One Paper

COURSE STRUCTURE

CLASS XI (THEORy)

Time : 3 Hours

70 Marks

MARKS

THEORY

Unit r.

8

Unit II.

Unit III.

Unitrv.

UnitV.

Living W orld

Diversity of Life

13

csn and Cell Division

16

Genetics

18

Morphology of Plants and Animals

15

Unit I : Living World

(periods 15)

*

Biology and its branches; relationships with other sciences; scientific methods in Biology; historical breakthroughs; scope of Biology and career options; role of Biology in dispelling myths and misbeliefs; characters of living organisms, (elementary idea of metabolism, transfer of energy at molecular level, open and closed system, homoeostasis, growth and reproduction, adaptation, survival, death).

*

Origin and evolution of Life - Oparin-Haldane theory, Miller Experiment; theories of evolution; evidences of evolution; sources ofvariations (mutation, recombination, genetic drift, migration, natural selection); concept of species; speciation and isolation (geographical and reproductive); origin of species.

Unit IT : Diversity of Life

(periods 4.5)

*

Variety of living organisms; Systematics; need, history and types of classifications (artificial, natural, phylogenetic); biosystematics; binomial nomenclature; Two kingdom system, Five kingdom system, their merits and demerits, status of bacteria and virus; botanical gardens and herbaria; zoological parks and museums.

*

Salient features of various plant groups; classification of angiosperms up to series level (Bentham and Hooker's system),

*

Salient features of non-chordates up to phylum level and chordates up to class level).

(periods 30)

Unit nr : Cell and Cell Division

*

Cell as a basic unit of life- discovery of cell, cell theory, cell as a self-contained unit; prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; unicellular and multicellular organisms; tools and tech-

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niques (compound microscope, electron microscope and cell fractionation); Ultrastructure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell - cell wall, cell membrane - unit membrane concept (fluid mosaic model); membrane transport; cellular movement (exocytosis, endocytosis); cell organelles and their functions - nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex.Iysosomes, microtubules, centriole, vacuole, cytoskeleton, cilia and flagella, ribosomes.

...

Molecules of cell; inorganic and organic materials - water, salt, mineral ions, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic adds (DNA and RNA); Enzymes (properties, chemical nature and mechanism of action); vitamins, hormones and steroids,

Cell cycle: significance of cell division; amitosis, mitosis and meiosis; karyotype analysis.

U nit IV : Genetics

(periods 45)

...

Continuity of 1ife - heredity, variation; Mendel's laws of inheritance; chromosomal basis of inheritance; other patterns of inheritance - incomplete dominance, multiple allelism, quantitative inheritance.

Chromosomes - bacterial cell and eukaryotic cell; parallelism between genes and chromosomes; genome, linkage and crossing over; gene mapping; recombination; sex chromosomes; sex determination; sex linked inheritance; mutation and chromosomal aberrations; Human genetics - methods of study, . genetic disorders.

DNA as a genetic material- its structure and replication; structure of RNA and its role in protein synthesis; Gene expression - transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; regulation of gene expression, induction and repression - housekeeping genes; nuclear basis of differentiation and development; oncogenes.

'"

Basics of Recombinant DNA technology; cloning; gene bank; DNA fingerprinting; genom ies - principles and applications, transgenic plants, animals and microbes.

Unit V : Morpbology of Plants and Animals

(periods 45)

*

Morhpology - root, stem and leaf, their structure and modification; Inflorescence, flower, fruit, seed and their types; Description of Poaceae, Liliaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Brassicaceae and Asteraceae.

'"

Internal structure of plants - Tissues (meristematic and permanent); tissue systems; anatomy of root, stem and leaf of monocot and dicot; secondary growth.

*

Morphology of Animals - Salient features of earthworm, cockroach and rat; tissue systems, structure and function Of tissues-epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous.

96

Practieals

: For evaluation in practicals, please refer to details given for Class XlI.

Core Experiments

(periods 60)

1. Study of parts of compound microscope.

2. Study of mitosis in onion root tip and animal cell (grasshopper).

3. Study of meiosis in onion flower buds, and testis of grasshopper.

4. Study of cyclosis in leaf cell of Hydrilla, or Tradescantia and in Paramoecium,

S. Study of eel] wall components (cellulose, lignin, suberin and mucilage).

6. Study of mitochondria by staining with a Janus Green ..

7. Study of the specimens and their identification with reason ~ Bacteria, Oscillatoria, Spirogyra, Rhizopus, mushroom/bracket fungi, yeast, liverwort, moss, fern, Pinus, one monocotyledon, one dicotyledon and lichens.

