai]] wake, linahitaji kukabiliwa kwa upana kuanzia maana ya [[utu]], [[mwili]], [[jinsia]], [[upendo]], [[uzazi]] n.k. Kumbe hapa zinazungumziwa tu mbinu au vifaa vinavyotumika pengine kuzuia au kuua [[mimba]], yaani [[teknolojia]] katika [[ngono]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of Birth control|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|work=MedicineNet|accessdate=9 August 2012|archivedate=2012-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806234913/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351}}</ref> Jambo nyeti zaidi ni suala la [[mimba]] ya [[binadamu]] kuwa binadamu tayari, kiasi kwamba nchi nyingi zinaipatia [[haki]] fulanifulani, k.mf. ile ya kurithi. Kwa msingi huo, baadhi ya watu wanatetea uhai wa binadamu kuanzia mimba ilipotungwa na kulaumu baadhi ya vifaa vya udhibiti wa uzazi kuwa viuamimba na kusababisha vifo vya mamilioni.

==Hali ya sasa==
Mbinu za kudhibiti uzazi zimetumika tangu kale, lakini zile zinazofaulu zaidi zilipatikana katika [[karne ya 20]]<ref name=Hopkins2010>{{cite book|last=Hurt|first=K. Joseph, ''et al.''(eds.)|title=The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics.|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-60547-433-5|page=232|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR232|edition=4th|coauthors=Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland|date=2012-03-28}}</ref> zikichangia mabadiliko katika jamii na utamaduni ambayo wengine wanayaita [[mmomonyoko wa maadili]] ambao unachangia hata uenezi wa [[ukimwi]] na [[maradhi]] mengine. Ni kwamba kati ya vifaa hivyo, [[kondomu ya kike]] na [[kondomu ya kiume]] zinaweza pia kupunguza [[maambukizi]] ya [[magonjwa ya zinaa]], ukiwemo ukimwi, lakini vingine vingi sivyo. Watu wanaofanya ngono wakijua mimba haitapatikana, kwa kujisikia salama upande huo pengine wanasahau hatari ya kuambukizwa maradhi hayo.<ref name="pmid22423463">{{cite journal |last1 = Taliaferro | first1 = L. A. |last2 = Sieving | first2 = R. |last3 = Brady | first3 = S. S. |last4 = Bearinger | first4 = L. H. |title = We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health--do we have the will? |journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 22 |issue = 3 |pages = 521–543, xii |year = 2011 |pmid = 22423463}}</ref><ref name="pmid22341164">{{cite journal |last1 = Chin |first1 = H. B. |last2 = Sipe |first2 = T. A. |last3 = Elder |first3 = R. |last4 = Mercer |first4 = S. L. |last5 = Chattopadhyay |first5 = S. K. |last6 = Jacob |first6 = V. |last7 = Wethington |first7 = H. R. |last8 = Kirby |first8 = D. |last9 = Elliston |first9 = D. B. |doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006 |title = The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections |journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume = 42 |issue = 3 |pages = 272–294 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22341164 |pmc =  |url = http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract |access-date = 2013-11-28 |archive-date = 2020-01-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200102180246/https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract |dead-url = yes }}</ref> Pamoja na hayo, [[dini]] na [[tamaduni]] nyingine huchukulia mbinu hizo kuwa hazifaii kimaadili na kisiasa, na wataalamu wengine wa [[afya]] wanasisitiza madhara ya matumizi yake hasa kwa [[mwanamke]] na [[mazingira]].

Mbinu zinazofaulu zaidi kudhibiti uzazi ni kuondoa kabisa uwezo wa kuzaa kwa kumhasi [[mwanamume]], kwa [[kufunga uzazi]] kwa njia ya [[vasektomi]] kwa wanaume na [[ukataji wa neli]] kwa wanawake. Halafu kuna [[vitanzi]] (IUD) na [[vipandikizi]], [[kontraseptivu za homoni]] zikiwa ni pamoja na [[Dawa za kunywa zilizochanganywa|dawa za kunywa]], [[Doa la Kontraseptivu|doa]], [[pete ya uke]], na [[Depo-Provera|sindano]].

Mbinu nyingine zinazofaulu ni pamoja na [[Uzuiaji mimba wa kizuizi|kizuizi]] kama vile [[kondomu]], [[(kontraseptivu) za daframu|daframu]] na [[sponji ya kontraseptivu]] na [[mbinu ya mafunzo ya uzazi]]. 

Mbinu zinazofaulu kidogo zaidi ni [[spemesidi|dawa ya kuua mbegu]] na [[mbinu ya kukatiza ngono]] kwa [[mwanamume]] kabla hajamimina [[shahawa|mbegu]] katika [[tumbo la uzazi]]. 

Ufungaji uzazi, ingawa hufaulu zaidi, hauwezeshi kuurudisha tena kwa hakika; mbinu nyingine zinaweza kuurudisha, lakini mara nyingi baada ya kuziacha mwanamke anakuta utaratibu wa [[hedhi]] umeathirika.<ref name=WHO_FP2011/>

Baada ya kuzaliwa kwa mtoto, mwanamke asiyenyonyesha tu anaweza kuwa mjamzito mapema kuanzia wiki nne hadi sita. Njia zingine za kudhibiti uzazi zinaweza kuanzishwa baada ya kuzaa, ilhali zingine hungoja hadi miezi sita. Kwa wanaonyonyesha mbinu za projestini tu hupendekezwa kuliko kontraseptivu za kunywa. 

Kwa waliofikisha [[ukomohedhi]] imependekezwa kuwa waendelezwe kwa mwaka mmoja baada ya hedhi ya mwisho.<ref name=WHO_FP2011p260>{{cite book|first=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning : a global handbook for providers : evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration.|year=2011|pages=260-300|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated ed.}}</ref>

[[Udhibiti wa uzazi wa dharura]] unaweza kuua mimba hadi siku chache baada ya ngono. 

Tofauti na mbinu za kiteknolojia, [[sayansi]] inawezesha kuzuia mimba bila madhara kwa mwanamke ikipendekeza mbinu zinazoelekeza kufanya [[tendo la ndoa]] wakati asipoweza kupata mimba. Kati ya mbinu hizo, ya kuaminika zaidi ni ile ya kupima [[ute wa uke]] iliyogunduliwa na [[John Billings]] katika [[miaka ya 1950]] na kuboreshwa pamoja na [[mke]] wake [[Evelyn Billings]] hadi kifo chao ([[2007]] na [[2013]]).<ref name="trials">[http://www.woomb.org/bom/trials/index.html Trials of the Billings Ovulation Method] {{Wayback|url=http://www.woomb.org/bom/trials/index.html |date=20051105043554 }} The Billings Method, Dr. Evelyn Billings & Ann Westmore, 2000, p. 215.</ref><ref name="brown">[http://www.woomb.org/bom/science/ovarian.html Ovarian Activity and Fertility and the Billings Ovulation Method] {{Wayback|url=http://www.woomb.org/bom/science/ovarian.html |date=20051226124346 }}: Dr. James B. Brown, 2000.</ref><ref name="cervix">Teaching the Billings Ovulation Method, Dr E. L. Billings AM, MB BS, DCH (London), 2001.</ref>

Wengine huchukulia [[kujinyima ngono]] kama njia ya kudhibiti uzazi kwa vijana, ila wengine wanaona mafundisho ya [[usafi wa moyo]] yatumiwapo bila vifaa yanaweza kuongeza mimba kutokana na udhaifu wa wahusika<ref name="pmid12065267">{{cite journal |author=DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L|title=Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials |journal=BMJ|volume=324 |issue=7351|pages=1426 |year=2002 |month=June |pmid=12065267 |pmc=115855 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18923389">{{cite journal|last1 = Duffy | first1 = K. |last2 = Lynch | first2 = D. A. |last3 = Santinelli | first3 = J. |doi = 10.1038/clpt.2008.188 |title = Government Support for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Education |journal = Clinical Pharmacology &#38; Therapeutics |volume = 84 |issue = 6 |pages = 746–748|year = 2008|pmid = 18923389 |pmc = |url = http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html}}</ref> na wanadai kuwa [[mafunzo ya ngono]] kwa undani pamoja na upatikanaji wa vifaa hupunguza idadi za mimba zisizotarajiwa katika kundi hilo.<ref name="pmid22764559">{{Cite journal|last1 = Black | first1 = A. Y. |last2 = Fleming | first2 = N. A. |last3 = Rome | first3 = E. S. |title = Pregnancy in adolescents |journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 23 |issue = 1 |pages = 123–138, xi |year = 2012 |pmid = 22764559}}</ref><ref name="pmid22764557">{{cite journal |last1 = Rowan | first1 = S. P. |last2 = Someshwar | first2 = J. |last3 = Murray | first3 = P. |title = Contraception for primary care providers|journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 23 |issue = 1 |pages = 95–110, x–xi|year = 2012 |pmid = 22764557}}</ref> Ilhali aina zote za udhibiti wa uzazi zinaweza kutumiwa na vijana,<ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/> udhibiti wa uzazi usio wa kudumu unaotenda kazi kwa muda mrefu kama vile vipandikizi, vitanzi na pete za ukeni zinafaa kupunguza idadi ya mimba za vijana bila kuzuia uzazi baadaye.<ref name="pmid22764557"/> 

Takribani milioni 222&nbsp;ya wanawake wanaokusudia kuzuia mimba katika [[nchi zinazoendelea]] hawatumii teknolojia ya kudhibiti mimba.<ref name="Guttmacher2012">{{cite web|title=Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services: Estimates for 2012|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/AIU-2012-estimates.pdf|work=United Nations Population Fund|pages=1|format=pdf|date=June 2012}}</ref> Utumiaji wa vifaa vya kudhibiti uzazi katika nchi hizo umepunguza idadi ya [[vifo vya kina mama]] kwa asilimia 40 (takribani vifo 270,000 vilizuiwa mwaka [[2008]]) na ungezuia asilimia 70 iwapo masharti yote yangetimizwa.<ref name="pmid22784533">{{cite journal|last=Cleland|first=J|coauthors=Conde-Agudelo, A; Peterson, H; Ross, J; Tsui, A|title=Contraception and health.|journal=Lancet|date=2012 Jul 14|volume=380|issue=9837|pages=149-56|pmid=22784533}}</ref> Kwa kuacha nafasi kati ya mimba na mimba, udhibiti wa uzazi unaweza kuboresha matokeo ya kuzaa kwa wanawake wazima na kuishi kwa watoto wao.<ref name="pmid22784533"/> Katika ulimwengu unaokua mapato ya wanawake, [[rasilimali]], [[ukubwa wa mwili|uzito]] na [[elimu]] kwa watoto wao na afya huboreshwa kwa kupunguza uzazi. Udhibiti wa uzazi huongeza [[ukuaji wa uchumi]] kwa sababu ya watoto wachache wanaokutegemea, wanawake wengi kushirikia katika [[utendakazi]], na matumizi madogo ya rasilimali haba.

