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Anthony Trollope was born on 24 April 1815 in London, England, UK. He was a writer, known for Malachi's Cove (1973), Kraft Theatre (1947) and The Pallisers (1974). He was married to Rose Heseltine. He died on 6 December 1882 in London, England, UK.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born on 27 February 1807 in Portland, Maine, USA. He was a writer, known for Temple of Our Fathers, The Wreck of the Hesperus (1948) and Shirley Temple's Storybook (1958). He was married to Frances Elizabeth Appleton and Mary Storer Potter. He died on 24 March 1882 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS (12 February 1809 - 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.His proposition that all species of life have descended from a common ancestor is now widely accepted and considered a fundamental concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and he was honored by burial in Westminster Abbey.

Mary Ann Todd Lincoln served as First Lady of the United States from 1861 until the assassination of her husband, President Abraham Lincoln in 1865. Mary Lincoln was a member of a large and wealthy, slave-owning Kentucky family. She was well educated. Born Mary Ann Todd, she dropped the name Ann after her younger sister, Ann Todd (later Clark), was born. After finishing school during her teens, she moved to Springfield, Illinois, where she lived with her married sister Elizabeth Edwards. Before she married Abraham Lincoln, she was courted by his long-time political opponent Stephen A. Douglas. The Lincolns had four sons of whom only the eldest, Robert, survived both parents. Their family home and neighborhood in Springfield is preserved at the Lincoln Home National Historic Site. Lincoln staunchly supported her husband throughout his presidency and was active in keeping national morale high during the Civil War. She acted as the White House social coordinator, throwing lavish balls and redecorating the White House at great expense; her spending was the source of much consternation. She was seated next to Abraham when he was assassinated in the President's Box at Ford's Theatre on Tenth Street in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. The deaths of her husband and three of her sons weighed heavily on her. Lincoln suffered from numerous physical and mental health issues during her life. She had frequent migraines, which were exacerbated by a head injury in 1863. She was depressed for much of her life; some historians think she may have had bipolar disorder. She was briefly institutionalized for psychiatric disease in 1875, but later retired to the home of her sister. She died of a stroke in 1882 at age 63.

Morgan Seth Earp was an American sheriff and lawman. He served as Tombstone, Arizona's Special Policeman when he helped his brothers Virgil Earp and Wyatt Earp, as well as Doc Holliday, confront the outlaw Cochise County Cowboys in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881. All three Earp brothers had been the target of repeated death threats made by the Cowboys who were upset by the Earps' interference in their illegal activities. The lawmen killed Cowboys Tom and Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton. All four lawmen were charged with murder by Billy's older brother, Ike Clanton, who had run from the gunfight. During a month-long preliminary hearing, Judge Wells Spicer exonerated the men, concluding they had been performing their duty.

Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 - April 27, 1882), who went by his middle name Waldo, was an American essayist, lecturer, philosopher, abolitionist, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and his ideology was disseminated through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States.

Jesse James was born on 5 September 1847 in Clay County, Missouri, USA. He was married to Zerelda Mimms. He died on 3 April 1882 in St. Joseph, Missouri, USA.

Tolbert McCoy was born on 16 June 1854 in Kentucky, USA. He was married to Mary Butcher. He died on 9 August 1882 in Mouth of Blackberry Creek, Banks of the Tug Fork River, Kentucky, USA.

Jørgen Moe was born on 22 April 1813 in Hole, Province Buskerud, Norway. He was a writer, known for Anansi Storytime (2016), Jackanory (1965) and The Ashlad and the Hungry Troll (1967). He was married to Johanne Fredrikke Sofie Sørensen. He died on 27 March 1882 in Kristiansand, Norway.

Phamer McCoy was born in 1863 in Kentucky, USA. He died on 9 August 1882 in Blackberry Creek, Pike County, Kentucky, USA.

Henry Tucker was born in 1826 in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, USA. He died on 10 February 1882 in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, USA.

Richard Henry Dana Jr. was born on 1 August 1815 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Richard Henry was a writer, known for Two Years Before the Mast (1946). Richard Henry died on 6 January 1882 in Rome, Lazio, Italy.

