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Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until USDL 17-0140
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Technical information: (202) 691-5606 dprweb@bls.gov www.bls.gov/lpc
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 PressOffice@bls.gov
(NOTE: This release was reissued February 8, 2017 to correct 2015 annual
average data for the nonfinancial corporate sector as shown in table 6 and
appendix table 1. These measures reflect corrected source data on output
reissued by the Bureau of Economic Analysis on February 6, 2017.)
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS
Fourth Quarter and Annual Averages 2016, Preliminary
Nonfarm business sector labor productivity increased at a 1.3-percent annual
rate during the fourth quarter of 2016, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
reported today, as output increased 2.2 percent and hours worked increased 0.9
percent. (All quarterly percent changes in this release are seasonally
adjusted annual rates.) From the fourth quarter of 2015 to the fourth quarter
of 2016, productivity increased 1.0 percent, reflecting increases in output
and hours worked of 2.2 percent and 1.1 percent, respectively. (See table A1.)
Annual average productivity increased 0.2 percent from 2015 to 2016. (See
table C1.)
Labor productivity, or output per hour, is calculated by dividing an index of
real output by an index of hours worked of all persons, including employees,
proprietors, and unpaid family workers.
Unit labor costs in the nonfarm business sector increased 1.7 percent in the
fourth quarter of 2016, reflecting a 3.0-percent increase in hourly
compensation and a 1.3-percent increase in productivity. Unit labor costs
increased 1.9 percent over the last four quarters. (See tables A1 and 2.)
BLS calculates unit labor costs as the ratio of hourly compensation to labor
productivity. Increases in hourly compensation tend to increase unit labor
costs, and increases in output per hour tend to reduce them.
Manufacturing sector labor productivity increased 0.7 percent in the fourth
quarter of 2016, as output increased 0.8 percent and hours worked were
unchanged. Output per hour increased 0.1 percent in the durable goods
manufacturing sector and 1.8 percent in the nondurable goods sector. Over the
last four quarters, manufacturing sector productivity increased 0.4 percent,
output increased 0.2 percent, and hours worked decreased 0.2 percent. (See
tables A1, 3, 4, and 5.) Unit labor costs in manufacturing increased 3.3
percent in the fourth quarter of 2016 and rose 2.2 percent from the same
quarter a year ago. Hourly compensation increased 4.1 percent in the fourth
quarter of 2016.
The concepts, sources, and methods used for the manufacturing output series
differ from those used in the business and nonfarm business output series;
these output measures are not directly comparable. See the Technical Notes for
a more detailed explanation.
Annual averages
Table C1 presents annual average changes for the most recent 5 years for the
nonfarm business sector and the total manufacturing sector. Nonfarm business
sector productivity grew 0.2 percent in 2016, as output and hours increased
1.7 percent and 1.5 percent, respectively. The increase in hours was the
smallest since a 0.1-percent decrease in 2010. Productivity has increased at
an annual rate of less than 1.0 percent in each of the last 6 years. The
average annual rate of nonfarm business sector productivity growth from 2007
to 2016--corresponding to the current business cycle--is 1.1 percent, well
below the long-term rate from 1947 to 2016 of 2.1 percent.
Unit labor costs in the nonfarm business sector rose 2.6 percent in 2016,
reflecting increases of 2.8 percent in hourly compensation and 0.2 percent in
productivity. The increase in unit labor costs is the largest since 2007, when
unit labor costs rose 2.7 percent. Real hourly compensation, which takes into
account changes in consumer prices, increased 1.5 percent in 2016.
In the manufacturing sector, productivity increased 0.6 percent in 2016, as
output increased 0.2 percent and hours worked decreased 0.4 percent. The
decrease in the annual hours series was the first since a 12.9-percent annual
decrease in 2009. Manufacturing sector productivity has increased at an annual
rate of less than 1.0 percent in each of the last 4 years. The average annual
rate of manufacturing productivity growth from 2007 to 2016 is 1.7 percent,
which is below the long-term rate from 1987 to 2016 of 3.2 percent. Unit labor
costs increased 2.6 percent in 2016.
Revised measures
Revised and previously published measures for the third quarter of 2016 are
shown in tables A2 and B1 and cover the following major sectors: nonfarm
business, business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial corporations.
In the third quarter of 2016, nonfarm business productivity was revised up 0.4
percentage point, to an increase of 3.5 percent. (See table B1.) Unit labor
costs in the nonfarm business sector increased 0.2 percent in the third
quarter--rather than 0.7 percent as previously reported.
In the manufacturing sector, productivity was revised down 0.4 percentage
point to show no change in the third quarter of 2016. Manufacturing unit labor
costs increased 3.3 percent, the same rate as previously reported.
In the nonfinancial corporate sector, productivity was revised down 0.6
percentage point in the third quarter of 2016, to an increase of 6.5 percent.
This downward revision to productivity is due primarily to a 0.5-percentage
point downward revision to output. (See table A2.) This release incorporates
revised historical source data on output in nonfinancial corporations,
published December 22, 2016 by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. This led to
revisions back to 1947 for all quarterly and annual output-related measures
including productivity and unit labor costs. The average annual rate of
productivity growth from 2007 to 2015 in the nonfinancial corporate sector was
revised down from 1.3 percent to 0.9 percent. The long-term rate for average
annual productivity growth from 1947 to 2015 was revised down 0.1 percentage
point to 2.2 percent.
Quarterly and annual data for all sectors from 2014 to 2016 appear in tables
1-6. Historical annual indexes for the nonfinancial corporate sector can be
found in appendix table 1. Full historical measures can be found on the
Productivity and Costs home page: www.bls.gov/lpc/#data.
______________
==============================================================================
Methodology change for hours worked
Beginning with the Productivity and Costs news release scheduled for March 8,
2017, an improvement in the methodology for estimating hours worked will be
implemented. As a result, hours worked and related measures, including labor
productivity, will be subject to revision for all sectors from 1989 forward.
For more information see: www.bls.gov/lpc/hwhpnew.htm.
==============================================================================
The revised Productivity and Costs news release for fourth-quarter 2016 is
scheduled to be released on Wednesday, March 8, 2017 at 8:30 a.m. (EST).
Calendar year 2017 release dates for Productivity and Costs news
releases are now available at www.bls.gov/schedule/news_release/prod2.htm.
