Biography

Coined the term "meme" in his book "The Selfish Gene" (1976).

Founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason & Science.

Stopped believing in god at age fifteen.

Author of "The Blind watchmaker" and other books that often debunk religious ideas and explore evolution.

Richard Dawkins is portrayed in the South Park (1997) episode "Go, God, go XII" as a hero in the future for discovering, through his affair with "Miss" Garrison, that "it's not enough to be an Atheist, you have to be a dick about it to everyone who doesn't agree with you." In real life Richard Dawkins gave a presentation at the National Secular Society Conference in London in 2012, on how to discuss one's atheism with people. He ended his presentation with a slide that read "Don't be a dick".

I shall argue that a predominant quality to be expected in a successful gene is ruthless selfishness. This gene selfishness will usually give rise to selfishness in individual behavior. However, as we shall see, there are special circumstances in which a gene can achieve its own selfish goals best by fostering a limited form of altruism at the level of individual animals. 'Special' and 'limited' are important words in the last sentence. Much as we might wish to believe otherwise, universal love and the welfare of the species as a whole are concepts that simply do not make evolutionary sense. This brings me to the first point I want to make about what [The Selfish Gene] is not. I am not advocating a morality based on evolution. I am saying how things have evolved. I am not saying how we humans morally ought to behave. I stress this, because I know I am in danger of being misunderstood by those people, all too numerous, who cannot distinguish a statement of belief in what is the case from an advocacy of what ought to be the case. My own feeling is that a human society based simply on the gene's law of universal ruthless selfishness would be a very nasty society in which to live. But unfortunately, however much we may deplore something, it does not stop it being true. This book is mainly intended to be interesting, but if you would extract a moral from it, read it as a warning. Be warned that if you wish, as I do, to build a society in which individuals cooperate generously and unselfishly towards a common good, you can expect little help from biological nature. Let us try to teach generosity and altruism, because we are born selfish. Let us understand what our own selfish genes are up to, because we may then at least have the chance to upset their designs, something that no other species has ever aspired to.

[Refuting Paley's "Watchmaker Analogy", which is often used as a defense of Creationism] Of all the trillions of trillions of ways of putting together the parts of a body, only an infinitesimal minority would live, seek food, eat, and reproduce. True, there are many different ways of being alive - at least ten million different ways if we count the number of distinct species alive today - but, however many ways there may be of being alive, it is certain that there are vastly more ways of being dead! We can safely conclude that living bodies are billions of times too complicated - too statistically improbable - to have come into being by sheer chance. How, then, did they come into being? The answer is that chance enters into the story, but not a single, monolithic act of chance. Instead, a whole series of tiny chance steps, each one small enough to be a believable product of its predecessor, occurred one after the other in sequence. These small steps of chance are caused by genetic mutations, random changes - mistakes really - in the genetic material. They give rise to changes in the existing bodily structure.

I've always thought of Douglas (Douglas Adams) more as a writer of "science comedy", comedy of a sophisticated, scientific kind, than as a writer of science fiction. I'm not an aficionado of science fiction, although the genre has some value in teaching science and stretching the scientific imagination. But so many of Douglas's jokes are scientific jokes, and you don't get them unless you know the science. The first thing you notice about his writing is the verbal repartee. When I read Dirk Gently, every sentence had me laughing. It's fascinating, because it's a mixture of science fiction, comedy, ghost story, detective story, even a certain amount of literary scholarship. Douglas read English Literature at Cambridge and the set-piece about academic life in Dirk Gently is gorgeous.

Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency was the only book I've ever read where I turned back to page one and read it all the way through again. I felt there was so much more I could get out of it.

Religion is about turning untested belief into unshakable truth through the power of institutions and the passage of time.