==Mbinu==
{| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"
|+Chance of pregnancy during first year of use:<ref name=Hopkins2010/><ref name=CDC2013>{{cite journal|last=Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health|first=Promotion|title=U.s. Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2013: adapted from the world health organization selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2nd edition.|journal=MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control|date=2013 Jun 21|volume=62|issue=RR-05|pages=1-60|pmid=23784109|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6205a1.htm?s_cid=rr6205a1_w}}</ref>
! Mbinu !! Matumizi ya kawaida !! Matumizi kamili
|-
| No birth control || 85% || 85%
|-
| Combination pill || 8% || 0.3%
|-
| Progestin-only pill || 13% || 1.1%
|-
| Sterilization (female) || 0.5%|| 0.5%
|-
| Sterilization (male) || 0.15% || 0.10%
|-
| Condom (female) || 21% ||5%
|-
| Condom (male) || 18% || 2%
|-
| Copper IUD || 0.8% || 0.6%
|-
| Hormone IUD ||0.2% || 0.2%
|-
| Patch || 8% || 0.3%
|-
| Vaginal ring || 9% || 0.3%
|-
| Depo Provera || 3-6% || 0.2%
|-
| Implant || 0.05% || 0.05%
|-
|Diaphragm and spermicide || 12% || 6%
|-
| Withdrawal || 27% || 4%
|-
| Standard days method || ~12-25% || ~1-9%
|-
| Billings ovulation method || ~1-5% || ~0-2.9%
|-
| Lactational amenorrhea method || 0-7.5%<ref name=Vander2003>{{cite journal|last=Van der Wijden|first=C|coauthors=Kleijnen, J; Van den Berk, T|title=Lactational amenorrhea for family planning.|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2003|issue=4|pages=CD001329|pmid=14583931}}</ref>||<2%<ref name=Blenning2005/>
|}
Kufaulu kwa mbinu huelezwa kama asilimia ya wanawake wanaoshika mimba wanapoitumia njia hiyo kwa muda wa mwaka mmoja<ref>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Gordon Edlin, Eric Golanty, Kelli McCormack|title=Essentials for health and wellness|year=2000|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|location=Sudbury, Mass.|isbn=9780763709099|page=161|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=_0H4iyS_DFwC&pg=PA162|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> na wakati mwingine kama kiwango cha kufeli cha maisha kati ya mbinu zinazofaa zaidi, kama vile, [[ukataji wa neli]].<ref name=Dew2012>{{cite book|last=Edmonds|first=edited by D. Keith|title=Dewhurst's textbook of obstetrics & gynaecology|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2012|location=Chichester, West Sussex|isbn=9780470654576|page=508|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HfakBRceodcC&pg=PA508|edition=8th ed.}}</ref>

Mbinu zinazofaulu kiteknolojia ni zile ambazo hutenda kazi kwa muda mrefu na hazihitaji ziara za kuendeleza utunzaji wa afya.<ref name=Will2012/> Ufungaji wa uzazi, homoni zinazotiwa mwilini, na vifaa vinavyotiwa ndani ya uterasi huwa na kiwango cha kufeli kwa mwaka wa kwanza chini ya asilimia 1.<ref name=Will2012/> Dawa za kontraseptivu za homoni, madoa au pete, na mbinu ya lactational amenorrhea (LAM), inapotumiwa ipasavyo pia inaweza kuwa na kiwango cha kufeli katika mwaka wa kwanza chini ya asilimia 1 (au kwa lactational amenorrhea (LAM), miezi ya sita ya kwanza).<ref name=Will2012/> Kwa kutumia, viwango vya kufeli katika mwaka wa kwanza ni vya juu, katika kiwango cha asilimia 3-9, kwa sababu ya matumizi mabaya.<ref name=Will2012/> Mbinu zingine kama vile mafunzo ya uzazi, kondomu, daframu, na spematosidi huwa na viwango vya juu zaidi vya kufeli katika mwaka wa kwanza hata kwa matumizi sahihi.<ref name=Will2012/>

Ingawa mbinu zote za teknolojia ya kudhibiti uzazi zinaweza kuathiri afya, watetezi wake wanasema hatari ni chache kuliko zile za [[mimba]] hasa wakati wa kujifungua.<ref name=Will2012>{{cite book|last=Hoffman|first=Barbara|title=Williams gynecology|year=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0071716727|page=Chapter 5|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> 

Baada ya kuacha au kutoa njia nyingi za kudhibiti uzazi, pamoja na kontraseptivu za kunywa, IUD, dawa za kutia mwilini na sindano, idadi ya mimba kwa miaka inayofuata ni sawa na wasiotumia udhibiti wa uzazi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mansour|first=D|coauthors=Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Inki, P; Jensen, JT|title=Fertility after discontinuation of contraception: a comprehensive review of the literature|journal=Contraception|date=2011 Nov|volume=84|issue=5|pages=465–77|pmid=22018120|doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2011.04.002|ref=harv}}</ref>

Kwa walio na matatizo maalumu ya afya, mbinu za kudhibiti uzazi zinaweza kuhitaji uchunguzi zaidi.<ref name=WHO2009_10/> Kwa kina mama wenye afya, njia nyingi za kudhibiti uzazi hazipaswi kufanyiwa [[uchunguzi wa tiba]] ikiwa ni pamoja na dawa za kudhibiti uzazi, udhibiti wa uzazi unaoweza kudungwa au kutiwa mwilini, na kondomu.<ref>{{cite book|last=Department of Reproductive Health and Research, Family and Community|title=Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use.|year=2004|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9241562846|page=Chapter 31|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241562846.pdf|edition=2 ed.|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2013-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718091826/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241562846.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hasa, [[uchunguzi wa pelvisi]], [[uchunguzi wa matiti]], au uchunguzi wa damu kabla ya kutumia dawa za kudhibiti uzazi hauonekani kuathiri matokeo na hivyo hauhitajiki.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tepper|first=NK|coauthors=Curtis, KM; Steenland, MW; Marchbanks, PA|title=Physical examination prior to initiating hormonal contraception: a systematic review.|journal=Contraception|date=2013 May|volume=87|issue=5|pages=650-4|pmid=23121820}}</ref><ref name=WHO_FP2011p10/> [[Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni]] katika 2009 lilichapisha kwa undani orodha ya njia ya tiba ya kubaini kufaulu kwa kila aina ya udhibiti wa uzazi.<ref name=WHO2009_10>{{cite book|last=Organization|first=World Health|title=Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use|year=2009|publisher=Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241563888|page=1-10|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241563888_eng.pdf|edition=4th ed.|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2012-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709230021/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241563888_eng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Homoni===
[[Kontraseptivu za homoni]] hutenda kazi kwa kuzuia [[uovuleshaji]] na [[utungaji mimba wa binadamu|utungaji mimba]].<ref name="Nelson 2011">{{cite book|last1=Nelson|first1=Anita L.|last2=Cwiak|first2=Carrie|year=2011|chapter=Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)|editor1-last=Hatcher|editor1-first=Robert A.|editor2-last=Trussell|editor2-first=James|editor3-last=Nelson|editor3-first=Anita L.|editor4-last=Cates|editor4-first=Willard Jr.|editor5-last=Kowal|editor5-first=Deborah|editor6-last=Policar|editor6-first=Michael S. (eds.)|title=Contraceptive technology|edition=20th revised|location=New York|publisher=Ardent Media|pages=249–341|isbn=978-1-59708-004-0|issn=0091-9721|oclc=781956734}}</ref> Hupatikana kwa aina tofautitofauti ikiwa ni pamoja na [[kontraseptivu za kunywa |tembe za kunywa]], dawa za kutia mwilini chini ya ngozi, [[kontraseptivu za kudungwa |sindano]], [[kontraseptivu za doa|madoa]], [[IUD za homoni |IUD]] na [[Pete ya uke]]. Kwa sasa zinazopatikana ni za wanawake tu. Kuna aina mbili za dawa za kunywa [[Tembe za kontraseptivu za kunywa zilizochanganywa]] na [[tembe zilizo na projestojeni tu]].<ref name="Ammer 2009a">{{cite book|last=Ammer|first=Christine|year=2009|chapter=oral contraceptive|title=The encyclopedia of women's health|edition=6th|location=New York|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=978-0-8160-7407-5|pages=312–315|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=_MRDimrELCIC&pg=PA312&vq=oral+contraceptive}}</ref>Zinapotumiwa wakati wa ujauzito, haziongezi hatari ya [[kuharibika kwa mimba]] wala kusababisha [[matatizo ya kuzaa]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011p10/>

<!--Zilizochanganywa-->
Kontraseptivu za homoni zilizochanganywa huhusishwa kidogo na ongezeko la [[thrombasi ya vena|vena]] na [[thrombasi ya ateri|madonge ya damu ya ateri]]; hata hivyo, hatari ni kidogo kuliko inayohusishwa na mimba.<ref name=Review2011>{{cite journal|last=Brito|first=MB|coauthors=Nobre, F, Vieira, CS|title=Hormonal contraception and cardiovascular system|journal=Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia|date=2011 Apr|volume=96|issue=4|pages=e81–9|pmid=21359483|doi=10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000022|ref=harv}}</ref> Kwa sababu ya hatari, hazipendekezwi kwa wanawake walio na umri wa zaidi ya miaka 35&nbsp;amabao huendelea kuvuta [[sigara]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kurver|first=MJ|coauthors=van der Wijden, CL; Burgers, J|title=[Summary of the Dutch College of General Practitioners' practice guideline 'Contraception'].|journal=Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde|date=2012|volume=156|issue=41|pages=A5083|language=Ducth|pmid=23062257}}</ref> Athari kwa hamu ya kufanya ngono hutofautiana, huku kukiwa na ongezeko au kupungua kwa wachache lakini hakuna athari kwa wengi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Burrows|first=LJ|coauthors=Basha, M; Goldstein, AT|title=The effects of hormonal contraceptives on female sexuality: a review.|journal=The journal of sexual medicine|date=2012 Sep|volume=9|issue=9|pages=2213-23|pmid=22788250}}</ref> Kontraseptivu za kunywa zilizochanganywa hupunguza hatari ya [[saratani ya ovari]] na [[saratani ya endometriu]] na haibadilishi hatari ya [[saratani ya matiti]].<ref name=Shulman2011/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Havrilesky|first=LJ|coauthors=Moorman, PG; Lowery, WJ; Gierisch, JM; Coeytaux, RR; Urrutia, RP; Dinan, M; McBroom, AJ; Hasselblad, V; Sanders, GD; Myers, ER|title=Oral Contraceptive Pills as Primary Prevention for Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2013-07_122_1/page/139|journal=Obstetrics and gynecology|date=2013 Jul|volume=122|issue=1|pages=139-147|pmid=23743450}}</ref> Mara nyingi hubadilisha hedhi na [[dismenorea|mkakamao wa hedhi uliyo na maumivu]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011p10>{{cite book|first=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning : a global handbook for providers : evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration.|year=2011|pages=1-10|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated ed.}}</ref> Dozi za chini za estrojeni zinazopatikana kwenye pete ya ukeni zinaweza kupunguza hatari ya uchungu wa matiti, [[kichefuchefu]], na maumivu ya kichwa yanayohusishwa na bidhaa zilizo na dozi ya juu ya estrojeni.<ref name=Shulman2011>{{cite journal|last=Shulman|first=LP|title=The state of hormonal contraception today: benefits and risks of hormonal contraceptives: combined estrogen and progestin contraceptives.|journal=American journal of obstetrics and gynecology|date=2011 Oct|volume=205|issue=4 Suppl|pages=S9-13|pmid=21961825}}</ref>

<!--Progestini-->
[[Tembe zilizo na projestini tu]], sindano na vifaa vya kuzuia mimba vinavyotiwa ndani ya uterasi havihusishwi na ongezeko la hatari ya kuganda kwa damu na vinaweza kutumiwa na wanawake waliokuwa na mgando wa damu hapo awali katika vena zao.<ref name=Review2011/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Mantha|first=S.|coauthors=Karp, R.; Raghavan, V.; Terrin, N.; Bauer, K. A.; Zwicker, J. I.|title=Assessing the risk of venous thromboembolic events in women taking progestin-only contraception: a meta-analysis|journal=BMJ|date=7 August 2012|volume=345|issue=aug07 2|pages=e4944–e4944|doi=10.1136/bmj.e4944|ref=harv|pmid=22872710|pmc=3413580}}</ref> Kwa walio na historia ya kuganda kwa damu katika ateri, mbinu za kudhibiti uzazi zisizo na homoni au zilizo na projestini tu kando na zile za sindano zinapaswa kutumiwa.<ref name=Review2011/> Tembe zilizo na projestini tu zinaweza kuboresha dalili za hedhi na zinaweza kutumiwa na kina mama wanaonyonyesha kwa kuwa haziathiri [[unyonyeshaji|kutengenezwa kwa maziwa]].<!-- <ref name="pmid21961819"/> -->Hedhi isiofuatana inaweza kushuhudiwa kwa kutumia njia zilizo na projestini tu, huku baadhi ya wanaotumia wakiripoti [[amenorea|kutopata hedhi]].<ref name="pmid21961819">{{cite journal|last=Burke|first=AE|title=The state of hormonal contraception today: benefits and risks of hormonal contraceptives: progestin-only contraceptives.|journal=American journal of obstetrics and gynecology|date=2011 Oct|volume=205|issue=4 Suppl|pages=S14-7|pmid=21961819}}</ref> Projestini, [[drospirenoni]] na [[desogestreli]] hupunguza athari za [[androjeni]] lakini huongeza hatari ya kuganda kwa damu na hivyo haifai sana.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rott|first=H|title=Thrombotic risks of oral contraceptives.|journal=Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology|date=2012 Aug|volume=24|issue=4|pages=235-40|pmid=22729096}}</ref> Kiwango cha kufeli katika mwaka wa kwanza kwa projestini ya sindano, [[Depo-Provera]], hakijaafikiwa huku idadi ikiwa kutoka asilimia 1<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]]|year=2005|title=Depo-Provera U.S. Prescribing Information|url=http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2005/020246s013lbl.pdf|accessdate=2007-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615203907/http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2005/020246s013lbl.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-15}}</ref>hadi asilimia 6.<ref name=Will2012/>