He grew up here and attended school. As a sailor, he joined Giuseppe Mazzini's "Giovine Italia" (Young Italy) in 1833, only to go into exile from February 1834 after the failure of the conspiratorial organization's first attempt at an uprising. Various jobs followed, which included him, among other things: In 1836 he reached Rio de Janeiro, where he founded a Brazilian section of "Young Italy" with other Italian emigrants. After his participation in the democratic and separatist uprising of the Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul, he was forced to move to Montevideo in Uruguay in 1841. Here he fought as a fleet commander with other Italian emigrants on the side of the progressive-democratic forces of Uruguay against the anti-democratic direction supported by Argentina. In the spring of 1848, the revolutionary news from Italy ended the involvement of the "Italian Legion" in the civil war in Uruguay, where Garibaldi had at least become commander-in-chief of all armed forces.

Returning to Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi took part in the Piedmontese war against Austria in 1848/49 with his volunteer associations called the "Red Shirts". The tenacious, if ultimately unsuccessful, defense of the Roman Republic established his fame in the liberal-democratic movement of all Italian states. In September 1849, the suppression of the revolutions drove him into his second exile, which took him to Peru via Tunis, Tangier and New York. There he took command of a merchant ship in 1851, with which he sailed to China. In 1854 Garibaldi arrived in London, where he confronted Mazzini about his defection to the moderate wing of the Italian national movement around Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, which, in contrast to republican Mazzinism, promoted a monarchical solution to the national question under the leadership of the Piedmontese-Savoy ruling dynasty. Garibaldi's surprising conversion was clearly confirmed in 1856 when he joined the Piedmontese-oriented "Italian National Association" ("Società nazionale italiana").

After personal coordination with Cavour and the Savoyard monarch Victor Emmanuel II, Garibaldi successfully took part in the Piedmontese-French war against Austria in 1859 as commander of the Alpine hunters, which ended with the partial independence of the northern Italian territories. At the beginning of May 1860 he finally led the legendary "Procession of a Thousand" to Sicily, with which he freed the island and the entire southern Italian mainland from Bourbon rule by October and prepared their incorporation into the newly emerging Italian national state. The Garibaldins' intended further march against the Papal States was stopped by Cavour's intervention out of diplomatic consideration. On October 26, 1860, at a meeting with the king in Teano, just outside Naples, Giuseppe Garibaldi expressed his submission to the Piedmontese-Savoy leadership with a brief but famous "I obey" ("Obbedisco") to Victor Emmanuel II Expression.

After the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in March 1861, Garibaldi, now in open opposition to the moderate-liberal leadership elite of the new Italy, unsuccessfully fought for the liberation of the Papal States that remained under papal rule in 1862 and 1867. In 1866, as commander of the volunteer associations, he contributed victoriously to the Prussian-Italian war against Austria, which resulted in the integration of Veneto into the Italian national state. In 1870/71, Garibaldi escaped from the arrest imposed on him by the police on his "home island" of Caprera to defend the new French Republic against the Prussian invaders, over whom he won a victory at Dijon. In the last decade of his life, "the general" only took part in the domestic political discourse in Italy in a journalistic capacity.

Giuseppe Garibaldi died on June 2, 1882 in Caprera. With his death, not only Italian but also global myth-making began about the charismatic people's liberation fighter.

Benjamin Webster was born on 3 September 1797 in Bath, England, UK. He was a writer, known for The Bond of Blood (1916). He was married to Harriet Herbert Ireland. He died on 8 July 1882 in London, England, UK.

Paolo Giacometti was born on 19 March 1816 in Novi Ligure, Kingdom of Sardinia [now Piedmont, Italy]. He was a writer, known for The Fugitive (1913), La colpa vendica la colpa (1919) and La morte civile (1919). He died on 31 August 1882 in Gazzuolo, Lombardy, Italy.

János Arany was born on 2 March 1817 in Nagyszalonta, Hungary, Austrian Empire [now Salonta, Romania]. He was a writer, known for Tetemrehívás (1915), A múzsa csókja (1997) and Toldi - Movie (2022). He was married to Julianna Ercsey. He died on 22 October 1882 in Budapest, Austria-Hungary [now Hungary].

Charles J. Guiteau was born on 8 September 1841 in Freeport, Illinois, USA. He died on 30 June 1882 in Washington, District of Columbia, USA.

Henri Auguste Barbier was born on 28 April 1805 in Paris, France. He was a writer, known for Benvenuto Cellini (2007). He died on 14 February 1882 in Nice, France.