=========================================================================================================================
Table A1. Labor productivity growth and related measures – preliminary fourth-quarter 2016
(percent change from previous quarter at annual rate and from same quarter a year ago)
Labor Hours Hourly Real hourly Unit labor
Sector Percent change from: productivity Output worked compensation compensation costs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonfarm Business Previous quarter 1.3 2.2 0.9 3.0 -0.4 1.7
A year ago 1.0 2.2 1.1 2.9 1.1 1.9
Business Previous quarter 2.0 2.2 0.2 3.9 0.4 1.8
A year ago 1.2 2.2 1.0 3.1 1.2 1.8
Manufacturing Previous quarter 0.7 0.8 0.0 4.1 0.6 3.3
A Year ago 0.4 0.2 -0.2 2.6 0.7 2.2
Durable Previous quarter 0.1 0.7 0.7 3.9 0.4 3.8
Manufacturing A year ago 1.1 0.8 -0.2 2.7 0.9 1.6
Nondurable Previous quarter 1.8 0.8 -1.0 4.3 0.8 2.4
Manufacturing A year ago -0.4 -0.5 -0.1 2.3 0.5 2.8
=========================================================================================================================
=========================================================================================================================
Table A2. Labor productivity growth and related measures – revised and previously published third-quarter 2016
(percent change from previous quarter at annual rate)
Labor Hours Hourly Real hourly Unit labor
Sector productivity Output worked compensation compensation costs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonfinancial Revised 6.5 7.8 1.2 4.1 2.4 -2.2
Corporations Previously published 7.1 8.3 1.1 4.3 2.6 -2.7
=========================================================================================================================
=========================================================================================================================
Table B1. Labor productivity growth and related measures – revised and previously published third-quarter 2016
(percent change from previous quarter at annual rate)
Labor Hours Hourly Real hourly Unit labor
Sector productivity Output worked compensation compensation costs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonfarm Business Revised 3.5 4.2 0.6 3.7 2.1 0.2
Previously published 3.1 3.6 0.5 3.8 2.2 0.7
Business Revised 3.9 4.3 0.4 4.0 2.3 0.0
Previously published 3.5 3.9 0.3 4.1 2.4 0.6
Manufacturing Revised 0.0 0.6 0.5 3.4 1.7 3.3
Previously published 0.4 0.6 0.3 3.7 2.0 3.3
Durable Revised 2.1 2.2 0.1 3.8 2.1 1.7
Manufacturing Previously published 3.0 2.7 -0.3 4.2 2.5 1.2
Nondurable Revised -2.7 -1.5 1.3 2.6 1.0 5.5
Manufacturing Previously published -3.0 -1.9 1.1 2.8 1.2 6.0
=========================================================================================================================
=========================================================================================================================
Table C1. Labor productivity growth and related measures – annual average changes: 2012-2016
Labor Hours Hourly Real hourly Unit labor
Sector Year productivity Output worked compensation compensation costs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonfarm Business 2016 0.2 1.7 1.5 2.8 1.5 2.6
2015 0.9 3.1 2.1 2.9 2.8 2.0
2014 0.8 3.0 2.2 2.8 1.1 2.0
2013 0.3 2.0 1.7 1.2 -0.3 0.9
2012 0.9 3.1 2.2 2.7 0.6 1.7
Manufacturing 2016 0.6 0.2 -0.4 3.3 2.0 2.6
2015 0.3 1.2 0.8 2.5 2.4 2.2
2014 0.1 1.7 1.6 2.8 1.1 2.7
2013 0.2 1.0 0.8 0.2 -1.2 0.0
2012 1.7 4.1 2.3 1.7 -0.3 0.0
=========================================================================================================================
TECHNICAL NOTES
Labor Hours
Hours data for the labor productivity and cost measures include hours worked
for all persons working in the sector—wage and salary workers, the self-
employed and unpaid family workers. The primary source of hours and employment
data is the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, which provides
monthly survey data on the number of jobs held by wage and salary workers in
nonfarm establishments, counting a person who is employed by two or more
establishments at each place of employment. The CES also provides average
weekly paid hours of production and nonsupervisory workers in these
establishments. Weekly paid hours are adjusted to hours at work using data
from the National Compensation Survey (NCS) for 2001 forward and data from the
BLS Hours at Work survey, conducted for this purpose, for earlier years. The
Office of Productivity and Technology estimates average weekly hours at work
for nonproduction and supervisory workers using information from the Current
Population Survey (CPS), the CES, and the NCS.
Data from the CPS are used to estimate hours worked for farm labor, nonfarm
proprietors, and nonfarm unpaid family workers. Using CPS information on
employment and hours worked at primary jobs and all other jobs, separately,
the BLS productivity measures assign all hours worked to the correct
industrial sector. Hours for government enterprises are derived from the CPS,
the CES, and the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) prepared by the
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the Department of Commerce.
Output
Business sector output is a chain-type, current-weighted index constructed
after excluding from gross domestic product (GDP) the following outputs:
general government, nonprofit institutions, and private households (including
owner-occupied housing). Corresponding exclusions also are made in labor
inputs. Business output accounted for about 76 percent of the value of GDP in
2015. Nonfarm business, which excludes farming, accounted for about 75 percent
of GDP in 2015.
Annual indexes for manufacturing and its durable and nondurable goods
components are constructed by deflating current-dollar industry value of
production data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census with deflators from the
BLS. These deflators are based on data from the BLS producer price program and
other sources. The industry shipments are aggregated using annual weights, and
intrasector transactions are removed. Quarterly manufacturing output measures
are based on the indexes of industrial production prepared monthly by the
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, adjusted to be consistent
with annual indexes of manufacturing sector output prepared by BLS.
Nonfinancial corporate output is a chain-type, current-weighted index
calculated on the basis of the costs incurred and the incomes earned from
production. The output measure excludes the following outputs from GDP:
general government; nonprofit institutions; private households; unincorporated
business; and those corporations classified as offices of bank holding
companies, offices of other holding companies, or offices in the finance and
insurance sector. Nonfinancial corporations accounted for about 50 percent of
the value of GDP in 2015.
Labor Productivity
The measure describes the relationship between real output and the labor time
involved in its production. Measures of labor productivity growth show the
changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per
hour worked. They reflect the joint effects of many influences, including
changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; utilization of
capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production; managerial
skill; and the characteristics and effort of the work force.
Labor Compensation
The measure includes accrued wages and salaries, supplements, employer
contributions to employee benefit plans, and taxes. Estimates of labor
compensation by major sector, required for measures of hourly compensation and
unit labor costs, are based primarily on employee compensation data from the
NIPA, prepared by the BEA. The compensation of employees in general
government, nonprofit institutions and private households are subtracted from
compensation of employees in domestic industries to derive employee
compensation for the business sector. The labor compensation of proprietors
cannot be explicitly identified and must be estimated. This is done by
assuming that proprietors have the same hourly compensation as employees in
the same sector. The quarterly labor productivity and cost measures do not
contain estimates of compensation for unpaid family workers.