===Kizuizi===
[[File:Kondom.jpg|thumb|[[kondomu]] ya wanaume iliyofunguliwa.]]
[[Kontraseptivu za kizuizi]] ni vifaa vinavyojaribu kuzuia [[mimba]] kwa kuzuia [[mbegu ya kiume]] kuingia katika [[uterasi]].<ref name=Neinstein2008/> Huwa ni pamoja na [[kondomu ya kiume]], [[kondomu ya kike]], [[kofia ya seviksi]], [[daframu (kontraseptivu)|daframu]], na [[sponji ya kontraseptivu]] iliyo na [[spemisidi]].<ref name=Neinstein2008>{{cite book|last=Neinstein|first=Lawrence|title=Adolescent health care : a practical guide|year=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781792561|page=624|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=XIzo5uo3XIQC&pg=PA624|edition=5th ed.}}</ref>

Ulimwenguni, kondomu ndiyo njia ya kawaida sana ya kudhibiti uzazi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chaudhuri|title=Practice Of Fertility Control: A Comprehensive Manual|year=2007|publisher=Elsevier India|isbn=9788131211502|page=88|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=pzanxKlcU74C&pg=PA88|edition=7th}}</ref>[[Kondomu ya kiume]] huvalishwa kwa [[uume]] iliyosimama na kuzuia mbegu za kiume zilizotolewa kuingia mwili wa anayefanya ngono naye.<ref name=Hamil2012/> Kondomu za kisasa mara nyingi hutengenezwa kwa [[lateksi]], lakini nyingine hutengenezwa kwa nyenzo kama vile [[polyurethane]], au matumbo ya [[kondoo]].<ref name=Hamil2012>{{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard|title=Pharmacology for nursing care|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=St. Louis, Mo.|isbn=9781437735826|page=799|year=2012|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=_4SwO2dHcAIC&pg=PA799|edition=8th ed.}}</ref> [[Kondomu ya kike]] pia hupatikana, mara nyingi iliyotengenezwa kwa [[nitrile]], lateksi au poliyourethani.<ref>{{cite book|title=Facts for life|year=2010|publisher=United Nations Children's Fund|location=New York|isbn=9789280644661|page=141|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=GAFgWda-2NMC&pg=PA141|edition=4th ed.}}</ref> Kondomu za kiume huwa na faida kwa sababu ni bei nafuu, rahisi kutumika, na huwa na athari chache.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pray|first=Walter Steven|title=Nonprescription product therapeutics|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781734981|page=414|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=XU1sMK1djVAC&pg=PA414|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Nchini [[Japani]] takribani asilimia 80 ya wachumba wanaotumia udhibiti wa uzazi hutumia kondomu ilhali nchini [[Ujerumani]] kiwango hiki ni takribani asilimia 25,<ref name=Ebe2010>{{cite book|last=Eberhard|first=Nieschlag,|title=Andrology Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction|year=2010|publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg|location=[S.l.]|isbn=9783540783558|page=563|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=mEgckDNkonUC&pg=PA563|edition=3rd ed.}}</ref> na nchini [[Marekani]] ni asilimia 18.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barbieri|first=Jerome F.|title=Yen and Jaffe's reproductive endocrinology : physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management|year=2009|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9781416049074|page=873|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=NudwnhxY8kYC&pg=PA873|edition=6th ed.}}</ref>

Kondomu za wanaume na daframu iliyo na spemisidi huwa na kiwango sawa cha kufeli katika mwaka wa kwanza kwa asilimia 15 na 16 mtawalia.<ref name=Hopkins2010/> Inapotumiwa ipasavyo huwa bora zaidi ikiwa na kiwango cha kufeli katika mwaka wa kwanza kwa asilimia 2 huku daframu ikiwa na kiwango cha kufeli katika mwaka wa kwanza kwa asilimia 6.<ref name=Hopkins2010/> Kondomu huwa na faida nyingine ya kusaidia kuzuia kuenea kwa maambukizi mengine ya ngono kama vile [[VVU/UKIMWI]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011>{{cite book|first=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning : a global handbook for providers : evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration.|year=2011|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated ed.}}</ref>

Sponji za kontraseptivu huunganisha kizuizi na spemisidi.<ref name=Will2012/> Kama daframu, huingizwa ukeni kabla ya ngono na inapaswa kuwekwa juu ya [[seviksi]] kwa matokeo bora.<ref name=Will2012/> Kufeli katika mwaka wa kwanza hulingana na iwapo mwanamke amewahi kuzaa au la, ikiwa asilimia 24 kwa wale wamewahi kuzaa na asilimia 12 kwa wale hawajawahi kuzaa.<ref name=Will2012/> Sponji inaweza kuingizwa hadi masaa 24&nbsp; kabla ya kufanya ngono na inapaswa kuachwa pale kwa angalau masaa sita baadaye.<ref name=Will2012/> Athari ya aleji<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kuyoh|first=MA|coauthors=Toroitich-Ruto, C; Grimes, DA; Schulz, KF; Gallo, MF|title=Sponge versus diaphragm for contraception: a Cochrane review.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_2003-01_67_1/page/15|journal=Contraception|date=2003 Jan|volume=67|issue=1|pages=15-8|pmid=12521652}}</ref> na athari zingine kali kama vile [[sindromu ya mshtuko wa sumu]] zimeripotiwa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Organization|first=World Health|title=Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use|year=2009|publisher=Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241563888|page=88|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=pouTfH33wF8C&pg=PA88|edition=4th ed.}}</ref>

===Vitanzi===
[[Vitanzi]] (IUD) huwa vifaa vidogo vilivyo na umbo la 'T'-, ambavyo huwa na shaba au levonorgestrel, iliyoingizwa ndani ya uterasi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chaudhuri|title=Practice Of Fertility Control: A Comprehensive Manual (7Th Edition)|year=2007|publisher=Elsevier India|isbn=9788131211502|page=95|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=pzanxKlcU74C&pg=PA95}}</ref> Ni aina ya [[udhibiti wa uzazi wa muda mrefu]]. Kiwango cha kufeli katika mwaka wa kwanza kwa kutumia IUD ya shaba ni takribani asilimia 0.8 ilhali IUD ya levonorgestrel huwa na kiwango cha kufeli katika mwaka wa kwanza cha asilimia 0.2.<ref name=Hopkins2010/> Kati ya aina za kudhibiti uzazi pamoja na dawa zinazotiwa mwilini matokeo yake huwa ya kuridhisha kwa wanaotumia<ref name=Comm2012>{{cite journal|last=Committee on Adolescent Health Care Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Working Group, The American College of Obstetricians and|first=Gynecologists|title=Committee opinion no. 539: adolescents and long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2012-10_120_4/page/983|journal=Obstetrics and gynecology|date=2012 Oct|volume=120|issue=4|pages=983-8|pmid=22996129}}</ref>, hasa kwa vijana<ref name=Comm2012/> na wale ambao hawajawahi kuzaa.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Black|first=K|coauthors=Lotke, P; Buhling, KJ; Zite, NB; Intrauterine contraception for Nulliparous women: Translating Research into Action (INTRA), group|title=A review of barriers and myths preventing the more widespread use of intrauterine contraception in nulliparous women.|journal=The European journal of contraception & reproductive health care : the official journal of the European Society of Contraception|date=2012 Oct|volume=17|issue=5|pages=340-50|pmid=22834648}}</ref> IUD haziathiri [[unyonyeshaji]] na zinaweza kuingishwa baada ya kuzaa.<ref name=Gabbe2012>{{cite book|last=Gabbe|first=Steven|title=Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies|year=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781455733958|page=527|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=x3mJpT2PkEUC&pg=PA527}}</ref> Zinaweza pia kutumiwa baada ya [[uavyaji mimba]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Steenland|first=MW|coauthors=Tepper, NK; Curtis, KM; Kapp, N|title=Intrauterine contraceptive insertion postabortion: a systematic review.|journal=Contraception|date=2011 Nov|volume=84|issue=5|pages=447-64|pmid=22018119}}</ref> Zinapotolewa, hata baada ya kutumika kwa muda mrefu, uwezo wa kuzaa hurudi kama kawaida mara moja.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hurd|first=[edited by] Tommaso Falcone, William W.|title=Clinical reproductive medicine and surgery|year=2007|publisher=Mosby|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780323033091|page=409|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=fOPtaEIKvcIC&pg=PA409}}</ref> Ilhali IUD za shaba zinaweza kuongeza hedhi na kusababisha mikakamo iliyo na maumivu zaidi,<ref name=Grimes2007>{{Cite journal | author = Grimes, D.A., MD | title = "Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)" In:Hatcher, RA; Nelson, TJ; Guest, F; Kowal, D | journal = Contraceptive Technology 19th ed. | location = New York |publisher = Ardent Media | year = 2007 }}</ref> IUD za homoni zinaweza kupunguza hedhi au kutokuwepo kwa hedhi yote kwa pamoja.<ref name=Gabbe2012/> Athari nyingine zinaweza kuwa ni pamoja na kutoka (asilimia 2 hadi 5) &ndash; na kwa nadra, kushuka kwa uterasi (chini ya asilimia 0.7).<ref name=Gabbe2012/><ref name=Marnach2013>{{cite journal|last=Marnach|first=ML|coauthors=Long, ME; Casey, PM|title=Current issues in contraception.|journal=Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic|date=2013 Mar|volume=88|issue=3|pages=295-9|pmid=23489454}}</ref> Kuwa na mikakamo kunaweza kutibiwa kwa [[NSAID]].<ref name=Marnach2013/> Matatizo mengine yanazidi kujitokeza <ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/makala/afya/madaktari-wataja-sababu-kitanzi-kupotelea-mwilini-4436504</ref>.

