BOOMER Test

What risks arise from impaired mobility and balance?

Mobility and balance are two important aspects of an individual's life, most especially for the elderly population. Common conditions that affect these aspects include muscle weakness, joint problems, pain, disease, and neurological difficulties. When these occur together, they can significantly impact mobility (Health in Aging Foundation, n.d.).

These conditions can affect factors such as the gait speed displayed by a person, which is a key indicator of mobility. Impaired mobility and balance can lead to several risk factors, including an increased likelihood of the following:

Falls

Millions of people 65 years and older experience falls annually. Statistics reveal that one in ten falls results in an older adult needing to limit activities or seek medical attention (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2024). Impaired mobility and balance definitely increase the risk of falls, a common issue for older adults.

Higher rates of disease

If older adults have mobility and balance problems, this may mean less physical activity. When an individual is active, they may be less prone to certain diseases like hypertension, stroke, diabetes, etc. (World Health Organization, 2020). A simple walk daily is vital for an older adult's health, which will be impossible if they cannot move well.

Disability

Disability can hinder geriatric patients' ability to do things independently. Most of the time, they will need help or assistance from other people and may require caregivers.

Poor quality of life

Another problem that older adults may face when they cannot move or steady themselves is poor quality of life. This is because they will be primarily sedentary, just staying in their homes, which can bring them feelings of isolation or depression, significantly impacting their well-being.

Increased mortality

Combining the risks above from impaired mobility and balance can contribute to increased mortality risk. Mobility impairments predict higher mortality and dependence, yet physical activity can lower these risks for those affected. Despite their overall greater risk, mobility-impaired individuals may prevent further disability and mortality through regular exercise (Hirvensalo et al., 2000).

To better understand and assess these mobility-related risks, healthcare professionals often use tools like the BOOMER Test.

What is the BOOMER Test?

The Balance Outcome Measure for Elder Rehabilitation (BOOMER) Test evaluates standing balance and functional mobility in older adults. This functional balance measure combines multiple simple tests into one efficient assessment, taking only 5-10 minutes with minimal equipment.

BOOMER consists of four assessments. Here's how each test is conducted:

1. Step test

The individual repeatedly steps up onto a 7.5 cm high step and then back down as many times as possible within 15 seconds. This is done with each foot, and the average number of steps from both legs determines the score.

2. Timed up and go

The individual starts from a seated position, stands up, walks 3 meters, turns 180 degrees, and walks back 3 meters to the chair. The client then sits down again with their back resting against the backrest.

3. Functional reach

The individual stands upright and reaches as far forward as possible without losing balance.

4. Time static stance

The individual is standing with feet together and eyes closed. The time they can maintain this position without moving is recorded to evaluate their balance and stability.

Test validity

The BOOMER Test demonstrated high internal consistency and strong correlation with the modified elderly mobility scale (MEMS) and the functional independence measure (FIM) motor score, with a minimum clinically significant change of 3 points on a 17-point scale (Haines et al., 2007).

A further validation study compared BOOMER's concurrent validity with the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and gait speed in older adults. BOOMER showed a high correlation with the BBS and a moderate to fair correlation with gait speed. While the BOOMER and BBS displayed moderate correlation in change scores, the gait speed revealed only fair correlation (Kuys et al., 2011).

How to use our BOOMER PDF assessment template?

Because we know the importance of ready-made tools when conducting a BOOMER Test, here's one for you. Follow the steps to incorporate it during your session with your client:

Step 1: Download the template

Click "Download" to get the PDF copy of the BOOMER Test on this page, or click "Use template" to edit it within the Carepatron platform before printing or sending it to clients.

Step 2: Use during assessment

Before the assessment, explain how the test is performed to your patient. It's best to instruct them beforehand that the four tests will be conducted in one session to measure their mobility, balance, and perceived confidence. This way, they can prepare.

Step 3: Store for future uses

Regular monitoring and follow-up are vital for improving a patient's condition. Store the template and use it as a baseline for comparison in future conducts of the BOOMER Test in your clinic or in geriatric rehabilitation units.

BOOMER Test scoring and interpretation

Results for each test are considered to score the BOOMER Test. The average number of steps from both legs is used to determine the score for the step test.

Meanwhile, you record the duration in seconds for both timed up and go and static standing with eyes closed test. The functional reach test measures the distance reached (in meters) to assess their stability and balance.

In our template, we've created a column where you can indicate the patient's results for each test. Then, choose the corresponding patient score based on their test results. The BOOMER scale ranges from 0 (unable to perform the test) to 4 (excellent). To get the total score, add up all scores.

How physical therapists rehabilitate elderly mobility and balance

As a physical therapist, you know that helping older adults regain mobility and balance is key to improving their quality of life.

Every client is different, so it’s important to tailor your approach based on their specific needs, abilities, and environment. Here are five ways that can help:

1. Strengthening exercises

Muscle loss comes with aging, which can seriously affect mobility and safety. Incorporating simple strengthening routines, like resistance band leg presses or seated marches, can go a long way in helping clients build stability and confidence. These exercises don’t need to be intense, just consistent and appropriate for their fitness level.

2. Flexibility and range-of-motion training

Keeping joints loose and muscles flexible helps older adults move more comfortably and reduces the risk of injury. You might use gentle hamstring stretches or arm circles during sessions to improve the overall range of motion.

Over time, these movements can help make daily activities like dressing or reaching overhead much easier.

3. Balance and coordination exercises

Improving balance is one of the best ways to reduce falls. Something as simple as having your client practice standing on one foot while holding a chair, or walking heel-to-toe along a hallway, can make a big difference. These small challenges build coordination and body awareness, especially when done regularly.

4. Home environment assessments

Sometimes the biggest progress happens outside the clinic. Taking time to assess your client’s home setup allows you to suggest practical changes, like adding grab bars in the bathroom or removing throw rugs, that can significantly lower fall risk.

A safer home environment supports all the work you’re doing during sessions.

5. Nutritional coordination

Partnering with a nutritionist or simply encouraging clients to include more protein in their diet can help improve muscle repair and reduce joint strain. For instance, suggesting they add a protein shake after exercise or include eggs with breakfast can support your therapy goals.

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, May 9). Facts about falls. Older Adult Fall Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/falls/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

Haines, T., Kuys, S. S., Morrison, G., Clarke, J., Bew, P., & McPhail, S. (2007). Development and validation of the balance outcome measure for elder rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88(12), 1614–1621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.09.012

Health in Aging Foundation. (n.d.). Caregiver guide: Mobility problems. https://www.healthinaging.org/tools-and-tips/caregiver-guide-mobility-problems

Hirvensalo, M., Rantanen, T., & Heikkinen, E. (2000). Mobility difficulties and physical activity as predictors of mortality and loss of independence in the community-living older population. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48(5), 493–498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04994.x

Kuys, S. S., Morrison, G., Bew, P. G., Clarke, J., & Haines, T. P. (2011). Further validation of the balance outcome measure for elder rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92(1), 101–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2010.10.001

World Health Organization. (2020). Physical activity. https://www.who.int/health-topics/physical-activity#tab=tab_1