Study of characters of specimens and .identfflcatinn w_ith reason --:_ Amoeba, Hydra, Liver - fluke, Ascaris, Leech, Earthworm, prawn, Silk moth Honeybee, Snail, Starfish, Dogfish, Rohu, Frog, Lizard, Pigeon/anyother bird and Rabbit/anyother-mammaJ.

Analysis of seed samples for Mendelian ratios.

Study of different modifications in-root, stem and Ieaf,

Study and identification of different types of inflorescence.

Study and description of the flowers - sunflower; pea, mustard, petunia, onion/wheat/ Asparagus paddy.

Study of parenchyma, collenchyma, sderenchyma, xylem and phloem from prepared slides.

Preparation and study.of transverse sections of dieot and monoco_t root and stem.

5. Study of squamous epithelium, muscle fibres, nerve cells and mammalian blood film through temporary/permanent slides.

6. Study of external morphology of earthworm, cockroach, frog and rat through models.

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One Paper

CLASS xn (THEORy)

Time : 3 Hours

70 Marks

MARKS

THEORY

Unit I.

Physiology of plants

15 17

Unit II.

Unit III.

Unit IV.

UnitY.

Physiology of animals

Reproduction, Development and Growth Ecology and Environment

Biology in Human Welfare

11

11 16

Total

70

(Periods 30)

Unit I : Pbysiology of Plants

*

Cell as a physiological unit; water relations - absorption and movement (diffusion, osmosis, plasmolysis, permeability, water potential, imbibition); theories of water translocation - root pressure, transpiration pull; transpiration - significance, factors affecting rate of transpiration; mechanism of stomatal opening and closing (Potassium ion theory).

*

Mineral nutrition - functions of minerals, essential major elements and trace elements; deficiency symptoms of elements; translocation of solutes, nitrogen and nitrogen metabolism with emphasis on biological nitrogen fixation.

*

Photosynthesis - significance, site of photosynthesis (functional aspect of chlorophyll structure); photochemical and biosynthetic phases; electron transport system; photophosphorylation (cyclic and non-cyclic); CJ and C4 Pathway; photorespiration; factors affecting photosynthesis; mode of nutrition (autotrophic, heterotrophic - saprophytic, parasitic and insectivorous plants), chemosynthesis.

*

Mechanism of respiration - glycolysis, Krebs cycle. pentose pathway, anaerobic respiration; respiratory quotient; compensation point; fermentation.

Unit n : Physiology of Animals

*

(periods 40)

Nutrition and its types; nutrients - food and vitamins; Intracellular and extracellular digestion: digestive system of invertebrate (cockroach); digestive system and process in humans (digestion, ingestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion); role of enzymes and hormones in digestion; malnutrition and undernutrition; disorders related to nutrition.

*

Gaseous exchange in animals (earthworm,cockroach); respiration in humans - respirator] organs, mechanism; breathing and its regulation: transport of gases through blood; common respiratory disorders - prevention and cure.

98

'"

Circulation of body fluids - open system in cockroach; closed system in humans, blood and its composition, structure and pumping action of human heart; pulmonary and systemic circulation; heart beat and pulse; rhythmicity of heart-beat, blood related disorders - hypertension, atheroma and arteriosclerosis; BCG; pacemaker; lymphatic system, immunity and immune system.

'"

Nitrogenous waste elimination - ammonetelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; excretory system of cockroach and humans; composition and formation of urine; role of kidney in osmoregulation, kidney failure; dialysis, kidney transplantation; role of ADH; role of liver in excretion.

'"

Locomotion and movements; human skeleton - axial and appendicular including cranium and rib cage bones; Joints and their types; bone, cartilage and their disorders (arthritis, osteoporosis); mechanism of muscle contraction; red and white muscles in movements.

'"

Nervous coordination in cockroach and humans; human nervous system - structure and functions of brain and spinal cord, transmission of nerve impulse; reflex action; sensory receptors; structure and function of sense organs - eye, ear, nose and tongue.

*

Human endocrine system; hormones and their functions; hormonal imbalance and diseases; role of hormones as messengers and regulators; hypothalamo - hypophysial axis; feedback controls.

Unit ill: Reproduction, Growth and Development

(periods 20)

*

Modes of reproduction in flowering plants - vegetative propagation (natural and artificial), significance of vegetative propagation; micropropagation; sexual reproduction - development of male and female gametophytes; pollination (types and factors); double fertilisation, incompatibility, embryo development, parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy.

*

Characteristics of Plant growth; growth regulators (phytohormones) - Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, ABA; seed germination - mechanism and factors affecting germination, role of growth regulators in seed dormancy; senescence; abscission; stress factors (salt and water) and-growth; plant movement - geotropism, phototropism, turgor growth movements (tropic, nastic and nutation), process of flowering - photoperiodism, vemalisation.