Kufikia 2007, IUD ndizo aina za kudhibiti uzazi zisizo za kudumu zinazotumika sana, zikiwa na zaidi ya watu milioni 180&nbsp;wanaozitumia kote ulimwenguni.<ref name=Darney2010>{{cite book|last=Darney|first=Leon Speroff, Philip D.|title=A clinical guide for contraception|year=2010|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=9781608316106|page=242-243|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC&pg=PT425|edition=5th ed.}}</ref><ref name=Darroch2013/> Hapo awali aina ya kifaa kinachotiwa ndani ya uterasi ([[Kinga ya Dalkon]]) kilihusishwa na ongezeko la hatari ya [[ugonjwa wa inflamesheni ya pelvisi]]; hata hivyo, hatari haihusishwi na aina za kisasa kwa wale wasio na maambukizi ya zinaa karibu na wakati wa kuingishwa.<ref name="guttmacher2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/10/4/gpr100419.html|title= Popularity Disparity: Attitudes About the IUD in Europe and the United States|publisher= Published by[http://www.guttmacher.org/archive/GPR.jspGuttmacher Policy Review] Published Fall 2007|accessdate=2010-04-27}}</ref>

===Kufunga uzazi===
[[Ufungaji uzazi kwa upasuaji]] hupatikana kwa njia ya [[kufunga uzazi]] kwa wanawake na [[vasektomi]] kwa wanaume.<ref name=Hopkins2010/> Hakuna athari kuu za muda mrefu, na kufunga uzazi hupunguza hatari ya [[saratani ya ovari]].<ref name=Hopkins2010/> uwezekano wa athari za muda mfupi zinazotokana na vasektomi huwa chini ya mara ishirini na tano kuliko ufungaji uzazi wa mwanamke.<ref name=Hopkins2010/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Adams CE, Wald M |title=Risks and complications of vasectomy |journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=331–6|year=2009 |month=August |pmid=19643235 |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2009.05.009 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_urologic-clinics-of-north-america_2009-08_36_3/page/331}}</ref> Baada ya vasektomi kunaweza kuwa na uvimbe na maumivu ya korodani ambayo kwa kawaida huisha baada ya wiki moja au mbili.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hillard, Paula Adams |title=The 5-minute obstetrics and gynecology consult |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2008 |pages=265 |isbn=0-7817-6942-6|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=fOoFIQOdIhkC&pg=PA265}}</ref> Kwa kufunga uzazi wa mwanamke athari hutokea kwa asilimia 1 hadi 2 za taratibu kukiwa na athari kali kwa kawaida zinazosababishwa na [[ganzi]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Hillard, Paula Adams |title=The 5-minute obstetrics and gynecology consult |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2008 |pages=549 |isbn=0-7817-6942-6|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=fOoFIQOdIhkC&pg=PA549}}</ref> Kati ya mbinu hizi hakuna inayokinga dhidi ya maambukizi ya zinaa.<ref name=Hopkins2010/>

Wanawake wengine hujuta baadaye: takribani asilimia 5 ya walio na umri wa zaidi ya 30, na takribani asilimia 20 walio na umri wa chini ya 30 .<ref name=Hopkins2010/> Wanaume huwa na uwezekano mdogo wa kujuta kwa sababu ya ufungaji uzazi (<asilimia5); huku walio na umri mdogo, walio na watoto wachanga au bila, na ndoa zinazoyumbayumba zikiongeza hatari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hatcher|first=Robert|title=Contraceptive technology|year=2008|publisher=Ardent Media|location=New York, N.Y.|isbn=9781597080019|page=390|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=txh0LpjjhkoC&pg=PA390|edition=19th ed.}}</ref> Katika uchunguzi mmoja wa watu waliowahi kuwa na watoto, asilimia 9 walisema kuwa hawangepata watoto tena iwapo wangefunga uzazi tena.<ref>{{cite book|last=Moore|first=David S.|title=The basic practice of statistics|year=2010|publisher=Freeman|location=New York|isbn=9781429224260|page=25|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JOMQKI8zj_EC&pg=PR25|edition=5th ed.}}</ref>

Ingawaje ufungaji uzazi huchukuliwa kuwa utaratibu wa kudumu,<ref name=Deff2011/> inawezekana kujaribu [[kurejesha uzazi]] kwa kuunganisha tena [[neli ya falopia]] au [[kupindua vasektomi]] ili kutoa [[vasa diferentia]]. Hamu ya wanawake kutaka kurejesha huhusishwa mara nyingi na kubadilisha kwa mwanamume.<ref name=Deff2011/> Viwango vya kufaulu kupata mimba baada ya kurejesha uzazi huwa kati ya asilimia 31 hadi 88, huku athari ikiwa ni pamoja na ongezeko la hatari ya [[mimba bandia]].<ref name=Deff2011>{{cite journal|last=Deffieux|first=X|coauthors=Morin Surroca, M; Faivre, E; Pages, F; Fernandez, H; Gervaise, A|title=Tubal anastomosis after tubal sterilization: a review.|journal=Archives of gynecology and obstetrics|date=2011 May|volume=283|issue=5|pages=1149-58|pmid=21331539}}</ref> Idadi ya wanaume ambao huomba kurejesha ni kati ya asilimia 2 na 6.<ref name=Shri2010>{{cite journal|last=Shridharani|first=A|coauthors=Sandlow, JI|title=Vasectomy reversal versus IVF with sperm retrieval: which is better?|journal=Current opinion in urology|date=2010 Nov|volume=20|issue=6|pages=503-9|pmid=20852426}}</ref> Kiwango cha mwanaume kufaulu kupata mtoto mwingine baada ya kurejesha ni kati ya asilimia 38 na 84; huku kiwango cha kufaulu kikiwa chini kulingana na muda kati ya utaratibu wa kwanza na kurejesha.<ref name=Shri2010/> [[Kutolewa kwa mbegu za kiume]] kukifuatiwa na [[utungisho katika vitro]] pia kunaweza kuwa njia nyingine.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nagler|first=HM|coauthors=Jung, H|title=Factors predicting successful microsurgical vasectomy reversal.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_urologic-clinics-of-north-america_2009-08_36_3/page/383|journal=The Urologic clinics of North America|date=2009 Aug|volume=36|issue=3|pages=383-90|pmid=19643240}}</ref>

===Mbinu za kitabia===
Mbinu za kitabia ni pamoja na kufanya ngono kwa kuzuia mbegu kuingia katika njia ya uzazi ya mwanamke, wakati wowote au wakati kuna uwezekano wa kuwepo kwa kijiyai.<ref name=Grim2004/> Inapotumiwa ipasavyo kiwango cha kufeli katika mwaka wa kwanza kinaweza kuwa takribani asilimia 3.4, hata hivyo, isipotumiwa ipasavyo viwango vya kufeli mwaka wa kwanza vinaweza kuwa takribani asilimia 85.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Ruth|title=Breastfeeding : a guide for the medical professional.|year=2010|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=9781437707885|page=673|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=jhQ2zHnKEKwC&pg=PA673|edition=7th ed.}}</ref>

====Mafundisho ya uzazi====
[[Mbinu ya mafundisho ya uzazi]] huhusisha ubainishaji wa siku za kushika mimba katika [[kipindi cha hedhi]] na kuepuka ngono siku hizo.<ref name=Grim2004/> Mbinu hizo ni pamoja na kuchunguza [[halijoto]], [[ute wa uke]], au siku ya hedhi.<ref name=Grim2004>{{cite journal|last=Grimes|first=DA|coauthors=Gallo, MF; Grigorieva, V; Nanda, K; Schulz, KF|title=Fertility awareness-based methods for contraception.|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2004 Oct 18|issue=4|pages=CD004860|pmid=15495128}}</ref> Huwa na kiwango cha kufeli katika mwaka wa kwanza kwa kati ya asilimia 1 na 5; viwango vya kufeli katika mwaka wa kwanza baada ya matumizi bora hulingana na mfumo uliotumiwa na huwa asilimia 0 hadi 2.9.<ref name="trials"/> Thibitisho linalozingatiwa na makadirio haya, hata hivyo, ni hafifu kwa kuwa watu wengi wanaojaribu kuzitumia huacha mapema.<ref name=Grim2004/> Ulimwenguni, hutumiwa na takribani asilimia 3.6 ya wachumba.<ref name=Sivin2010/>

Iwapo itazingatia pia halijoto na ishara zingine kuu, njia hii huitwa symptothermal. Viwango vya mimba zisizotarajiwa vimeripotiwa kati ya asilimia 1 na 20 kwa wanaotumia symptothermal.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pallone|first=SR|coauthors=Bergus, GR|title=Fertility awareness-based methods: another option for family planning.|journal=Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM|date=2009 Mar-Apr|volume=22|issue=2|pages=147-57|pmid=19264938}}</ref>

====Kukatiza ngono====
[[Mbinu ya kukatiza ngono]], ni shughuli ya kukatiza kufanya ngono ("kuvuta nje") kabla ya kumwaga mbegu za kiume.<ref name=WHO2009_100>{{cite book|last=Organization|first=World Health|title=Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use|year=2009|publisher=Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241563888|page=91-100|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241563888_eng.pdf|edition=4th ed.|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2012-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709230021/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241563888_eng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hatari kuu ya kukatiza ngono ni kuwa mwanaume anaweza kutotoa kwa usahihi au kwa wakati unaofaa.<ref name=WHO2009_100/> Viwango vya kufeli katika mwaka wa kwanza huwa kati ya asilimia 4 inapotumiwa ipasavyo hadi asilimia 27 isipotumiwa ipasavyo.<ref name=WHO2009_10/> Haichukuliwi kuwa udhibiti wa uzazi na baadhi ya weledi wa afya.<ref name=Will2012/>

Kuna dhibitisho ndogo kuhusu idadi ya mbegu za kiume katika [[kiowevu kabla ya kumwaga]].<ref name=Jones2009>{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=RK|coauthors=Fennell, J; Higgins, JA; Blanchard, K|title=Better than nothing or savvy risk-reduction practice? The importance of withdrawal.|journal=Contraception|date=2009 Jun|volume=79|issue=6|pages=407-10|pmid=19442773}}</ref> Ilhali baadhi ya uchunguzi haukupata mbegu,<ref name=Jones2009/> jaribio moja liligundua kuwepo kwa mbegu kwa watu 10 kutoka kwa 27 ya waliojitolea.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Killick|first=SR|coauthors=Leary, C; Trussell, J; Guthrie, KA|title=Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid.|journal=Human fertility (Cambridge, England)|date=2011 Mar|volume=14|issue=1|pages=48-52|pmid=21155689}}</ref> Mbinu ya kukatiza ngono hutumiwa na takribani wachumba asilimia 3.<ref name=Sivin2010>{{cite journal|last=Freundl|first=G|coauthors=Sivin, I; Batár, I|title=State-of-the-art of non-hormonal methods of contraception: IV. Natural family planning.|journal=The European journal of contraception & reproductive health care : the official journal of the European Society of Contraception|date=2010 Apr|volume=15|issue=2|pages=113-23|pmid=20141492}}</ref>

====Kujinyima ngono====
Ingawa makundi mengine hukubaliana na [[kujinyima ngono]], hii humaanisha kuepuka shughuli zote za ngono, katika muktadha wa kudhibiti uzazi neno hili humaanisha kujinyima ngono inayohusisha ukeni.<ref name="ppabst">{{cite web|title=Abstinence|work=Planned Parenthood|year=2009|url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/birth-control/abstinence-4215.htm|accessdate=2009-09-09|archive-date=2009-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910053822/http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/birth-control/abstinence-4215.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kujinyima ngono hufaulu kwa asilimia 100 katika kuzuia mimba; hata hivyo, si kila anayekusudia hujinyima shughuli zote za ngono, na katika idadi nyingi za watu huwa na hatari nyingi za mimba kutokana na ngono isiyokubaliwa.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.02.001 |title=The limits of abstinence-only in preventing sexually transmitted infections |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-adolescent-health_2005-04_36_4/page/269 |year=2005 |last1=Fortenberry |first1=J. Dennis |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=269–70 |pmid=15780781 |ref=harv}}, which cites:<br/>
{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.01.005 |title=After the promise: The STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-adolescent-health_2005-04_36_4/page/271 |year=2005|last1=Brückner |first1=Hannah |last2=Bearman |first2=Peter |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=271–8 |pmid=15780782|ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Nonconsensual Sex Undermines Sexual Health| journal = Network| year = 2005 | volume = 23 | url =http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/Network/v23_4/nt2341.htm| author = Kim Best | issue = 4|ref=harv}}</ref>