Unit Labor Costs
These measures describe the relationship between compensation per hour and
labor productivity, or real output per hour, and can be used as an indicator
of inflationary pressure on producers. Increases in hourly compensation
increase unit labor costs; labor productivity increases offset compensation
increases and lower unit labor costs.
Presentation of the data
The quarterly data in this release are presented in three ways: as percent
changes from the previous quarter presented at a compound annual rate, as
percent changes from the corresponding quarter of the previous year, and as
index number series where 2009=100. Annual data are presented both as index
number series and percent changes from the previous year.
The index numbers and rates of change reported in the productivity and costs
news release are rounded to one decimal place. All percent changes in this
release and on the BLS web site are calculated using index numbers to three
decimal places. A complete historical series of these index numbers are
available at the BLS web site, www.bls.gov/data/home.htm, or by contacting the
BLS Division of Major Sector Productivity (Telephone 202-691-5606 or email
dprweb@bls.gov).
For a more detailed explanation of methodology see "Technical Information
About the Major Sector Productivity and Costs Methods" at
www.bls.gov/lpc/lpcmethods.pdf.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory-impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5606; Federal Relay Service
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Business sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and prices,
seasonally adjusted.
Real
Hourly hourly Unit Implicit
Year Labor compen- compen- Unit nonlabor price
and produc- Hours sation sation labor payments deflator
quarter tivity Output worked (1) (2) costs (3) (4)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)
2016 ANNUAL 0.3 1.8 1.5 2.7 1.5 2.5 -1.0 1.0
2016 IV 2.0 2.2 0.2 3.9 0.4 1.8 2.0 1.9
III 3.9 r 4.3 r 0.4 r 4.0 r 2.3 r 0.0 r 1.9 r 0.8
II -0.4 1.6 2.0 5.6 3.0 6.0 -3.0 2.1
I -0.7 0.8 1.5 -1.1 -0.7 -0.4 1.4 0.4
2015 ANNUAL 0.8 3.1 2.3 2.8 2.7 2.0 -1.0 0.7
2015 IV -2.5 0.8 3.4 2.9 2.1 5.5 -6.7 0.1
III 2.3 2.1 -0.2 2.9 1.6 0.6 1.3 0.9
II 1.5 3.0 1.6 5.1 2.6 3.6 0.0 2.1
I 0.7 2.3 1.6 1.6 4.6 0.9 -2.1 -0.4
2014 ANNUAL 0.6 3.0 2.3 2.6 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.6
2014 IV -1.8 2.8 4.7 3.3 3.6 5.1 -6.5 -0.1
III 3.4 6.4 2.9 3.2 2.3 -0.2 3.3 1.3
II 1.8 5.0 3.1 -1.8 -3.8 -3.6 10.4 2.3
I -3.6 -2.0 1.6 6.5 4.1 10.4 -8.9 1.5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year
2016 ANNUAL 0.3 1.8 1.5 2.7 1.5 2.5 -1.0 1.0
2016 IV 1.2 2.2 1.0 3.1 1.2 1.8 0.6 1.3
III 0.1 r 1.9 r 1.8 2.8 r 1.7 2.8 r -1.7 r 0.9
II -0.3 1.3 1.7 2.6 1.5 2.9 -1.8 0.9
I 0.1 1.7 1.6 2.5 1.4 2.3 -1.1 0.9
2015 ANNUAL 0.8 3.1 2.3 2.8 2.7 2.0 -1.0 0.7
2015 IV 0.5 2.1 1.6 3.1 2.7 2.6 -1.9 0.7
III 0.7 2.6 1.9 3.2 3.1 2.5 -1.8 0.6
II 0.9 3.6 2.7 3.3 3.3 2.3 -1.4 0.7
I 1.0 4.1 3.1 1.5 1.6 0.5 1.1 0.8
2014 ANNUAL 0.6 3.0 2.3 2.6 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.6
2014 IV -0.1 3.0 3.1 2.7 1.5 2.8 -0.7 1.3
III 1.3 3.6 2.3 2.4 0.6 1.0 2.6 1.7
II 0.9 3.1 2.2 1.8 -0.3 0.9 3.1 1.8
I 0.4 2.1 1.7 3.7 2.2 3.3 -1.0 1.4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indexes 2009=100
2016 ANNUAL 106.5 119.7 112.4 117.4 104.9 110.2 110.6 110.4
2016 IV 107.4 121.0 112.6 119.2 105.5 110.9 111.1 111.0
III 106.9 r 120.3 r 112.6 r 118.1 r 105.4 r 110.5 r 110.5 r 110.5 r
II 105.9 119.1 112.5 116.9 104.8 110.4 110.0 110.3
I 106.0 118.6 111.9 115.3 104.0 108.8 110.9 109.7
2015 ANNUAL 106.2 117.6 110.7 114.3 103.4 107.5 111.7 109.3
2015 IV 106.1 118.3 111.5 115.6 104.2 108.9 110.5 109.6
III 106.8 118.1 110.6 114.8 103.7 107.5 112.4 109.5
II 106.2 117.5 110.6 114.0 103.3 107.3 112.0 109.3
I 105.8 116.6 110.2 112.6 102.6 106.4 112.0 108.7
2014 ANNUAL 105.4 114.1 108.2 111.1 100.7 105.4 112.9 108.5
2014 IV 105.6 115.9 109.7 112.1 101.5 106.1 112.6 108.9
III 106.1 115.1 108.5 111.2 100.6 104.8 114.5 108.9
II 105.2 113.4 107.7 110.4 100.0 104.9 113.6 108.5
I 104.8 112.0 106.9 110.9 101.0 105.8 110.8 107.9
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6. February 2, 2017
r=revised Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 2. Nonfarm business sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and
prices, seasonally adjusted.