*

Types of reproduction - a general account (asexual and sexual); human male and female reproductive systems; Reproductive cycle in human female, gametogenesis; Fertilization - physical and chemical events; development of zygote upto 3 germinal layers and their derivatives; extra-embryonic membranes; general. aspects of placenta.

*

Cellular growth - growth rate and growth curve; hormonal control of growth; mechanism and types of regeneration; ageing - cellular and extracellular changes; theories of ageing.

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(periods 40)

U nit IV : Ecology and Environment

...

Organisms and their environment; factors - air, water, soil, biota, temperature and light; range of tolerance; ecological adaptation,

'"

Levels of organisation - population, species. community. ecosystem and biosphere; Ecological interactions - symbiosis. mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation and competition.

Ecosystem - structure and functions; productivity; energy flow; ecological efficiencies; decomposition and nutrient cycling; major bIomes - forests, grasslands and deserts.

•

Ecological Succession - types and mechanism .

III

Natural resoUrces· types, use and misuse of natural resources.

Environmental pollution - kinds, sources and abatement of air, water, soil and noise pollution.

Global environmental changes; Greenhouse gases, global warming, sea level rise and ozone layer depletion.

Biotic resources - terrestrial and aquatic including marine resources; bio-diversity - benefits and assessment; threats, endangered speciea.extinctions; conservation of biodiversity (biosphere reserves and other protected areas); National and International efforts - both governmental and non-governmental; environmental ethics and legislation.

Unit V : Biology in Human Welfare

(Perieds 50)

Population, environment and development; Population growth and factors - (natality, mortality, immigration, emigration, age and sex ratio); impact of population growth; reproductive health; common problems of adolescence (Drugs, Alcohol and- Tobacco); social and moral implications; mental and addictive disorders; Risks of indiscriminate use of drugs and antibiotics; population as a resource.

Food production, breeding, improved varieties, biofertilizers, plant tissue culture and its applications; Brief account of some common crop and animal diseases; biopesticides; genetically modified food; hie-war, biopiracy; biopatent; biotechnology and sustainable agriculture.

III

Recent advances in vaccines; organ transplantation; immune disorders; modem techniques in disease diagnosis; Elementary knowledge of Haemoglobin estimation and estimation of sugar and urea in blood, TLC, DLC, ESR lipid profile, ELISA and VIDAL tests; AIDS, STD, cancer (types, causes, diagnosis, treatment); biotechnology in therapeutics - hormones, interferon andimmuno modulations.

...

Basic concepts of EeG, normal EeG, EEG, CT Scan, MRI and ultrasound .

100

Class XU

PracticaJs

Time : 3 Hours

30 Marks

72 Periods

(i) Core Experiments

(ii) Record of one Investigatory project and viva based on the project

20 Marks

5 Marks

(iii) Class record and viva based on experiments

5 Marks

Practical Examination wiU be conducted at the end of academic session as per the guidelines given at the end of this section.

SECTION A

1. Effect of temperature and any two chemicals (methanol, acetone, farmaldehyde) on leaching of pigments in beet root or other tissues.

2. To study the presence of carbohydrates, starch, fat and proteins in rice/wheat/gram/ potato/milk.

3. Study of plant pigments by paper chromatography. (using spinach, calendulla or any other .Ieaf)

4. Study of light intensity, light quality and dissolved carbon dioxide on photosynthesis . with wilmount Bubbler (using an aquatic plant).

5. Study of rate of respiration in germination seeds having different'substrates (carbohydrate

• wheat, fat-groundnut, mustard; protein- gram/bean).

6. Comparative study of rate of transpiration from upper and lower surface of a dicot leaf.

7. Study of osmosis by potato osmometer.

Stud), of plasmolysis in peels in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions using sodium chloride or potassium chloride.

SECTION B

of the following experiments :

1. Study of effect of salivary amylase on starch.

2. Study of effect of pH, temperature and alcohol on salivary amylase.

To test the presence of urea-in urine.

To test the presence of sugar, albumin and bile salts in urine.

/

101

SECTION E (ALL)

1. Study of distribution of stomata on upper and lower surface of a dicot and a monocot leaf.

2. Study of pollen germination and growth of pollen tube in a pollinated pistil (in portulaca! grass) ..

3. To count at least two types of white blood cells in a microscopic field from blood smear;

4. Study of Haemolysis and crenation from Human blood cells.

SECTION D (ALL)

1. Observation and comments on the experimental set up on seed germination.

(i) Conditions necessary for germination (air and water)

(ii) Stages of germination

(iii) Types of germination - epigeal and hypogeal germination.