Watafiti mbalimbali wanasema [[elimu ya kujinyima ngono]] haipunguzi [[mimba za vijana]],<ref name="pmid22341164" /><ref name=Ott2007>{{cite journal|last=Ott|first=MA|coauthors=Santelli, JS|title=Abstinence and abstinence-only education|journal=Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology|date=2007 Oct|volume=19|issue=5|pages=446–52|pmid=17885460|doi=10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282efdc0b|ref=harv}}</ref> ambazo huwa nyingi kwa wanaopewa elimu ya kujinyima ngono, ikilinganishwa na wale wanaopewa elimu ya ngono. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Duffy|first=K|coauthors=Lynch, DA; Santelli, J|title=Government support for abstinence-only-until-marriage education.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics_2008-12_84_6/page/746|journal=Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics|date=2008 Dec|volume=84|issue=6|pages=746-8|pmid=18923389}}</ref><ref name=Ott2007/> Baadhi ya mamlaka hupendekeza kuwa wanaojinyima ngono wawe na mbinu nyingine za kutumia (kama vile kondomu au tembe za kontraseptivu za dharura).<ref>{{cite book |author=Kowal D|year=2007|chapter=Abstinence and the Range of Sexual Expression|editor=Hatcher, Robert A., et al. |title=Contraceptive Technology|edition=19th rev. |pages=81–86 |location=New York |publisher=Ardent Media |isbn=0-9664902-0-7}}</ref> [[Ngono isiyo ya kuingiliana]] na [[ngono ya mdomo]] bila ngono ya ukeni pia wakati mwingine hutumiwa, ingawa baada ya [[ashiki]] kupata nguvu, pengine ni vigumu kujizuia katika kuishia katika [[tendo la ndoa]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Feldmann | first1 = J. |last2 = Middleman | first2 = A. B. |title = Adolescent sexuality and sexual behavior |journal = Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology |volume = 14 |issue = 5 |pages = 489–493 |year = 2002 |pmid = 12401976| url =http://journals.lww.com/co-obgyn/Abstract/2002/10000/Adolescent_sexuality_and_sexual_behavior.8.aspx}}</ref> Ingawa kwa kawaida huzuia mimba, ujauzito bado unaweza kupatikana kwa [[ngono ya katikati ya miguu]] na mbinu nyingine za ngono ambapo uume huwa karibu na ukeni (kusugua viungo vya uzazi, na kutoka kwa uume kutoka kwa [[ngono ya unyeo]]) ambapo mbegu ya kiume yanaweza kumwagika karibu na ukeni halafu yanaweza kupitia viowevu vinavyolainisha uke.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=R. Murray|title=Sex and the American teenager seeing through the myths and confronting the issues|year=2009|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Education|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=9781607090182|page=81|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=gM9EFgsJHyoC&pg=PA81}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Edlin|first=Gordon|title=Health & Wellness.|year=2012|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781449636470|page=213|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=csGk6j5rlN0C&pg=PA213}}</ref>

====Unyonyeshaji====
[[Mbinu ya amenorea ya unyonyeshaji]] huhusisha matumizi ya [[utasa asili wa baada ya kuzaa]] wa mwanamke na unaweza kuendelezwa kwa [[kunyonyesha]].<ref name=Blackburn2007>{{cite book|last=Blackburn|first=Susan Tucker|title=Maternal, fetal, & neonatal physiology : a clinical perspective|year=2007|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|location=St. Louis, Mo.|isbn=9781416029441|page=157|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=2y6zOSQcn14C&pg=PA157|edition=3rd ed.}}</ref> Hii kwa kawaida huhitaji kutokuwepo kwa [[hedhi|damu ya hedhi]], kunyonyesha tu mtoto mchanga, na mtoto aliye chini ya miezi sita.<ref name=Blenning2005>{{cite journal|last=Blenning|first=CE|coauthors=Paladine, H|title=An approach to the postpartum office visit.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2005-12-15_72_12/page/2491|journal=American family physician|date=2005 Dec 15|volume=72|issue=12|pages=2491-6|pmid=16370405}}</ref> [[Shrika la Afya Ulimwenguni]] hueleza kuwa iwapo kunyonyesha ndio njia ya pekee ya mtoto kupata chakula, kiwango cha kufeli katika miezi sita ya kwanza baada ya kuzaa ni asilimia 2.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO 10 facts on breastfeeding |work=World Health Organization|month=April |year=2005|url=http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/facts/en/index2.html}}</ref> Majaribio yametambua viwango vya kufeli kuwa kati ya asilimia 0 hadi 7.5.<ref name=Vander2003/> Viwango vya kufeli huongezeka hadi asilimia 4-7 katika mwaka moja na asilimia 13 katika miaka miwili.<ref name=Fritz2012>{{cite book|last=Fritz|first=Marc|title=Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility|year=2012|isbn=9781451148473|page=1007-1008|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=KZLubBxJEwEC&pg=PA1007}}</ref> Kulisha watoto, kubembeleza badala ya kutunza, matumizi ya [[mpira wa watoto]], na kulisha chakula kigumu vyote huongeza kiwango chake cha kufeli. <ref>{{cite book|last=Swisher|first=Judith Lauwers, Anna|title=Counseling the nursing mother a lactation consultant's guide|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Sudbury, MA|isbn=9781449619480|page=465-466|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=2X0_Takcr_wC&pg=PA465|edition=5th ed.}}</ref> Kwa wale wanaonyonyesha, takribani asilimia 10 hupata hedhi kabla ya miezi tatu na asilimia 20 kabla ya miezi sita.<ref name=Fritz2012/> Kwa wanaonyonyesha, uwezo wa kuzaa unaweza kurudi wiki nne baada ya kuzaa.<ref name=Fritz2012/>

===Dharura===
Mbinu za [[udhibiti wa uzazi wa dharura]] ni dawa (tembe za asubuhi) au vifaa vinavyotumika baada ya ngono kwa matarajio ya kuua mimba.<ref name=Gizzo2012>{{cite journal|last=Gizzo|first=S|coauthors=Fanelli, T; Di Gangi, S; Saccardi, C; Patrelli, TS; Zambon, A; Omar, A; D'Antona, D; Nardelli, GB|title=Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications.|journal=Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology|date=2012 Oct|volume=28|issue=10|pages=758-63|pmid=22390259}}</ref> Hutenda kazi kwa kuzuia uovulesheni au utungaji mimba.<ref name=Hopkin2012>{{cite book|title=The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics|year=2012|isbn=9781451148015|page=391|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR241|edition=4th|chapter=Fertility Control:Contraception, Sterilization, and Abortion}}</ref> Baadhi ya njia hupatikana, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Yuzpe regimen|dozi ya juu ya tembe za kudhibiti uzazi]], [[levonorgestrel]], [[mifepristone]], [[ulipristal]] na IUD.<ref name=CochEmerg2012>{{cite journal|last=Cheng|first=L|coauthors=Che, Y; Gülmezoglu, AM|title=Interventions for emergency contraception.|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2012 Aug 15|volume=8|pages=CD001324|pmid=22895920}}</ref> tembe za [[levonorgestrel]] hupunguza uwezekano wa mimba kwa asilimia 70 (kiwango cha mimba asilimia 2.2) inapotumiwa kati ya siku 3&nbsp; baada ya ngono bila kinga au kufeli kwa kondomu.<ref name=Gizzo2012/>[[Ulipristal]] hupunguza uwezekano wa mimba kwa asilimia 85 (kiwango cha mimba hadi asilimia 1.4) hadi siku 5&nbsp; na inaweza kuwa bora kuliko levonorgestrel.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Richardson|first=AR|coauthors=Maltz, FN|title=Ulipristal acetate: review of the efficacy and safety of a newly approved agent for emergency contraception.|journal=Clinical therapeutics|date=2012 Jan|volume=34|issue=1|pages=24-36|pmid=22154199}}</ref><ref name=CochEmerg2012/><ref name=Gizzo2012/> [[Mifepristone]] pia huwa bora zaidi kuliko levonorgestrel ilhali IUD za shaba ndizo njia bora zaidi.<ref name=CochEmerg2012/> IUD zinaweza kutiwa siku 5&nbsp; baada ya ngono na kuzuia takribani asilimia 99 ya mimba (kiwango cha mimba cha asilimia 0.1 hadi 0.2).<ref name=Hopkin2012/><ref>{{cite web|title=Update on Emergency Contraception|url=http://www.arhp.org/Publications-and-Resources/Clinical-Proceedings/EC/Effectiveness|publisher=Association of Reproductive Health Professionals|accessdate=20 May 2013|date=March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511124153/http://www.arhp.org/Publications-and-Resources/Clinical-Proceedings/EC/Effectiveness|archivedate=2013-05-11|=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511124153/http://www.arhp.org/Publications-and-Resources/Clinical-Proceedings/EC/Effectiveness}}</ref> Hii huzifanya kuwa aina mbinu bora zaidi wa kudhibiti uzazi kwa dharura.<ref name=Cleland2012>{{cite journal |author=Cleland K, Zhu H, Goldstruck N, Cheng L, Trussel T |year=2012 |title=The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=1994–2000|doi=10.1093/humrep/des140 |pmid=22570193 |ref=harv}}</ref>

Kupeana tembe za asubuhi kwa kina mama mapema haiathiri kiwango cha maambukizi ya ngono, matumizi ya kondomu, viwango cha mimba, au tabia hatari ya ngono.<ref name="pmid17894132">{{cite journal |author=Kripke C |title=Advance provision for emergency oral contraception|journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=654 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17894132 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21923590">{{cite journal |author=Shrader SP, Hall LN, Ragucci KR, Rafie S |title=Updates in hormonal emergency contraception|journal=Pharmacotherapy |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=887–95 |year=2011 |month=September |pmid=21923590 |doi=10.1592/phco.31.9.887 |url=}}</ref> Mbinu zote huwa na athari chache.<ref name=CochEmerg2012/>

===Kinga mbili===
Kinga mbili ni matumizi ya mbinu zinazozuia maambukizi ya zinaa na mimba.<ref>{{cite journal |author= |title=Dual protection against unwanted pregnancy and HIV / STDs |journal=Sex Health Exch |volume= |issue=3 |pages=8 |year=1998 |pmid=12294688 |doi=|url=}}</ref> Hii inaweza kuwa kwa kodomu pekee au pamoja na mbinu nyingine ya kudhibiti uzazi au kwa kuepuka [[ngono|ngono ya kuingiliana]].<ref name=Cates2002>{{cite journal|author=Cates, W., Steiner, M. J.|year=2002|title=Dual Protection Against Unintended Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections: What Is the Best Contraceptive Approach?|journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases|volume=29|issue=3|pages=168–174|url=http://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2002/03000/Dual_Protection_Against_Unintended_Pregnancy_and.7.aspx|doi=10.1097/00007435-200203000-00007|pmid=11875378|ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=International Planned Parenthood Federation|year=May 2000|title=Statement on Dual Protection against Unwanted Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections, including HIV|url=http://www.ippf.org/NR/rdonlyres/534B49A6-4C25-4853-BD8E-527E02FCD5A1/0/IMAPstatementmay2000.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2013-11-28|archivedate=2012-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225124142/http://www.ippf.org/NR/rdonlyres/534B49A6-4C25-4853-BD8E-527E02FCD5A1/0/IMAPstatementmay2000.pdf}}</ref>
Iwapo mimba ni hoja kuu kutumia njia zote mbili kwa wakati mmoja kunakubalika,<ref name=Cates2002/> na aina zote mbili zimependekezwa kwa wale wanaotumia dawa isiyo na [[chunusi]][[isotretinoini]], kwa sababu ya hatari kuu ya [[matatizo ya uzazi]] itumiwapo wakati wa ujauzito.<ref name=Gupta2011>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Ramesh C.|title=Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jGHRR32wz5MC|date=2011-02-25|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-382032-7|page=105}}</ref>

<center><gallery align="center" perrow="5">
File:Condom unrolled durex.jpg|An unrolled male [[latex]][[condom]]|alt=an unrolled condom
File:Préservatif féminin.jpg|A polyurethane [[female condomu]]|alt=a female condom
File:Contraceptive diaphragm.jpg|A [[Diaphragm (contraceptive)| Diaphragm]] vaginal-cervical[[Barrier contraception|barrier]], in its case with a [[Quarter (United States coin)|quarter U.S coin]] |alt=a diaphragm
File:Éponge spermicide.jpg|A [[contraceptive sponge]] set inside its open package|alt=a contraceptive sponge
File:Plaquettes de pilule.jpg|Aina tatu za [[Combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]] alender oriented packaging|alt=birth control pill packages
File:BirthControlPatch.JPG|A transdermal [[contraceptive patch]]|alt=a contraceptive patch
File:NuvaRing in hand.jpg|A [[NuvaRing]] vaginal ring|alt=a vaginal ring
File:Mirena IntraUterine System.jpg|A hormonal [[intrauterine device]] (IUD) against a background showing placement in the [[uterus]]|alt=a hormonal intrauterine device
File:Emergency_contraceptive.jpg| A split dose of two [[emergency contraceptive]] pills (most morning after pills now only require one)|alt=emergency contraceptive pills
File:Geburtenkontrollkette.jpg|A [[CycleBeads]], used for estimating fertility based on days since menstruation |alt=a birth control chain calendar necklace
</gallery></center>