Real
Hourly hourly Unit Implicit
Year Labor compen- compen- Unit nonlabor price
and produc- Hours sation sation labor payments deflator
quarter tivity Output worked (1) (2) costs (3) (4)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)
2016 ANNUAL 0.2 1.7 1.5 2.8 1.5 2.6 -0.6 1.2
2016 IV 1.3 2.2 0.9 3.0 -0.4 1.7 2.6 2.1
III 3.5 r 4.2 r 0.6 r 3.7 r 2.1 r 0.2 r 2.4 r 1.1
II -0.2 1.6 1.7 6.1 3.4 6.2 -2.8 2.3
I -0.6 0.7 1.4 -0.9 -0.6 -0.3 2.1 0.7
2015 ANNUAL 0.9 3.1 2.1 2.9 2.8 2.0 -0.4 1.0
2015 IV -2.4 0.8 3.3 3.1 2.3 5.7 -6.2 0.5
III 2.0 1.8 -0.2 2.9 1.5 0.8 1.1 1.0
II 1.2 3.1 1.9 4.8 2.2 3.6 -0.1 2.0
I 1.1 2.4 1.3 1.8 4.8 0.7 -0.1 0.4
2014 ANNUAL 0.8 3.0 2.2 2.8 1.1 2.0 1.3 1.7
2014 IV -1.6 2.7 4.4 3.6 3.9 5.2 -6.3 0.1
III 4.2 6.5 2.3 3.9 3.0 -0.2 4.5 1.8
II 2.0 5.1 3.0 -1.7 -3.6 -3.7 9.8 1.9
I -3.7 -1.8 2.0 6.2 3.8 10.2 -9.2 1.4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year
2016 ANNUAL 0.2 1.7 1.5 2.8 1.5 2.6 -0.6 1.2
2016 IV 1.0 2.2 1.1 2.9 1.1 1.9 1.0 1.5
III 0.1 r 1.8 r 1.7 3.0 1.8 2.9 r -1.2 r 1.1
II -0.3 1.2 1.5 2.7 1.6 3.1 -1.5 1.1
I 0.0 1.6 1.6 2.4 1.3 2.4 -0.8 1.0
2015 ANNUAL 0.9 3.1 2.1 2.9 2.8 2.0 -0.4 1.0
2015 IV 0.4 2.0 1.6 3.1 2.7 2.7 -1.4 0.9
III 0.7 2.5 1.8 3.2 3.1 2.6 -1.4 0.8
II 1.2 3.7 2.5 3.5 3.5 2.3 -0.6 1.0
I 1.4 4.2 2.7 1.9 2.0 0.5 1.8 1.0
2014 ANNUAL 0.8 3.0 2.2 2.8 1.1 2.0 1.3 1.7
2014 IV 0.2 3.1 2.9 2.9 1.7 2.7 -0.6 1.3
III 1.6 3.8 2.2 2.6 0.8 1.0 3.0 1.8
II 1.0 3.1 2.1 1.9 -0.1 0.9 3.4 2.0
I 0.3 2.0 1.7 3.8 2.3 3.4 -0.4 1.8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indexes 2009=100
2016 ANNUAL 106.7 119.8 112.3 117.6 105.2 110.3 110.8 110.5
2016 IV 107.4 121.0 112.7 119.3 105.6 111.1 111.4 111.2
III 107.0 r 120.4 r 112.4 r 118.4 r 105.7 r 110.6 r 110.7 r 110.6 r
II 106.1 119.1 112.3 117.3 105.1 110.5 110.1 110.3
I 106.2 118.7 111.8 115.6 104.3 108.9 110.9 109.7
2015 ANNUAL 106.5 117.8 110.6 114.5 103.6 107.5 111.5 109.2
2015 IV 106.3 118.5 111.4 115.9 104.4 109.0 110.3 109.5
III 107.0 118.2 110.5 115.0 103.8 107.5 112.1 109.4
II 106.4 117.7 110.6 114.2 103.4 107.3 111.8 109.1
I 106.1 116.8 110.1 112.9 102.9 106.3 111.8 108.6
2014 ANNUAL 105.5 114.3 108.3 111.2 100.8 105.4 111.9 108.1
2014 IV 105.9 116.1 109.7 112.4 101.7 106.1 111.8 108.5
III 106.3 115.3 108.5 111.4 100.7 104.8 113.7 108.5
II 105.2 113.5 107.9 110.3 100.0 104.9 112.4 108.0
I 104.7 112.1 107.1 110.8 100.9 105.8 109.8 107.5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6. February 2, 2017
r=revised Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 3. Manufacturing sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs,
seasonally adjusted.
Real
Year Labor Hourly hourly Unit
and produc- Hours compensa- compensa- labor
quarter tivity Output worked tion (1) tion (2) costs
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)
2016 ANNUAL 0.6 0.2 -0.4 3.3 2.0 2.6
2016 IV 0.7 0.8 0.0 4.1 0.6 3.3
III 0.0 r 0.6 0.5 r 3.4 r 1.7 r 3.3
II -0.5 -1.0 -0.5 8.0 5.4 8.5
I 1.4 0.6 -0.8 -4.8 -4.5 -6.1
2015 ANNUAL 0.3 1.2 0.8 2.5 2.4 2.2
2015 IV -1.1 -0.5 0.6 8.2 7.4 9.5
III 3.7 1.9 -1.7 4.4 3.0 0.7
II 1.5 0.6 -0.9 5.4 2.9 3.8
I -1.7 -1.4 0.3 -1.9 1.0 -0.2
2014 ANNUAL 0.1 1.7 1.6 2.8 1.1 2.7
2014 IV -1.1 2.7 3.9 3.7 4.1 4.9
III 1.2 2.8 1.6 3.3 2.4 2.0
II 1.9 5.3 3.4 -2.6 -4.5 -4.4
I 0.9 -0.3 -1.2 10.4 8.0 9.5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year
2016 ANNUAL 0.6 0.2 -0.4 3.3 2.0 2.6
2016 IV 0.4 0.2 -0.2 2.6 0.7 2.2
III -0.1 r -0.1 0.0 r 3.6 r 2.4 r 3.6
II 0.8 0.2 -0.6 3.8 2.7 3.0
I 1.3 0.6 -0.7 3.2 2.1 1.8
2015 ANNUAL 0.3 1.2 0.8 2.5 2.4 2.2
2015 IV 0.6 0.1 -0.4 4.0 3.5 3.4
III 0.6 1.0 0.4 2.9 2.7 2.3
II 0.0 1.2 1.2 2.6 2.6 2.6
I 0.1 2.4 2.3 0.6 0.7 0.5
2014 ANNUAL 0.1 1.7 1.6 2.8 1.1 2.7
2014 IV 0.7 2.6 1.9 3.6 2.4 2.9
III 0.5 2.4 1.9 2.4 0.6 1.8
II -0.4 1.5 2.0 1.8 -0.3 2.2
I -0.5 0.0 0.5 3.3 1.9 3.8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indexes 2009=100
2016 ANNUAL 120.3 129.2 107.3 114.3 102.2 95.0
2016 IV 120.5 129.4 107.4 116.2 102.8 96.4
III 120.3 r 129.1 r 107.4 r 115.0 r 102.7 r 95.7 r
II 120.2 r 128.9 r 107.2 114.1 102.3 94.9 r
I 120.4 129.3 107.4 111.9 100.9 93.0
2015 ANNUAL 119.6 128.8 107.7 110.7 100.2 92.5
2015 IV 120.0 129.1 107.6 113.3 102.1 94.4
III 120.3 129.2 107.4 111.1 100.3 92.3
II 119.3 128.6 107.9 109.9 99.5 92.1
I 118.8 128.4 108.1 108.4 98.8 91.3
2014 ANNUAL 119.2 127.4 106.8 107.9 97.8 90.5
2014 IV 119.3 128.9 108.0 109.0 98.6 91.3
III 119.6 128.0 107.0 108.0 97.6 90.2
II 119.3 127.1 106.6 107.1 97.0 89.8
I 118.7 125.5 105.7 107.8 98.2 90.8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6. February 2, 2017
r=revised Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 4. Durable manufacturing sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, and unit labor
costs, seasonally adjusted.