2. Experimental set up showing phototropism.

3. Experimental set up showing geotropism.

Identification of the following specimens/slides giving reasons:

(i) Common plant diseases.

(ii) T.S. Spinal cord (Mammalian).

(iii) T.S. of Ovary (Mammalian).

(iv) T.S. of Testis (Mammalian).

(v) T.S. of Artery and vein.

SECTION F (ALL)

(vi) T.S. Root nodules showing bacteria or bacteroids.

(vii) Human skeleton and the types of joints excluding rib cage and skull.

Any three of the foUowing experiments:

1. Study of plant population (density and frequency) by quadrant method.

2. Study of pollutants in water.

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3. Study of pollutants in air.

4. Study of physical properties of different soils.

5. Study of chemical properties including pH of different soils.

6. Study of water holding capacity of garden soil and road-side soil.

7. Study of rate of percolation in sand, loam and clay soil.

EVALUATION SCHEME FOR BIOLOGY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

In the Board's examination, a student has to perform core experiments of 20 marks out of actual maximum marks 000 as laid down under syllabus of Biology Practicals (Class XII). The evaluation in core experiments consists of (out of the exercises done) - one from Section A, one from Section B, one from Section C, one from SectionD, three spots from Section E and one from Section F. The details of all these are given in the following Sections :

MARKING SCHEME

Section A (Any One)

A. Plant physiology experiments: Potato Osmometer, Transpiration Experiment, Rate of respiration in plant - parts

(a)

Setting of experiment

1

(b) Observation and recording/readings

(c)

Inference and result

(d) Labelled diagram

(e)

Precautions

Observation under microscope (with slide) (Plasmolysis)

(a) Preparation of slide/peeling and mounting

(b) Treatment with solutions and observation

(c) Comments/reasons

(d) Diagram and labelling

Analytical tests (Presence of Sugars, lipids, proteins in seeds etc.)

(a) Experimentation/Testing process

(b) Observations

(c) Inference and Result

Precautions

. 103

Experiment on permeability of sugar beet membrane

(a) Preparation of extract of material -

(b) Experimentation

. (c) Observation and Inference

(d) Precautions

E. Chromatography - Separation of plant pigments

(a) Loading of chromatography paper and placing of paper strip in setup

(b) Display of separate pigments and comment

D.

(c) Identification of pigments on paper strip

(d) Precautions

SECTION B (ANY ONE) Set up of experiment

Observations and recording Inference/conclusion/Result

Precautions

(a) (b) (c) Cd)

SEC'IION C (ANY ONE) Preparation of blood film

Staining

Marking labeled diagram showing white blood cells Comments

(a) (b) (e) (d)

Preparation of slide for observation of stomata

(a) Preparation of epidermispeal

(b) Staining

( c) Making of labeled diagram showing guard cells and pore

(d) Comments

C. Study of root nodules by Cross-Section

B.

(a) (b)

Section of nodule and mounting on slide Staining

104

1

1 I!1 1

1

1

1

(e) Making of labelled diagram showing location of bacterial growth and labelling 1

(d) Comments 1

D. Study of pollen germination and growth of pollen tube in a pollinated pistal

(a) Preparation of slide 1 ~

(b) Staining Y:z

(c) Making of labelled diagram 1

(d) Comments 1

SECTION D (ONLY ONE)

A. Experimental set up

(a) Question based on the set up and correct answer for each question Y:zx4 = 2

SECTION E (SPOTTING) (THREE SPOTS) - 3 MARKS

Observation of microscopic structure (slide)

(a) Labelled diagram

(b) Comments and identification

Common plant diseases

(a) Causal agent/Symptom

(b) Identification

Human Skeleton/bones, Types of joints

(a) Simple diagram and labelling

(b) Comment and correct Identification

SECTION F (ONLY ONE) - 3 MARKS

Experiment on ecology (Population density/frequency)

(a) Setting of field for experiment and clarity.

(b) Identification of type species (examples)

(e) Noting of data and comment

Study of pollution (water/air)

(a) Analysis of samples

(b) Clarity of recording (with observation)

(c) Inferences

1

105 .

C. Study of soil properties

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Setting of experiment Observation and result Recording

Inferences

D. Study of water holding capacity/rate of percolation

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Record Books

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Setting of experiment Procedure/observation and recording Inference

Comments

SECTION G - 5 MARKS

Completeness of practical work Regularity in submitting record Neatness and accuracy of record Viva voce on record

1

2

SECTION H - 5 MARKS

Investigatory Project

(a) Selection of problem

(b) Methodology used

(c) (d)

Presentation Viva-voce on record

2

106