==Athari==
===Afya===
[[File:Maternal mortality rate worldwide.jpg |thumb|alt=maternal mortality rate map|Maternal mortality rate as of 2010<ref name=CIA2010>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html?countryName=Australia&countryCode=as&regionCode=aus&rank=156#asCountry Comparison: Maternal Mortality Rate] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html?countryName=Australia&countryCode=as&regionCode=aus&rank=156#asCountry |date=20121108112903 }} in [[:en:The World Factbook|The CIA World Factbook]]</ref>]]

Matumizi ya kontraseptivu katika [[nchi zinazoendelea]] umekadiriwa kupunguza idadi ya [[vifo vya kina mama]] kwa asilimia 40 (takribani vifo 270,000 vilizuiliwa mwaka 2008) na ungepunguza asilimia 70 ya vifo iwapo matakwa yote ya udhibiti wa uzazi yangetimizwa.<ref name="pmid22784533"/> Faida hizi hupatikana kwa kupunguza idadi ya mimba zisizotarajiwa ambazo husababisha [[uavyaji mimba]] usiokuwa salama na kwa kuzuia mimba kwa walio na hatari kuu.<ref name="pmid22784533"/>

Udhibiti wa uzazi huboresha kuishi kwa mtoto katika ulimwengu unaokua kwa kuacha nafasi kubwa kati ya mimba.<ref name="pmid22784533"/> Katika idadi hii ya watu matokeo huwa mabaya zaidi mama anaposhika mimba kati ya miezi kumi na nane ya baada ya kujifungua.<ref name="pmid22784533"/><ref name=Shol2010>{{cite journal|last=Sholapurkar|first=SL|title=Is there an ideal interpregnancy interval after a live birth, miscarriage or other adverse pregnancy outcomes?|journal=Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|date=2010 Feb|volume=30|issue=2|pages=107-10|pmid=20143964}}</ref> Kuchelewesha mimba baada ya [[kuharibika kwa mimba]] hata hivyo hakuonekani kupunguza hatari na wanawake hushauriwa kujaribu kushika mimba katika hali hii wakati wowote wanapokuwa tayari.<ref name=Shol2010/>

[[Mimba za utotoni]], yaani za wasichana wadogo, huwa katika hatari kuu ya matokeo mabaya pamoja na [[kuzaa kabla ya wakati]], [[kuzaa mtoto aliye na uzito wa chini]] na [[vifo vya watoto wachanga|kifo cha mtoto]].<ref name="pmid22764559"/> Nchini Marekani asilimia 82 ya mimba kwa walio kati ya miaka 15 na 19 ni zile zisizopangwa.<ref name=Marnach2013 /> [[Mafundisho ya ngono]] kwa kina na utumiaji wa kontraseptivu huwa bora katika idadi ya mimba katika kikundi hiki cha umri.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lavin|first=C|coauthors=Cox, JE|title=Teen pregnancy prevention: current perspectives.|journal=Current opinion in pediatrics|date=2012 Aug|volume=24|issue=4|pages=462-9|pmid=22790099}}</ref>

===Faida===
[[File:Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg|thumb|left|alt=fertility rate map|Countries by [[fertility rate]] as of 2012.
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Katika nchi zinazokua, udhibiti wa uzazi hukusudia [[ongezeko la uchumi]] kwa sababu ya kuwepo kwa watoto wachache wategemezi na hivyo mama hushiriki kazi. Mapato ya wanawake, rasilimali, [[uzito wa mwili]], na kielelezo cha mwili na usomaji wa watoto vinaweza vikaongezeka kukiwa na udhibiti wa uzazi. Kwa kila dola inayotumiwa, Umoja wa Mataifa hukadiria kuwa karibu dola mbili hadi sita huwekezwa.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Carr|first=B|coauthors=Gates, MF; Mitchell, A; Shah, R|title=Giving women the power to plan their families.|journal=Lancet|date=2012 Jul 14|volume=380|issue=9837|pages=80-2|pmid=22784540}}</ref> Huwekezaji huu huhusiana na uzuiaji wa mimba zisizopangwa na upunguzaji wa maradhi ya kuambukiza.<ref name=Tsui2010/> Ilhali mbinu zote zinaleta manufaa ya kifedha, matumizi ya IUD za shaba zilisaida katika uwekezaji.<ref name=Tsui2010>{{cite journal |author=Tsui AO, McDonald-Mosley R, Burke AE |title=Family planning and the burden of unintended pregnancies |journal=Epidemiol Rev |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=152–74 |year=2010|month=April |pmid=20570955 |pmc=3115338 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxq012 |url= |ref=harv}}</ref>
Kufikia mwaka [[2012]] gharama yote ya matibabu ya ujauzito, kuzaa na utunzaji wa mtoto mchanga nchini Marekani ni takribani dola 21,000 kwa kuzaa kupitia uke na dola 31,000 kupitia [[upasuaji]].<ref name=NYT2013>{{cite news|last=Rosenthal|first=Elisabeth|title=American Way of Birth, Costliest in the World|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/health/american-way-of-birth-costliest-in-the-world.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=June 30th,2013}}</ref> Katika nchi nyingi gharama huwa chini ya nusu.<ref name=NYT2013/> Kwa mtoto aliyezaliwa mwaka [[2011]], familia ya kawaida nchini Marekani hutumia dola 235,000 kwa zaidi ya miaka 17 kumlea.<ref name=USDAChildExpense>{{cite web|title = Expenditures on Children by Families, 2011|publisher = United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion|url = http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/ExpendituresonChildrenbyFamilies.htm|accessdate = 2013-11-28|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080308082505/http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/ExpendituresonChildrenbyFamilies.htm|archivedate = 2008-03-08| = https://web.archive.org/web/20080308082505/http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/ExpendituresonChildrenbyFamilies.htm}}</ref>

==Uenezi==
[[File:SOWM2010 modern contraception.svg|thumb|alt=prevalence of modern birth control map|Asilimia ya wanawake wanaotumia teknolojia katika kupanga uzazi (mwaka 2010).
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Kote ulimwenguni, kufikia mwaka [[2009]], karibu asilimia 60 ya waliokuwa wameolewa na kupata watoto walitumia udhibiti wa uzazi.<ref name=Darroch2013/> Namna ambavyo mbinu mbalimbali hutiwa hutofautiana katika nchi.<ref name=Darroch2013/> 

Mbinu ya kawaida katika nchi zilizoendelea ni kondomu na dawa ya kumeza, ilhali barani Afrika ni dawa ya kumeza na kule Amerika Kusini na Asia ni ufungaji wa uzazi.<ref name=Darroch2013>{{cite journal|last=Darroch|first=JE|title=Trends in contraceptive use.|journal=Contraception|date=2013 Mar|volume=87|issue=3|pages=259-63|pmid=23040137}}</ref> 

Katika nchi zinazoendelea, asilimia 35 ya udhibiti wa uzazi ni kupitia ufungaji wa uzazi wa kike, asilimia 30 ni kupitia IUD, asilimia 12 ni kupitia dawa ya kumeza, asilimia 11 ni kupitia kondomu, na asimia 4 ni kupitia ufungaji uzazi wa kiume.<ref name=Darroch2013/>

Wakati inatumika mara chache kwa nchi zilizoendelea kuliko zile zinazoendelea, kufikia mwaka [[2007]] wanawake zaidi ya milioni 180, walikuwa wakitumia IUD&nbsp;<ref name=Darney2010/>

Uepukanaji wa ngono wakati wa kuwa na uwezo wa kupata mimba unatumiwa na wanawake wanaoendelea kuzaa karibu asilimia 3.6, na kutumika sana kwa asilimia 20 kule Amerika Kusini.<ref name=Dar2010p315>{{cite book|last=Darney|first=Leon Speroff, Philip D.|title=A clinical guide for contraception|year=2010|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=1-60831-610-6|page=315|edition=5th}}</ref> 

Kufikia mwaka [[2005]], asilimia 12 ya wachumba walikuwa wanatumia mbinu ya kiume ya kuzuia mimba (mojawapo KATI ya kondomu au utoaji wa mrija wa mbegu), hali nyingi zikiwa katika nchi zilizoendelea.<ref name=Naz2009/> Matumizi ya kudhibiti uzazi kwa kutumia njia ya wanaume imepungua kati ya mwaka wa 1985 na 2009.<ref name=Darroch2013/> 

Matumizi ya dawa za kuzuia mimba kwa wanawake [[Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara]] yameongezeka kutoka karibu asilimia 5 mwaka [[1991]] hadi karibu asilimia 30 mwaka [[2006]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cleland|first=JG|coauthors=Ndugwa, RP; Zulu, EM|title=Family planning in sub-Saharan Africa: progress or stagnation?|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=2011 Feb 1|volume=89|issue=2|pages=137-43|pmid=21346925}}</ref>

Kufika mwaka [[2012]], asilimia 57 ya wanaoendelea kuzaa wanataka kuepukana na ujauzito (milioni 867 kati ya 1520&nbsp;<ref name=Dar2013/> Hata hivyo wanawake karibu milioni 222 hawakuweza kupata udhibiti wa kuzaa, milioni 53&nbsp;wakiwa Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara na milioni 97&nbsp;wakiwa Asia.<ref name=Dar2013>{{cite journal|last=Darroch|first=JE|coauthors=Singh, S|title=Trends in contraceptive need and use in developing countries in 2003, 2008, and 2012: an analysis of national surveys.|journal=Lancet|date=2013 May 18|volume=381|issue=9879|pages=1756-1762|pmid=23683642}}</ref> Hii inasababisha milioni 54&nbsp;ya mimba zisizopangwa na vifo 80,000 hivi vya kina mama kila mwaka.<ref name=Darroch2013/> Baadhi ya sababu za wanawake kutokuwa na huduma ya udhibiti ni sababu za kidini na kisiasa,<ref name=Hopkins2010/> ilhali [[umaskini]] huchangia pia.<ref name=Rasch2011/> 

Kwa sababu ya sheria za [[utoaji mimba]] Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara, wengi hutafuta watoaji mimba wasiokuwa na kibali [[kwa mimba zisizopangwa]], inayosababisha karibu asimilia 2-4 ya [[utoaji mimba unaoitwa si salama]] kila mwaka.<ref name=Rasch2011>{{cite journal|last=Rasch|first=V|title=Unsafe abortion and postabortion care -an overview.|journal=Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica|date=2011 Jul|volume=90|issue=7|pages=692-700|pmid=21542813}}</ref>

==Historia ==
[[File:Silphium.jpg|thumb|alt=ancient coin depicting silphium|Ancient silver coin from [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] depicting a stalk of [[silphium]]]]
[[Ebers Papyrus]] ya [[Misri]] kutoka 1550&nbsp; na [[Kahun Papyrus]] kutoka 1850&nbsp;KK zina maelezo kuhusu udhibiti wa kuzaa, matumizi ya asali, matawi na nyuzi za pamba ya [[acacia]] zinazowekwa ukeni ili zizuie mbegu ya kiume.<ref name=History2010/><ref name=Lipsey2005>{{cite book|last1=Lipsey |first1= Richard G.|last2=Carlaw |first2=Kenneth|last3=Bekar |first3=Clifford|chapter=Historical Record on the Control of Family Size|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=tSrGTMtBv50C&pg=PA335|pages=335–40|title=Economic Transformations: General Purpose Technologies and Long-Term Economic Growth|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-928564-8}}</ref> Michoro ya zamani ya Misri yanaonyesha matumizi ya [[kondomu]].<ref name=Ebe2010/> 