Real
Year Labor Hourly hourly Unit
and produc- Hours compensa- compensa- labor
quarter tivity Output worked tion (1) tion (2) costs
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)
2016 ANNUAL 1.0 0.4 -0.6 3.4 2.1 2.4
2016 IV 0.1 0.7 0.7 3.9 0.4 3.8
III 2.1 r 2.2 r 0.1 r 3.8 r 2.1 r 1.7 r
II 2.4 r 0.6 -1.8 10.1 7.4 7.5
I -0.4 -0.1 0.2 -6.4 -6.0 -6.0
2015 ANNUAL 0.0 0.5 0.5 3.0 2.8 2.9
2015 IV -2.1 -1.4 0.7 9.4 8.5 11.8
III 5.1 2.3 -2.7 3.9 2.5 -1.1
II 2.2 0.5 -1.7 5.2 2.6 2.9
I -4.0 -4.0 0.1 -0.4 2.5 3.8
2014 ANNUAL 0.7 2.8 2.1 2.4 0.7 1.7
2014 IV -0.4 1.9 2.3 4.3 4.6 4.7
III 0.8 3.7 2.9 3.4 2.5 2.6
II 2.1 7.2 4.9 -2.7 -4.6 -4.7
I 1.5 0.4 -1.1 10.6 8.2 9.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year
2016 ANNUAL 1.0 0.4 -0.6 3.4 2.1 2.4
2016 IV 1.1 0.8 -0.2 2.7 0.9 1.6
III 0.5 r 0.3 r -0.2 r 4.0 r 2.8 r 3.5 r
II 1.2 0.3 -0.9 4.0 2.9 2.8
I 1.2 0.3 -0.9 2.9 1.8 1.7
2015 ANNUAL 0.0 0.5 0.5 3.0 2.8 2.9
2015 IV 0.2 -0.7 -0.9 4.5 4.0 4.2
III 0.7 0.2 -0.5 3.2 3.1 2.5
II -0.4 0.5 0.9 3.1 3.1 3.5
I -0.4 2.1 2.5 1.1 1.2 1.5
2014 ANNUAL 0.7 2.8 2.1 2.4 0.7 1.7
2014 IV 1.0 3.3 2.2 3.8 2.6 2.8
III 1.0 3.9 2.9 1.7 -0.1 0.7
II 0.3 3.0 2.6 1.3 -0.8 0.9
I 0.3 1.0 0.7 2.7 1.3 2.4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indexes 2009=100
2016 ANNUAL 122.3 134.4 109.9 113.6 101.5 92.9
2016 IV 122.8 135.0 110.0 115.6 102.3 94.1
III 122.8 r 134.8 r 109.8 r 114.5 r 102.2 r 93.3 r
II 122.1 r 134.1 r 109.8 113.4 101.7 92.9 r
I 121.4 133.9 110.3 110.7 99.9 91.2
2015 ANNUAL 121.1 133.8 110.6 109.8 99.4 90.7
2015 IV 121.5 133.9 110.2 112.6 101.4 92.6
III 122.2 134.4 110.0 110.1 99.4 90.1
II 120.7 133.6 110.8 109.0 98.8 90.4
I 120.0 133.5 111.2 107.6 98.1 89.7
2014 ANNUAL 121.0 133.1 110.0 106.7 96.7 88.1
2014 IV 121.2 134.8 111.2 107.8 97.5 88.9
III 121.3 134.2 110.6 106.6 96.4 87.9
II 121.1 132.9 109.8 105.8 95.8 87.3
I 120.5 130.7 108.5 106.5 97.0 88.4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6. February 2, 2017
r=revised Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 5. Nondurable manufacturing sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, and unit labor
costs, seasonally adjusted.
Real
Year Labor Hourly hourly Unit
and produc- Hours compensa- compensa- labor
quarter tivity Output worked tion (1) tion (2) costs
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)
2016 ANNUAL 0.1 0.0 -0.1 3.1 1.8 3.0
2016 IV 1.8 0.8 -1.0 4.3 0.8 2.4
III -2.7 r -1.5 r 1.3 r 2.6 r 1.0 r 5.5 r
II -4.6 -2.9 1.8 4.4 1.8 9.4 r
I 4.0 1.4 -2.5 -1.9 -1.5 -5.7
2015 ANNUAL 0.5 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.3
2015 IV 0.1 0.6 0.5 6.1 5.2 6.0
III 1.5 1.4 -0.1 5.5 4.1 4.0
II 0.3 0.7 0.4 6.1 3.5 5.8
I 1.0 1.8 0.8 -4.7 -1.8 -5.6
2014 ANNUAL 0.0 0.6 0.6 3.4 1.8 3.5
2014 IV -2.7 3.7 6.6 3.0 3.4 5.8
III 2.6 1.9 -0.7 2.9 2.0 0.3
II 2.5 3.3 0.8 -2.6 -4.5 -5.0
I 0.3 -1.0 -1.3 10.0 7.6 9.7
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year
2016 ANNUAL 0.1 0.0 -0.1 3.1 1.8 3.0
2016 IV -0.4 -0.5 -0.1 2.3 0.5 2.8
III -0.8 r -0.6 r 0.3 r 2.8 1.6 3.6 r
II 0.2 0.1 -0.1 3.5 2.4 3.3
I 1.5 1.0 -0.4 3.9 2.8 2.4
2015 ANNUAL 0.5 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.3
2015 IV 0.7 1.1 0.4 3.2 2.7 2.4
III 0.0 1.9 1.9 2.4 2.3 2.4
II 0.3 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.5
I 0.8 2.7 1.8 -0.4 -0.3 -1.2
2014 ANNUAL 0.0 0.6 0.6 3.4 1.8 3.5
2014 IV 0.7 2.0 1.3 3.2 2.0 2.6
III 0.7 1.0 0.2 3.5 1.8 2.8
II -0.7 0.2 0.8 2.6 0.5 3.3
I -0.9 -0.7 0.2 4.4 2.9 5.3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indexes 2009=100
2016 ANNUAL 113.1 116.7 103.1 115.1 102.9 101.8
2016 IV 112.8 116.4 103.2 116.7 103.3 103.5
III 112.3 r 116.2 r 103.5 r 115.5 r 103.1 r 102.9 r
II 113.0 r 116.6 r 103.2 114.8 102.9 101.5 r
I 114.4 117.5 102.7 113.5 102.4 99.3
2015 ANNUAL 113.0 116.6 103.2 111.7 101.1 98.8
2015 IV 113.2 117.0 103.3 114.1 102.8 100.7
III 113.2 116.8 103.2 112.4 101.5 99.3
II 112.8 116.4 103.2 110.9 100.5 98.3
I 112.7 116.2 103.1 109.3 99.6 96.9
2014 ANNUAL 112.5 114.4 101.7 109.7 99.5 97.6
2014 IV 112.4 115.7 102.9 110.6 100.1 98.3
III 113.2 114.7 101.3 109.7 99.2 96.9
II 112.5 114.1 101.5 109.0 98.7 96.9
I 111.8 113.2 101.3 109.7 99.9 98.1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6. February 2, 2017
r=revised Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 6. Nonfinancial corporate sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, unit labor costs,
unit profits, and prices, seasonally adjusted.