Randolph McCoy Jr. died on 9 August 1882 in Banks of the Tug Fork River, West Virginia, USA.

Léon Gambetta was born on 2 April 1838 in Cahors, France. He died on 31 December 1882 in Ville d'Avray, France.

Joaquim Manoel de Macedo was born on 24 June 1820 in Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He was a writer, known for A Moreninha (1975), A Moreninha (1915) and A Moreninha (1970). He died on 11 April 1882 in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald was born on 26 December 1803 in Jõepere, Lääne-Virumaa, Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire [now Estonia]. He was a writer, known for Morons! (1974) and Põhjakonn (1959). He was married to Marie Elisabeth Saedleriga. He died on 25 August 1882 in Dorpat, Russian Empire [now Tartu, Estonia].

Joseph Joachim Raff was born on 27 May 1822 in Lachen, Schwyz, Switzerland. He is known for Downtown Express (2011). He was married to Dorothea Genast. He died on 24 June 1882 in Frankfurt am Main, Hesse-Nassau, Germany.

Franz von Kobell was born on 19 July 1803 in Munich, Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire [now Germany]. He was a writer, known for Das Tor zum Paradies (1949) and Der Brandner Kaspar und das ewig' Leben (1975). He was married to Karoline. He died on 11 November 1882 in Munich, Bavaria, Germany.

British novelist William Harrison Ainsworth's career lasted so long (60 years) and his output was so prolific that some critics have termed him "the king of historical potboilers". His most lasting of the many books he wrote is probably the series about the infamous highwayman Dick Turpin, which was so popular that there was a successful series of films featuring him in the 1920s.

Harrison was born in Manchester, England, in 1805. He picked up his taste for history and writing as a youngster. His father was a criminal-defense attorney, and as a child William would sit fascinated as his father told tales of the daring highwaymen and bandits he defended. His father also moved in Manchester's social circles, and young William met such literary figures as Charles Dickens and Edward George Bulwer-Lytton at the family estate. The youngster began writing melodramas and plays while still in grammar school, and even set up his own theater in the basement of his parents' home where he would stage these productions, making all the costumes, props and scenery himself. He also began submitting poems and short stories to local literary magazines, and began getting published in such publications as "The New Monthly Magazine", "London Magazine" and "Edinburgh Magazine".

In the early 1820s he struck up a friendship with noted historian Charles Lamb. In 1824 his father died and Ainsworth, now an attorney, took over his father's law firm in London, and stayed there for two years. He and a friend, John Partington, co-wrote a romance novel, "Sir John Chiverton", which became quite popular and attracted the attention of writer Sir Walter Scott, who wrote Ainsworth to request a meeting. Ainsworth married Fanny Ebers, the daughter of a prominent book publisher, in 1826. He began helping his father-in-law to run his business, but soon tired of that life and set up his own law practice. However, he still kept his hand in the writing game, and in 1834 his novel "Rookwood" became a national best-seller. cementing his reputation as an author and giving him the financial security to devote himself full-time to writing.

His novel "Jack Sheppard" (1839) was also a success, both critically and financially. In addition to writing, Ainsworth was also editor of "Bentley's Miscellany" magazine from 1840-41. In 1846 he attended a dinner given at the home of Charles Dickens--with whom he had now become close friends--and Dickens gave him a personally signed copy of his new novel, "The Haunted Man". In 1842 Ainsworth began his own literary magazine, "Ainsworth's Magazine", while still working as editor of both "Bentley's Magazine" and "The New Monthly Magazine". Unfortunately, he was forced to terminate his own magazine in 1854 for financial reasons but bought "Bentley's Mischellany" (and was forced to sell that in 1868). He was still writing novels and they were selling, but not in the numbers that his earlier ones had, and he soon moved from the glitz and glamour of London to the more staid (and less expensive) seaside community of Brighton. His financial situation didn't improve much, though, and he eventually moved from Brighton to lower-rent Tunbridge Wells in 1867. He soon had to sell his magazines, and even some of his family property, to stave off financial ruin. He was eventually forced to work for what was called a "penny dreadful" magazine, "Bow Bells" (penny-dreadfuls were adaptations and severely edited versions of major British works, which were then sold--without even covers--for a penny apiece), to make a living.

He died at Reigate, Surrey, England, on Jan. 3, 1882.