Hali ya kutoa kiungo cha kiume wakati wa tendo la ndoa (kwa [[Kilatini]] [[coitus interruptus]]), inasimuliwa na [[Kitabu cha Mwanzo]]  kama njia ya kudhibiti uzazi wakati [[Onan]] "hutoa mbegu za kiume" (kumwaga) chini ili asimpatie mtoto [[mjane aliyemrithi|bibi ya kakaye aliyekufa]], [[Tamar (Mwanzo)|Tamar]].<ref name=History2010>{{cite book|last=Cuomo|first=Amy|chapter=Birth control|editor-last=O'Reilly|editor-first=Andrea|title=Encyclopedia of motherhood|year=2010|publisher=Sage Publications|location=Thousand Oaks, Calif.|isbn=9781412968461|pages=121–126|chapterurl=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Pcxqzal4bEYC&pg=PA124}}</ref> 

Inaaminika kuwa hapo zamani nchini [[Ugiriki]][[silphium]] ilitumiwa kudhibiti uzazi, kwa sababu ya kudumu na ubora wake, ulivunwa hadi ukaisha.<ref>{{cite book|author=unspecified|chapter=Herbal contraceptives and abortifacients|editor-last=Bullough|editor-first=Vern L.|title=Encyclopedia of birth control|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=9781576071816|pages=125–128|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=XuX-MGTZnJoC&pg=PA125}}</ref> 

Katika Ulaya ya leo, juhudi za kutoa mimba unachukuliwa kama uovu na [[Kanisa Katoliki]].<ref name=History2010/> Inaaminika kuwa wanawake hadi leo bado hutumia baadhi ya mbinu za kudhibiti uzazi kama vile coitus interruptus na kuingiza mizizi ya lily na rue katika ukeni (na, zaidi ya hayo, uuaji wa mtoto mchanga baada ya kuzaliwa).<ref>{{cite book|last=McTavish|first=Lianne|chapter=Contraception and birth control|editor-last=Robin|editor-first=Diana|title=Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance : Italy, France, and England|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=9781851097722|pages=91–92|chapterurl=http://books.google.ca/books?id=OQ8mdTjxungC&pg=PA91}}</ref>

[[Casanova]] (1725-1798), wakati wa [[kuchipuka upya kwa Italia]] alielezea jinsi ya kutumia ngozi ya kondoo kuzuia ujauzito; hata hivyo, upatikanaji wa kondomu haikutokea hadi karne ya 20.<ref name=History2010/> 

Mwaka 1909, Richard Richter alitengeneza kifaa cha kuweka ndani ya uterasi kutokana na uzi nyororo ya utumbo, ambacho kilitengenezwa zaidi na kuuza nchini Ujerumani na [[Ernst Gräfenberg]] mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1920.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fritz|first1=Marc A.|last2=Speroff|first2=Leon|year=2011|chapter=Intrauterine contraception|title=Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|pages=1095–1098|isbn=978-0-7817-7968-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KZLubBxJEwEC&pg=RA1-PA1095}}</ref> 

Mnamo 1916 [[Margaret Sanger]] alifungua kituo cha kwanza cha kudhibiti uzazi nchini Marekani iliyosababisha akamatwe.<ref name=History2010/>Mwanamke huyo alikuwa pia mtetezi wa [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] na kulenga kupunguza [[Wanegro]] na wengineo<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book | author = Marshall, Robert G. | coauthors = Donovan, Chuck | title = Blessed Are the Barren: The Social Policy of Planned Parenthood | url = https://archive.org/details/blessedarebarren0000mars_j2g5 | authorlink = Robert G. Marshall | year = 1991 | month = October | publisher = Ignatius Press | location = Fort Collins, CO | isbn = 0-89870-353-0; ISBN 978-0-89870-353-5 }}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14650805|title=Minority Anti-Abortion Movement Gains Steam|date=September 24, 2007|publisher=NPR|accessdate=2009-01-17}}</ref><ref group="note">A typical pro-life publication critical of Sanger is: Franks, Angela, ''Margaret Sanger's eugenic legacy: the control of female fertility'', McFarland, 2005</ref>  Hii ilifuatiwa na kituo cha kwanza barani Ulaya mwaka [[1921]], kilichofunguliwa na [[Marie Stopes]].<ref name=History2010/> 

[[Gregory Pincus]] na [[John Rock (Mwanasayansi wa Marekani)|John Rock]] kwa msaada wa [[Planned Parenthood Federation of America]] walitengeneza vidonge vya dawa vya kudhibiti uzazi miaka ya 1950 iliyoanza kuuzwa kwa umma [[miaka ya 1960]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Poston|first=Dudley|title=Population and Society: An Introduction to Demography|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139489386|page=98|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=CR-EXq4y8XAC&pg=PA98}}</ref> 

[[Dawa za kutoa mimba]] zilianza kutumika badala ya [[utoaji mimba]] kwa njia ya upasuaji kwa kuwepo kwa [[prostaglandin analogue|prostaglandin analog]] na kuwepo kwa [[mifepristone]] [[miaka ya 1980]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kulier|first1=Regina|last2=Kapp|first2=Nathalie|last3=Gülmezoglu|first3=A. Metin|last4=Hofmeyr|first4=G. Justus|last5=Cheng|first5=Linan|last6=Campana|first6=Aldo|date=November 9, 2011|title=Medical methods for first trimester abortion|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=11|page=CD002855|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub4|pmid=22071804|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub4/abstract;jsessionid=2D7DDA98B31CD7DACB8391192770991C.d04t01}}</ref>

==Jamii na utamaduni==
===Hali ya sheria===
Baadhi ya maafikiano kuhusu [[Haki za Kibinadamu]] yanadai serikali zitoe huduma na maelezo ya upangaji uzazi.<!-- <ref name="hrintlaw"/> --> Hii ilijumuisha mahitaji ya kutengeneza mpango wa kitaifa wa kupanga uzazi, kuondoa sheria zinazozuia huduma ya kupanga uzazi, kuhakikisha kuna aina mbalimbali za mbinu salama na bora za kupanga uzazi, kuhakikisha kuna wahudumu wa afya waliohitimu na vifaa vya afya kwa bei nafuu, na kubuni utaratibu wa kukagua mpango zilizoidhinishwa.<!-- <ref name="hrintlaw"/> --> Serikali ikikosa kutekeleza inaweza kulaumiwa kwa kuvunja sheria za kimataifa.<ref name="hrintlaw">{{cite journal | author = Cottingham J., Germain A., Hunt P. | year = 2012 |title = Use of human rights to meet the unmet need for family planning | url = | journal = The Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9837| pages = 172–180 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60732-6 | pmid = 22784536 | ref = harv }}</ref>

Miungano ya Kimataifa yalizindua kikundi cha ''Every Woman Every Child'' kinachoshughulikia taratibu za kina mama za kupata dawa za kuzuia mimba.<!-- <ref name=Gutt2012/> --> Shughuli hii inalenga kuongeza wanawake wanaotumia mbinu mpya za kuzuia mimba kwa milioni 120 katika nchi zilizo maskini kufikia mwaka [[2020]].<!-- <ref name=Gutt2012/> --> Vile vile, wanataka kuruhusu hata wasichana wadogo wajitafutie dawa za kuzuia mimba bila ruhusa ya wazazi.<ref name=Gutt2012>{{cite journal|coauthors=Susheela Singh and Jacqueline E. Darroch|title=Adding It Up: Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services Estimates for 2012|journal=Guttmacher Institute and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 201|year=2012|month=June|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/AIU-2012-estimates.pdf}}</ref>

===Mtazamo wa kidini===
[[Dini]] zinatofautiana sana kuhusu [[maadili]] ya udhibiti wa uzazi.<ref name=Srikanthan2008>{{cite journal|last=Srikanthan|first=A|coauthors=Reid, RL|title=Religious and cultural influences on contraception|url=http://www.jogc.org/abstracts/full/200802_WomensHealth_1.pdf|journal=Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada – Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada (JOGC)|date=2008 Feb|volume=30|issue=2|pages=129–37|pmid=18254994|ref=harv|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2013-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213236/http://www.jogc.org/abstracts/full/200802_WomensHealth_1.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> 

[[Kanisa Katoliki]] hukubali tu [[uzazi wa mpango]] kwa njia za kisayansi bila teknolojia,<ref name="pope1">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html|title=Humanae Vitae: Encyclical of Pope Paul VI on the Regulation of Birth|author=Pope Paul VI|authorlink=Pope Paul VI|date=1968-07-25|accessdate=2006-10-01|publisher=Vatican}}</ref> ingawa waumini wengi hukubali na kutumia mbinu nyingine.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Rosemary Skinner Keller|author=Rosemary Radford Ruether|authorlink=Rosemary Radford Ruether|title=Encyclopedia of women and religion in North America|chapter=Women in North American Catholicism|chapterurl=http://books.google.ca/books?id=EoJrHDirVQUC&pg=PA127|year=2006|publisher=Indiana Univ. Press|location=Bloomington, Ind. [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-253-34686-5|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=EoJrHDirVQUC|page=[http://books.google.ca/books?id=EoJrHDirVQUC&pg=PA132132]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Bob Digby|title=Heinemann 16-19 Geography: Global Challenges Student Book 2nd Edition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-_c7JP6vzd4C|year=2001|publisher=Heinemann|isbn=978-0-435-35249-3|page=[http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=–_c7JP6vzd4C&pg=PA158158]|author=Bob Digby et.al.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rengel|first=Marian|title=Encyclopedia of birth control|year=2000|publisher=Oryx Press|location=Phoenix, Ariz|isbn=978-1-57356-255-3|page=202|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=dx1Kz-ezUjsC&pg=PA202}}</ref> 

Miongoni mwa [[Waprotestanti]] kuna mitazamo tofauti kutoka wale wasiokubali hadi wanaokubali mbinu zote za kudhibiti uzazi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bennett|first=Jana Marguerite|title=Water is thicker than blood : an Augustinian theology of marriage and singleness|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-531543-1|page=178|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=bQF4j8nv1VQC&pg=PA178}}</ref> 

Mtazamo wa [[Uyahudi]] hutoka kwa madhehebu kali ya [[Waorthodoksi wa Kiyahudi]] hadi kwa  [[Wayahudi wa mageuzi]]<ref name="jew_BC">{{cite book | title=Birth Control in Jewish Law| url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.296.3.fel.26549| last=Feldman| first=David M.|year=1998| publisher=Jason Aronson| location=Lanham, MD| isbn=0-7657-6058-4}}</ref> 

Katika [[Uislamu]] dawa za kupanga uzazi zinakubalika ikiwa hazidhuru afya, ingawa matumizi yake hukataliwa na wengine.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Khalid Farooq Akbar| title=Family Planning and Islam: A Review| journal=Hamdard Islamicus|volume=XVII| issue= 3|url=http://muslim-canada.org/family.htm| ref=harv}}</ref> [[Kurani]] haitoi maelezo yoyote kuhusiana na [[uadilifu]] wa kupanga uzazi, lakini zina maelezo yanyohimiza [[kuzaa|watoto]]. Mtume [[Muhammad]] huripotiwa kuwa "alioa na kuzaa".<ref>Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, Muhammad Saleh Al-Munajjid. ''[[IslamOnline]]''.</ref>

[[Wahindu]] wanaweza kutumia upangaji uzazi wa kawaida na wa kisasa.<ref name="hindu_BC">{{cite web|url=http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/chaplaincy/hindu.cfm|title=Hindu Beliefs and Practices Affecting Health Care|accessdate=2006-10-06|publisher=University of Virginia Health System|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515044827/http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/chaplaincy/hindu.cfm|archivedate=2007-05-15}}</ref> 

Mtazamo wa kawaida wa wafuasi wa [[Buddha]] ni kuwa uzuiaji wa mimba unakubalika, lakini utoaji baada ya kutungwa mimba haikubaliki.<ref name="buddhist_BC">{{cite web|url=http://web.singnet.com.sg/~alankhoo/MoreQA.htm#Abortion|title=More Questions & Answers on Buddhism: Birth Control and Abortion|accessdate=2008-06-14|publisher=Alan Khoo|archivedate=2008-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530023240/http://web.singnet.com.sg/~alankhoo/MoreQA.htm#Abortion|=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530023240/http://web.singnet.com.sg/~alankhoo/MoreQA.htm#Abortion}}</ref>