Real
Hourly hourly Unit Total Implicit
Year Labor compen- compen- Unit nonlabor unit Unit price
and produc- Hours sation sation labor costs costs profits deflator
quarter tivity Output worked (1) (2) costs (6) (7) (8) (4)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)
2016 III 6.5 r 7.8 r 1.2 r 4.1 r 2.4 r -2.2 r -4.5 r -3.0 r 15.6 r -0.7
II -1.2 0.2 1.4 5.7 3.1 7.0 1.0 5.0 -17.2 1.8
I 1.3 1.9 0.6 -1.9 -1.6 -3.2 -12.1 -6.1 30.7 -2.0
2015 ANNUAL 0.7 r 3.0 r 2.2 2.9 2.8 2.2 r 0.8 r 1.7 r -6.4 r 0.5 r
2015 IV -1.9 r 1.6 r 3.6 1.9 1.1 3.9 r 14.9 r 7.3 r -36.4 r 0.1 r
III 1.4 r 3.0 r 1.5 1.9 0.6 0.5 r 0.3 r 0.4 r -0.4 r 0.3 r
II -2.1 r -1.3 r 0.9 3.9 1.4 6.2 r 3.8 r 5.4 r -13.9 r 2.4 r
I 2.1 r 3.5 r 1.4 5.8 8.9 3.6 r -2.0 r 1.8 r -14.4 r -0.8 r
2014 ANNUAL 0.3 r 3.0 r 2.7 2.5 0.8 2.2 r 0.5 r 1.6 r 2.4 r 1.7 r
2014 IV 0.8 r 4.3 r 3.4 1.7 2.0 0.8 r -0.6 r 0.3 r -4.9 r -0.5 r
III 3.1 r 5.9 r 2.7 2.1 1.3 -1.0 r -1.1 r -1.0 r 16.2 r 1.4 r
II 0.7 r 5.8 r 5.0 -2.6 -4.5 -3.3 r -1.0 r -2.6 r 37.8 r 2.4 r
I 0.6 r 2.3 r 1.6 9.3 6.9 8.6 r 0.7 r 6.0 r -19.6 r 1.9 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year
2016 III 1.1 r 2.8 r 1.7 2.4 1.2 r 1.3 r -0.6 r 0.7 r -5.6 r -0.2 r
II -0.1 r 1.7 r 1.8 1.9 0.8 2.0 r 0.6 r 1.5 r -9.0 r 0.0 r
I -0.3 r 1.3 r 1.6 1.4 0.4 1.8 r 1.3 r 1.6 r -8.1 r 0.2 r
2015 ANNUAL 0.7 r 3.0 r 2.2 2.9 2.8 2.2 r 0.8 r 1.7 r -6.4 r 0.5 r
2015 IV -0.2 r 1.7 r 1.8 3.4 2.9 3.5 r 4.1 r 3.7 r -17.3 r 0.5 r
III 0.5 r 2.4 r 1.8 3.3 3.2 2.7 r 0.4 r 2.0 r -8.6 r 0.3 r
II 0.9 r 3.1 r 2.1 3.3 3.3 2.4 r 0.0 r 1.6 r -5.0 r 0.6 r
I 1.7 r 4.9 r 3.1 1.7 1.8 0.0 r -1.2 r -0.4 r 6.8 r 0.6 r
2014 ANNUAL 0.3 r 3.0 r 2.7 2.5 0.8 2.2 r 0.5 r 1.6 r 2.4 r 1.7 r
2014 IV 1.3 r 4.5 r 3.2 2.5 1.3 1.2 r -0.5 r 0.6 r 5.2 r 1.3 r
III 0.9 r 3.8 r 2.9 2.3 0.6 1.4 r 0.2 r 1.0 r 7.2 r 1.9 r
II -0.7 r 2.1 r 2.8 1.8 -0.3 2.5 r 1.2 r 2.1 r 2.8 r 2.2 r
I -0.3 r 1.6 r 1.9 3.4 1.9 3.7 r 1.0 r 2.8 r -5.9 r 1.5 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indexes 2009=100
2016 III 107.5 r 123.5 r 114.9 r 117.1 r 104.5 r 108.9 r 100.3 r 106.0 r 139.4 r 109.5 r
II 105.9 r 121.2 r 114.5 115.9 103.9 109.5 r 101.4 r 106.8 r 134.5 r 109.7 r
I 106.2 r 121.2 r 114.1 114.3 103.1 107.7 r 101.2 r 105.5 r 141.0 r 109.2 r
2015 ANNUAL 106.2 r 119.9 r 112.9 113.9 103.1 107.3 r 101.5 r 105.4 r 145.1 r 109.5 r
2015 IV 105.8 r 120.6 r 114.0 114.9 103.5 108.5 r 104.5 r 107.2 r 131.8 r 109.8 r
III 106.4 r 120.1 r 113.0 114.3 103.2 107.5 r 100.9 r 105.3 r 147.6 r 109.7 r
II 106.0 r 119.3 r 112.5 113.8 103.1 107.4 r 100.8 r 105.2 r 147.8 r 109.6 r
I 106.5 r 119.6 r 112.3 112.7 102.7 105.8 r 99.9 r 103.8 r 153.4 r 109.0 r
2014 ANNUAL 105.4 r 116.4 r 110.5 110.7 100.3 105.0 r 100.7 r 103.6 r 155.1 r 109.0 r
2014 IV 106.0 r 118.6 r 111.9 111.1 100.6 104.8 r 100.4 r 103.3 r 159.5 r 109.2 r
III 105.8 r 117.4 r 111.0 110.7 100.1 104.6 r 100.5 r 103.3 r 161.5 r 109.4 r
II 105.0 r 115.7 r 110.2 110.1 99.8 104.9 r 100.8 r 103.5 r 155.5 r 109.0 r
I 104.8 r 114.1 r 108.9 110.8 100.9 105.8 r 101.1 r 104.2 r 143.6 r 108.3 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6. February 8, 2017
r=revised Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
SOURCES: Output data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Census
Bureau of the U.S. Department of Commerce; the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S.
Department of Labor; and the Federal Reserve Board. Hours and
compensation data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of
Economic Analysis.
RELIABILITY: Productivity and cost measures are regularly revised as more
complete information becomes available. The measures are first published
within 40 days of the close of the reference period; revisions appear 30 days
later, and second revisions after an additional 60 days. In the business
sector, the third publication (second revision) of a quarterly index of
output per hour of all persons has differed from the initial value by between
-1.6 and 1.4 index points approximately 95 percent of the time. This interval
is based on the performance of this measure between the fourth quarter of
1995 and the third quarter of 2016.
Table Footnotes
(1) Wages and salaries of employees plus employers' contributions for social
insurance and private benefit plans. Except for nonfinancial corporations,
where there are no self-employed, data also include an estimate of wages,
salaries, and supplemental payments for the self-employed.
(2) The change for recent quarters is based on the Consumer Price Index for
all urban consumers (CPI-U). The trend from 1978-2015 is based on the Consumer
Price Index research series (CPI-U-RS).
(3) Unit nonlabor payments include profits, consumption of fixed capital,
taxes on production and imports less subsidies, net interest and miscellaneous
payments, business current transfer payments, rental income of persons, and
the current surplus of government enterprises.
(4) Current dollar output divided by the output index.
(5) Quarterly changes: Percent change compounded at annual rate is calculated
using index numbers to three decimal places. Indexes published in the news
release are rounded to one decimal place for convenience. Annual changes:
Percent change is calculated using annual indexes to three decimal places.
(6) Unit nonlabor costs include consumption of fixed capital, taxes on
production and imports less subsidies, net interest and miscellaneous
payments, and business current transfer payments.
(7) Total unit costs are the sum of unit labor and nonlabor costs.
(8) Unit profits include corporate profits before tax with inventory valuation
and capital consumption adjustments.
Appendix table 1.
Nonfinancial corporate sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, unit
profits, and prices.
Real
Hourly hourly Unit Total Implicit
Labor compen- compen- Unit nonlabor unit Unit price
produc- Hours sation sation labor costs costs profits deflator
Year tivity Output worked (1) (2) costs (6) (7) (8) (4)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indexes 2009=100
2015 106.2 r 119.9 r 112.9 113.9 103.1 107.3 r 101.5 r 105.4 r 145.1 r 109.5 r
2014 105.4 r 116.4 r 110.5 110.7 100.3 105.0 r 100.7 r 103.6 r 155.1 r 109.0 r
2013 105.1 r 113.0 r 107.6 108.0 99.5 102.8 r 100.2 r 101.9 r 151.5 r 107.1 r
2012 104.8 r 110.5 r 105.5 106.5 99.6 101.7 r 100.0 r 101.1 r 144.9 r 105.7 r
2011 103.8 r 106.9 r 103.0 103.6 98.8 99.8 r 99.8 r 99.8 r 135.3 r 103.5 r
2010 104.1 r 104.3 r 100.2 101.5 99.9 97.5 r 97.9 r 97.6 r 131.2 r 101.2 r
2009 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2008 99.0 r 107.3 r 108.4 98.4 98.0 99.4 r 94.6 r 97.8 r 105.7 r 98.6 r
2007 98.7 r 108.7 r 110.1 95.6 98.9 96.9 r 88.9 r 94.2 r 117.2 r 96.6 r
2006 98.2 r 107.7 r 109.6 92.1 98.0 93.8 r 83.4 r 90.3 r 131.2 r 94.6 r
2005 96.2 r 103.5 r 107.6 89.4 98.2 92.9 r 81.4 r 89.0 r 117.2 r 92.0 r
2004 94.3 r 100.1 r 106.1 86.7 98.5 92.0 r 78.0 r 87.3 r 103.3 r 89.0 r
2003 91.0 r 95.6 r 105.1 83.7 97.7 92.0 r 78.7 r 87.6 r 85.0 r 87.3 r
2002 87.5 r 93.5 r 106.9 81.0 96.7 92.6 r 79.6 r 88.3 r 69.7 r 86.3 r
2001 84.1 r 92.7 r 110.2 79.5 96.4 94.6 r 79.1 r 89.4 r 57.4 r 86.0 r