=== Siku ya Ulimwengu ya kupanga uzazi ===
Tarehe [[26 Septemba]] ni [[Siku ya Ulimwengu ya kupanga uzazi]], iliyotengwa kwa uhamasishaji na uboreshaji wa elimu kuhusu afya ya kuzaa na ngono, ikiwa na lengo la ''dunia ambayo mimba inahitajika.''<ref name=WorldContraceptionDay>{{cite web|url =http://www.your-life.com/en/home/world-contraception-day/|title =World Contraception Day|accessdate =|archivedate =2014-08-18|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140818081827/http://www.your-life.com/en/home/world-contraception-day/| =https://web.archive.org/web/20140818081827/http://www.your-life.com/en/home/world-contraception-day/}}</ref> Inasaidiwa na kikundi cha Serikali na Mashirika ya kimataifa yasiyo ya kiserikali, ikijumuisha baraza la Asian Pacific Council kuhusu Uzuiaji mimba, Centro Latinamericano Salud y Mujer, European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health, [[German Foundation for World Population]], International Federation of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, [[International Planned Parenthood Federation]], [[Marie Stopes International]], [[Population Services International]], [[Population Council]], [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID), na [[Women Deliver]].<ref name=WorldContraceptionDay/>

===Dhana zisizo sahihi===
Kuna idadi kadhaa ya matatizo ya kawaida kulingana na ngono na ujauzito.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hutcherson|first=Hilda|title=What your mother never told you about s.e.x|year=2002|publisher=Perigee Book|location=New York|isbn=9780399528538|page=201|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=xu8tb2o66iIC&pg=PA201|edition=1st Perigee ed.}}</ref> [[Usafishaji]] baada ya kufanya ngono si mbinu mwafaka wa kupanga uzazi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rengel|first=Marian|title=Encyclopedia of birth control|year=2000|publisher=Oryx Press|location=Phoenix, Ariz|isbn=9781573562553|page=65|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=dx1Kz-ezUjsC&pg=PA65}}</ref> Vile vile, huhusishwa na baadhi ya matatizo ya kiafya na kwa hivyo haipendekezwi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cottrell|first=BH|title=An updated review of of evidence to discourage douching.|journal=MCN. The American journal of maternal child nursing|date=2010 Mar-Apr|volume=35|issue=2|pages=102-7; quiz 108-9|pmid=20215951}}</ref> Wanawake wanaweza kuwa wajawazito mara ya kwanza anaposhiriki ngono<ref>{{cite book|last=Alexander|first=William|title=New Dimensions In Women's Health - Book Alone|year=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=9781449683757|page=105|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=GVPHhIM3IZ0C&pg=PA105|edition=6th}}</ref> na katika hali yoyote ya ngono.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharkey|first=Harriet|title=Need to Know Fertility and Conception and Pregnancy|year=2013|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780007516865|page=17|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Mc7qlSypV6UC&pg=PP17}}</ref> Kuna uwezekano, ingawa si rahisi, kuwa mjamzito wakati wa hedhi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Strange|first=Mary|title=Encyclopedia of women in today's world|year=2011|publisher=Sage Reference|location=Thousand Oaks, Calif.|isbn=9781412976855|page=928|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=bOkPjFQoBj8C&pg=PA928}}</ref>

==Utafiti==
===Wanawake===
Uboreshaji wa upangaji uzazi kwa mbinu zinazoendelea zinahitajika, kwa sababu karibu nusu ya wanaopata mimba kwa bahati mbaya wanatumia upangaji uzazi wakati huo.<ref name=Will2012/> Baadhi ya mbinu tofauti tofauti za uzuiaji mimba zinachunguzwa, ikijumuisha pamoja kondomu bora ya wanawake, [[SILCS daframu|daftramu]], doa lililo na projesteroni pekee, na pete ya ukeni iliyo na projesteroni refu.<ref name=Jensen2011>{{cite journal|last=Jensen|first=JT|title=The future of contraception: innovations in contraceptive agents: tomorrow's hormonal contraceptive agents and their clinical implications.|journal=American journal of obstetrics and gynecology|date=2011 Oct|volume=205|issue=4 Suppl|pages=S21-5|pmid=21961821}}</ref> Pete ya ukeni huwa bora kwa miezi 3 au 4 na inapatikana katika baadhi ya maeneo duniani.<ref name=Jensen2011/>
Kuna mbinu kadha za kutekeleza uangamizaji wa vimelea kwa kuchunguza seviksi.<!-- <ref name=Cast2010/> --> Moja inahusisha uwekaji wa [[quinacrine]] ndani ya uterasi inayosababisha kovu na kutoweza kupata mimba.<!-- <ref name=Cast2010/> --> Ingawa utaratibu huo ni rahisi na haihitaji upasuaji, kuna wasiwasi kuhusu madhara ya muda mrefu.<ref name=Cast2010>{{cite journal|last=Castaño|first=PM|coauthors=Adekunle, L|title=Transcervical sterilization.|journal=Seminars in reproductive medicine|date=2010 Mar|volume=28|issue=2|pages=103-9|pmid=20352559}}</ref> Bidhaa nyingine ya, [[polidocanol]], inayofanya kazi sawa inachunguzwa.<ref name=Jensen2011/> Kifaa kinachoitwa [[Essure]], inayopanuka na kufunga inapowekwa ndani ya fallopio, ilikubaliwa Marekani mwaka wa 2002.<ref name=Cast2010/>

===Wanaume===
Mbinu za kiume za kudhibit uzazi zinajumuisha kondomu, ukataji na utoaji wa mrija.<ref name=Glasier2010>{{cite journal|last=Glasier|first=A|title=Acceptability of contraception for men: a review.|journal=Contraception|date=2010 Nov|volume=82|issue=5|pages=453-6|pmid=20933119}}</ref> Wanaume kati ya asilimia 25 na 75 wanaoweza kuzalisha hutumia homoni za kudhibiti uzazi ikiwa wanaweza kupata.<ref name=Glasier2010/><ref name=Naz2009/> Idadi ya mbinu za homoni na zisizo za homoni zinafanyiwa majaribio,<ref name=Naz2009>{{cite journal|last=Naz|first=RK|coauthors=Rowan, S|title=Update on male contraception.|journal=Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology |date=2009 Jun |volume=21 |issue=3|pages=265-9|pmid=19469045}}</ref> na kuna baadhi ya utafiti unaochunguza uwekezano wa  [[chanjo ya kontraseptivu]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Naz|first=RK|title=Antisperm contraceptive vaccines: where we are and where we are going?|journal=American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)|date=2011 Jul|volume=66|issue=1|pages=63-70|pmid=21501281}}</ref>
Mbinu ya upasuaji wa kugeuza inayochunguzwa ni [[reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance]] (RISUG) inayojumuisha huiingizaji wa polymer gel, [[styrene maleic anhydride]] kwa [[dimethyl sulfoxide]], katika [[vas deferens]].<!-- <ref name=Naz2009/> --> Ukidungwa sindano na sodium bicarbonate hutoa dawa na hurudisha uwezo wa kuzaa tena.<!-- <ref name=Naz2009/> --> Nyingine ni [[intravas device]] inayohusisha uwekaji wa [[Polyurethane|urethane]] ndani ya [[vas deferens]] ili izuie.<!-- <ref name=Naz2009/> --> Mchanganyiko wa [[androgen]] na [[progestin]] huleta matumaini, kwa [[selective androgen receptor modulator]].<ref name=Naz2009/>[[Ultrasound]] na mbinu za kupasha moto makende zimefanyiwa uchunguzi wa kwanza.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ojeda |first=edited by Willaim J. Kovacs, Sergio R. |title=Textbook of endocrine physiology |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780199744121 |page=262|year=2011|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=vrTslOGdBysC&pg=PA262|edition=6th ed.}}</ref>

==Wanyama==
[[Upakaji]], unayojumuisha utoaji wa baadhi ya sehemu za [[viungo vya uzazi]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Ackerman|first=[edited by] Lowell|title=Blackwell's five-minute veterinary practice management consult|year=2007|publisher=Blackwell Pub.|location=Ames, Iowa|isbn=9780781759847|page=80|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=26FZVV40aWwC&pg=PA80|edition=1st ed.}}</ref>  ni mbinu inayofanywa mara nyingi kwa [[wanyama]]. 

[[Hifadhi za wanyama]] huhitaji taratibu hizi kama mkataba wa kuchukua.<ref>{{cite book|last=Millar|first=Lila|title=Infectious Disease Management in Animal Shelters|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781119949459|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=n8NbuhrrFd8C&pg=PT58}}</ref> 

Udhibiti wa uzazi huchukuliwa kama njia mbadala ya kupunguza [[idadi ya wanyama wa mwituni]].<ref name="Boyle 2009">{{cite web|last=Boyle|first=Rebecca|date=March 3, 2009|title=Birth control for animals: a scientific approach to limiting the wildlife population explosion|work=Popular Science|location=New York|publisher=[http://www.popsci.com/about-usPopSci.com]|url=http://www.popsci.com/environment/article/2009-03/birth-control-animals?single-page-view=true}}</ref>

[[Chanjo za kontraseptivu]] zimepatikana kuwa na ubora kwa idadi fulani ya wanyama.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kirkpatrick|first=JF|coauthors=Lyda, RO; Frank, KM|title=Contraceptive vaccines for wildlife: a review.|journal=American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)|date=2011 Jul|volume=66|issue=1|pages=40-50|pmid=21501279}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Levy|first=JK|title=Contraceptive vaccines for the humane control of community cat populations.|journal=American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)|date=2011 Jul|volume=66|issue=1|pages=63-70|pmid=21501281}}</ref>

==Tazama pia==
*[[Uzazi wa mpango]]

==Marejeo==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Kusoma zaidi==
* Speroff, Leon; Darney, Philip D. (November 22, 2010). [http://books.google.com/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC&lpg=PP1&ots=VIRzj4boJR&dq=isbn%3A9781608316106&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false''A clinical guide for contraception''] (5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-60831-610-6.
* Stubblefield, Phillip G.; Roncari, Danielle M. (December 12, 2011). [http://books.google.com/books?id=P3erI0J8tEQC&lpg=PP1&ots=l3vsNGaDD2&dq=editions%3AytqC2tqT5BIC&pg=PA247#v=onepage&q&f=false"Family Planning"], pp.&nbsp;211–269, in Berek, Jonathan S. (ed.) ''Berek & Novak's Gynecology, 15th ed.'' Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 978-1-4511-1433-1.
* Jensen, Jeffrey T.; Mishell, Daniel R. Jr. (March 19, 2012). [http://books.google.com/books?id=X5KT_w6Nye8C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA215#v=onepage&f=false"Family Planning: Contraception, Sterilization, and Pregnancy Termination"], pp.&nbsp;215–272, in Lentz, Gretchen M.; Lobo, Rogerio A.; Gershenson, David M.; Katz, Vern L. (eds.) ''Comprehensive Gynecology, 6th ed.'' Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-323-06986-1.

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons category|Contraception}}
*{{dmoz|Health/Reproductive_Health/Birth_Control/}}
*{{cite book|first=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health|title=Family planning : a global handbook for providers : evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration.|year=2011|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated ed.}}
*{{cite journal|last=Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health|first=Promotion|title=U.s. Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2013: adapted from the world health organization selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2nd edition.|journal=MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control|date=2013 Jun 21|volume=62|issue=RR-05|pages=1-60|pmid=23784109|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6205a1.htm?s_cid=rr6205a1_w}}
*{{cite web|title=Birth Control Comparison Chart|url=http://www.birth-control-comparison.info/|publisher=Cedar River Clinics}}
*[http://www.who.int/rhem/procurement/en/Bulk procurement of birth conrtol] by the World Health Organization

[[Jamii:Afya]]