2000 83.8 r 95.0 r 113.3 77.7 96.7 92.6 r 73.6 r 86.3 r 70.4 r 84.6 r
1999 81.0 r 90.6 r 111.9 72.4 93.2 89.3 r 70.6 r 83.1 r 84.0 r 83.2 r
1998 78.8 r 86.2 r 109.4 69.2 91.0 87.8 r 69.0 r 81.5 r 90.1 r 82.4 r
1997 76.4 r 81.8 r 107.0 65.4 87.2 85.6 r 68.7 r 80.0 r 101.0 r 82.2 r
1996 74.3 r 76.7 r 103.1 63.3 86.2 85.1 r 69.0 r 79.7 r 98.5 r 81.7 r
1995 71.5 r 72.4 r 101.3 60.9 85.3 85.3 r 69.9 r 80.1 r 91.9 r 81.4 r
1994 70.6 r 69.1 r 97.8 60.0 86.0 84.9 r 69.6 r 79.8 r 86.8 r 80.5 r
1993 69.4 r 65.1 r 93.8 59.2 86.6 85.4 r 69.2 r 80.0 r 72.7 r 79.2 r
1992 69.4 r 63.5 r 91.5 58.5 87.6 84.3 r 69.2 r 79.3 r 62.6 r 77.5 r
1991 67.6 r 61.6 r 91.2 55.6 85.4 82.2 r 70.6 r 78.3 r 60.4 r 76.4 r
1990 66.0 r 61.9 r 93.9 53.1 84.5 80.4 r 67.7 r 76.2 r 58.9 r 74.4 r
1989 65.3 r 61.1 r 93.5 50.6 84.6 77.5 r 64.7 r 73.2 r 62.5 r 72.1 r
1988 66.0 r 59.9 r 90.7 49.2 85.8 74.5 r 61.3 r 70.1 r 68.4 r 69.9 r
1987 64.2 r 56.5 r 88.0 46.9 84.7 73.0 r 60.2 r 68.7 r 64.0 r 68.2 r
1986 62.9 r 53.6 r 85.3 45.3 84.6 72.0 r 59.7 r 67.9 r 59.8 r 67.0 r
1985 61.5 r 52.3 r 85.0 42.9 81.5 69.8 r 56.7 r 65.4 r 72.2 r 66.1 r
1984 60.1 r 49.9 r 83.1 40.8 80.4 68.0 r 55.4 r 63.8 r 75.0 r 65.0 r
1983 58.7 r 45.9 r 78.1 39.1 80.2 66.7 r 55.7 r 63.0 r 63.9 r 63.1 r
1982 56.8 r 43.7 r 77.0 37.6 80.3 66.2 r 55.5 r 62.6 r 55.2 r 61.8 r
1981 56.5 r 44.7 r 79.1 35.2 79.8 62.4 r 50.0 r 58.2 r 59.2 r 58.3 r
1980 55.1 r 42.9 r 78.0 32.3 80.2 58.7 r 44.0 r 53.8 r 50.5 r 53.4 r
1979 55.2 r 43.4 r 78.6 29.3 80.9 53.1 r 37.5 r 47.9 r 55.9 r 48.8 r
1978 55.7 r 42.0 r 75.5 26.9 81.1 48.3 r 34.6 r 43.7 r 58.2 r 45.2 r
1977 55.0 r 39.5 r 71.8 24.6 79.6 44.8 r 33.2 r 40.9 r 54.7 r 42.4 r
1976 53.5 r 36.8 r 68.7 22.8 78.5 42.6 r 32.0 r 39.1 r 50.4 r 40.2 r
1975 51.8 r 34.0 r 65.6 21.2 77.2 41.0 r 32.3 r 38.1 r 42.7 r 38.5 r
1974 49.8 r 34.5 r 69.1 19.2 76.3 38.5 r 28.2 r 35.1 r 35.3 r 35.1 r
1973 50.8 r 35.0 r 68.8 17.6 77.6 34.6 r 24.6 r 31.3 r 38.7 r 32.0 r
1972 50.3 r 33.0 r 65.5 16.4 76.9 32.6 r 23.3 r 29.5 r 37.3 r 30.3 r
1971 49.4 r 30.7 r 62.1 15.6 75.4 31.6 r 23.3 r 28.8 r 34.1 r 29.4 r
1970 47.4 r 29.5 r 62.2 14.7 74.3 31.1 r 22.2 r 28.1 r 30.2 r 28.3 r
1969 47.1 r 29.8 r 63.1 13.8 73.6 29.3 r 19.7 r 26.1 r 36.7 r 27.2 r
1968 47.1 r 28.6 r 60.8 12.9 72.6 27.4 r 18.2 r 24.3 r 40.6 r 26.0 r
1967 45.4 r 26.9 r 59.1 12.0 70.6 26.5 r 17.0 r 23.3 r 40.5 r 25.1 r
1966 44.6 r 26.1 r 58.5 11.4 68.9 25.6 r 16.1 r 22.4 r 43.2 r 24.6 r
1965 43.7 r 24.3 r 55.6 10.8 67.1 24.7 r 16.0 r 21.8 r 43.2 r 24.0 r
1964 42.7 r 22.4 r 52.6 10.5 66.3 24.6 r 16.1 r 21.8 r 40.1 r 23.7 r
1963 42.0 r 21.0 r 49.9 10.3 65.9 24.5 r 16.1 r 21.7 r 38.7 r 23.5 r
1962 40.5 r 19.7 r 48.8 10.0 64.8 24.7 r 16.2 r 21.9 r 36.5 r 23.4 r
1961 38.8 r 18.2 r 46.9 9.6 63.0 24.8 r 16.4 r 22.0 r 34.0 r 23.3 r
1960 37.5 r 17.8 r 47.4 9.3 61.6 24.8 r 16.1 r 21.9 r 33.9 r 23.2 r
1959 36.9 r 17.2 r 46.6 9.0 60.3 24.3 r 15.7 r 21.4 r 36.8 r 23.0 r
1958 35.2 r 15.5 r 44.0 8.6 58.5 24.6 r 16.3 r 21.8 r 31.7 r 22.8 r
1957 34.4 r 16.1 r 46.7 8.3 57.9 24.1 r 14.9 r 21.0 r 35.0 r 22.5 r
1956 33.7 r 15.9 r 47.0 7.8 56.4 23.3 r 13.8 r 20.1 r 36.4 r 21.8 r
1955 33.5 r 15.3 r 45.7 7.4 53.9 22.0 r 13.0 r 19.0 r 38.8 r 21.1 r
1954 31.6 r 13.7 r 43.3 7.1 51.8 22.5 r 13.4 r 19.5 r 33.3 r 20.9 r
1953 30.3 r 13.8 r 45.6 6.9 50.4 22.7 r 13.0 r 19.4 r 34.2 r 21.0 r
1952 29.1 r 12.9 r 44.2 6.5 48.1 22.4 r 13.0 r 19.3 r 36.4 r 21.1 r
1951 28.4 r 12.4 r 43.6 6.2 46.4 21.7 r 12.5 r 18.6 r 40.4 r 20.9 r
1950 28.7 r 11.7 r 40.9 5.6 45.8 19.7 r 11.9 r 17.1 r 37.6 r 19.2 r
1949 26.7 r 10.4 r 38.9 5.3 43.9 20.0 r 12.4 r 17.5 r 33.3 r 19.1 r
1948 25.4 r 10.5 r 41.4 5.2 42.0 20.4 r 11.6 r 17.4 r 36.6 r 19.5 r
1947 23.8 r 9.7 r 41.0 4.7 41.3 19.8 r 11.0 r 16.8 r 30.7 r 18.3 r
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6. February 8, 2017
r=revised Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics