ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

MAN DARES TO DREAM AND DREAM TO DARE , Project work gives us opportunities to express our miner creativity .My project about, the study on CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA had helped me to know about the various aspects of Indian child labour. I am really very much greatful and harmful to our principal DR.AVAY KUMAR PANDA for giving me such an oppertunity which not only empowers our knowledge but also paves the way for our journey to the infinite future. I would at last want to thank my H.O.D., SAUDAMINI ROUT and to my helping friends Pratisruti, Namita and Puspita who helped me a lot and supported me to make this project a successful one.

ITISREE LENKA EXAM RL NO-09A10020 REGD NOCLASS RL NO-09DA120

CERTIFICATE
This to certify that Itisree Lenka of +3 final degree arts bearing the EXAM RL NO-09A10020 has made a study on CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA . This project work is jenuine and fair to the best of my knowledge and belief.

SAUDAMINI ROUT H.O.D. IN ECONOMICS F.M. (AUTO.), COLLEGE, BALASORE.

DECLARATION

I Itisree Lenka do here by declare that the project entitled, A study on CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA Submitted by me is original and genuine .I have not submitted by this project anywhere before.

DATE: PLACE: -BLESWAR

ITISREE LENKA +3 FINAL YEAR ARTS EXAM RL NO-09A10020

DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to GOD, TO MY MAMA AND BABA And others.

CONTENTS

1-INTRODUCTION 2-MEANING OF CHILD LABOUR 3-SITUATION ANALYSIS OF CHILD LABOUR 4- PROBLEM OF CHILD LABOUR 5-CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR 6-CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD LABOUR 7-GOVERNMENT MEASURES FOR TACKLING THE PROBLEM OF CHILD LABOUR 8-NATIONAL POLICY ON CHILD LABOUR 9-ASSESSMENT OF CHILD LABOUR 10-SUGGETION FOR ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR 11-CONCLUSION

CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA

The problem child labour has got deep social and Economical implication .Although ,child is the father of the man but we do little for our children ,for whom ostensibly all the great modern shrines are put. Industries we have millions of sad faces mainly because child labour is prevalent .Child labours refers to the employment of children at regular or sustained labour. These child works present a sad picture of our modern industrialism.

Children are the greatest assets of nation and they should be brought up with almost care and he or she should grow in environment conductive to leaving with affectionate and understanding to his/her needs.

But the situation in India is something different. What we see at present is nothing much compatible with what is aforesaid. The problem of child labour has attracted attention of many of us since the problem of child labour has been acute in India.

MEANING OF CHILDREN LABOUR

Child labour means a person below 14years who is working for wage. According , to the labour investigation committee, one black spot of labour condition in India in this illegal employment of children in certain industries.

Homer Folks (The chairman of United states National child labour committee.)Homer defines child labour as, any work by children that interferes with their full physical development, their opportunities for desirable minimum of education or needed recreation.

The national sample survey defined child worker as person below the age of 14, who is wage earner.

The concern for working children, a Bangalore based organization, described a child labour as a person who has not compled 15 years of age and is working with or without wage on a part time or full time basis.

SITUATION ANALYSIS OF CHILD LABOUR

India has the second largest children population in the world. According to 1971 census the child population(the population in the age group of 14)was230.5 million, which accounted for over 42%of the total population of the country and15.7crores children(0-6years age group)making up 15% of the population. The child population has grown faster than total population and its share in the country s population has increased remarkably from over 38%in 1901 to 42% in 1971.The child population in 1981 was 263 million, accounted for over 38.4% of the population and it rose to 330million in 1991.In 2001 the child population was 158.8 million in India. The child labour in India was

10753985 in 1971 , 13640870 in 1981 ,11285349 in 1991,12666377 in 2001.

One estimate puts the number of working children in our country at 44million-5.2% of the total population. According to a study of UNICEG, there are more than a lakh child laboures in the age group of 5-15 years in mirzapur carpet industry, 50,000 in Firozabad glass industry, 50,000 in zari industry in Luckhnow, 10,000 in Aligarh lock industries and 30,000 in brass industry in muradabad, 79% working children in rural areas. Two third of working children belong to the 12-15 years of age and the rest are below 12years.

SA majority of working children are concentrated in rural areas. About 60% of them are below the age of 10years. Business and trade absorb 23% while work in hour holds covers 36%.The number of children in urban areas who work in canteens and restaurants, engaged in picking rags and hawking goods is vast but

unrecognized. Among the more unfortunate are those employed in hazardous industries

A considerable number of child labour was employed in India in organized sectors between 1891 and 1923.The number children employed in factories increased from18,880 to 74,290.There has been step decline in the proportion of child labour in factories from 0.48 in 1948 to 0.25 in 1952 to 0.10 and 0.05 in 1970.

According to conservative estimate, it has been found that at least 50,000 to 1.5 lakh children are employed in carpet industry in Kashmir and Punjab. Children are great demand in bidi factories as their supply fingers are best suited for rolling the dry leaves into bidi.

According to the labour investigation committee, in most of the glass factories the basic factories the basic materials viz, silica, soda, ash, calcium oxide, bora, saltpeter etc. are mixed by workers in closed rooms and workers are provided with neither dirt respirators nor goggles nor hand gloves. Again to arrangement was made for the control of temperature. Children are found to work with burns and cuts in their bodies.

In Delhi alone it is estimated that the more affluent citizens employ about 25,000 children as domestics. Their life is usually one of more monotonous routine. They often work right throughout the month and throughout the year. The census figure reveals that greater Bombay has the largest number of working children among the metropolitan cities. This is because Mumbai is highly industrialized and offers large number of job opportunities to children in the tertiary sectors.

According to 1991 census there are 36 lakh child laboures in Karnataka of which 2lakh children are in sericulture industry. Children employed in the sericulture industry (mulberry cultivation, cocoon rearing, cooking, reeling, twisting) are approximately 3500-4500 in the taluks of ramanagaram and 10001500 in channapatna. According to the recent estimate, more than 15,000 children work in the construction industry in Bangalore. More than 25,000 children work in the silk industry in Karnataka.

Fire works and match box units in Shivakashi in Ramanathapuram districts of Tamilnadu employ 45,000 children. In the state of pencil industry of Mandraur in Madhyapradesh 1000 children are below the age of 14 years . Mumbai has the largest number of child workers . In Solapur 10,000 child workers are engazed the in the wood carving industry. In Varanasi 5000 children work in silk weaving industry . Even in Delhi 60,000 children work in dhabas, tea stall and resturants . In the tea garden of Assam and in various plantation employment of children below 12 years is

prohibited. Girls who bring food to their mothers are encourege to work . Children mostly, bays have an important role to play in mining operations. The growth rate of child workers is faster than the growth rate of child population. PROBLEMS OF CHILD LABOUR-

Child labour is more a rural phenomena than an urban phenomena. Due to acute poverty poor families residing in rural areas send their children to urban areas for bread and butte. In urban areas to survive a competition, manufactures have lowered the real wages for adult workers in order to employ. Child workers on low wages. The problem is very much vast in its dimension. Children are forced to work in the most hazardous, unhygine conditions , where they are vulnerable to many several health problems. In small trade industries , trades and crafts. Using little or no machinery and power but employing a large number of workers. In these factories, child workers are extensively employed

Children work in industries in which child labour is prevented are wood and cork, furniture and fixtures, printing and publishing and alied activities , lather products , rubber products, transport equipment and personal services like laundries dying and cleaning . countless children are employed as domestic servants , workers in hotels, wayside shops and establishments, hawkers and news papers, sellers, ice cream and sweet venders ,shop polishing , helpers in services stations and repair shops . They are often hired

along with their parents in construction works and take part in loading, un loading and breaking stones. Children work in dangerously polluted factories whose brick walls are searved with black powder in smoke and there is same an appersive smell in the air. They work near furnaces which burn at a temperature of 14000 degree centigreate. They handle dangerous chemicals like arsenic and potassium. They works in glass blowing units, where the work experts their bodies and creates diseases like TB, eye disease, asthma, bronchitis and black aches. Among the working children many are the main or major wage earners in the family who always remain workers about feeding their dependents . The migrant children labours whose parents live in some far including nights, when the factories are fully functional are paid not more than Rs. 500 per month. They hand over all their to their guardian who do not give them a rupee a day for tea during the night shifts. There are times when bodies ache, minds far, hearts cry but one order of the employer. A visit to several factories in Delhi, Tamilnadu, Andhrapradesh, Maharastrra reveals that a large number of child workers have sunken chest and thin borne frames, which give them a fragil look. They looks like rock dolls, unwashed and scarggly , they wear coarse and tailored cloths. Must of these children come from extremely poor households. They are either school dropouts or have not seen any school at all. The earn a very meager wage and work in most unsafe conditions. In the Country child prostitutes also become a common phenomena . Thus , may have been rubbed of their childhood life rather they are forced to live in destitute conditions.

CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR

Chronic poverty has been identified as the most important factor for the prevalence and perpetuation of child labour in India. Poor parents believe that children can provide them the best economic assets. Further, children can raise no voice when they are employed in factories and therefore they can be best exploited. The other reason for the ever increasing child labour is said to be, the accelerated pace of mechanization of agriculture which pushes the surplus farm labour to the cities in search of livelihood. A survey conducted by the commission of child labour in Calcutta revealed that socio economic conditions of the families compelled children to come in search of employment in urban sectors. Thus, child labour is the result of poverty and unemployment. The problem of child labour is complex one. There are many causes of child labour. These causes are discussed as under: 1. ECONOMIC CAUSEIn a country like India, 40% of the population is living in the condition of extreme Poverty. Children work out of necessity and without their earning ,the standard of living of their family would decline .Low incomes of the family ,economic insecurity ,chronic diseases, ancestral ineptness are the inevitable factors. The children either supplement their parents income. With the collapse of the rural economy and the disintegration of joint family system, large scale industrialization and the consequent

erosion of agriculture economy compel the rural families and the children to find monetary resource to maintain the family. Unregulated industries take advantage of the situation and employ large number of children at very low wage. 2-INTERST FOR CHEAP LABOURAnother important of child labour is that they are deliberately created to get cheap labour. The owners of the industries want to get more profit by engaging children as labourers. Because the owners give wage to child labours. Child labour is beneficial to industries. 3-EMPLOYERS JUSTIFICATIONEmployers of child labour give certain justifications for employing children to support their guilt feelings. They say that the works keeps children away from starvation. They are also prevented from committing crime which they would have indulged in if they had no jobs. It is also a fact that poor parents are not able to give education to their children. Hence , they do not send their children to schools. The children who do not go to school move here and there with bad companies. In order to keep them away from bad and antisocial activities the parents engage their children in certain work.

4-FAILURE OF GOVERNMENT MACHINERYAnother cause of child labour is the failure of government machinery. There is a nexus between the personal

of labour department and the owners. Government has not been able to provide alternative to child labour who do not have any family income or support. 5-FAMILY CONDITIONFamily condition is also responsible for child labour. Faulty socialization, violence in family and lack of care etc. are the causes of child labour.

CONSEQUENCE OF CHILD LABOURChild labour is the result of poverty and unemployment. This spoils the adulthood life of the children and their potentialities are not harnessed in the night manner. C. B. MEMORIA has discussed the following consequence of child labour. Child labour is directly related to child s health and exerts a negative effect upon it. It tends to interfere with the moral family life and to encourage the break down of the social control that is largely dependent upon it to preserve the existing social order. It seriously interferes with education and thus precludes the most productive participation, in the privileges and obligation of citizenship. It is the economic backwardness, which pushes the child to the world of social and familiar problems which result in child begging, juvenile delinquency, vagrancy, truancy etc..The various problems that arise because of employment of children as follows: 1-The emotional ties between children and their parents are disturbed.

2-As a result of such international distortion, the children slip off from the family bondage and step into the world of disorganization. The emotional affectionate relation between parents and child turns into commercial interaction. The parents who live below poverty line are compelled to sell the labour of their children, which results in exploitation of child, through demand of maximum turnover at minimum wages, thereby causing economic loss to society. Child workers are necessarily handicapped by limitation of physical strength and experiences so that they are not so productive as the adults. Totally The child labour is economically unsound, psychologically disastrous and physically as well as morally dangerous and harmful. 3-The hazardous working conditions adversely affect the health of child workers. Data reveals that a large number of child workers have sunken chests and thin bone frames which give them a fragile look. They look like rag dolls, limp, unwashed and scraggly. They wear coarse and badly tailored clothes. Many of them have scabies on hands, arms and legs. The heads of a few are tonsured probably because the skin on their skull has developed severe infections. A large number of the child workers are virtually confined in small rooms under inhuman conditions and in the most unhygienic surroundings. Most of these children come from extremely poor households. They earn a very meager wage and work in most unsafe conditions. The hazardous conditions take their tool. Children suffer from lung diseases, tuberculosis, eye diseases, asthma, bronchitis and backaches. Some are injured in fire accidents. Many become unemployable even at the age of 20.If injured or incapacited, they are discarded mercilessly by their employers.

Work in childhood is a social good and national gain, but the circumstances under which child labour is prevalent, is a social evil and national waste. The social problem arising out of child labour implies the fact that: the child labour is directly related to child health and exerts a negative effect upon it. It tends to interfere with the normal family life and to encourage the breakdown of the social control that is largely dependent upon it to preserve the existing social order. It seriously interferes with education and thus preludes the most productive participation in the privileges and obligations of citizenships.

GOVRENMENT MEASURES FOR TACKLING THE PROBLEM OF CHILD LABOURIn India, attempts were made from time to time to provide legal protection to child labour. The following acts were passed in India before independence to provide protection child workers. -The Factory Act, 1881 -The Indian Merchant Shipping of Labour Act, 1923 -The Children Pledging Of Labour Act, 1933 -The Employment of Children Act, 1338 -The Act Passed after independence are discussed as under: -The Indian Factories Act of 1948. -The plantation labour act of 1951.

-The mines act of 1952. - The child labour (prohibition and regulation)act, 1986. THE INDIAN FACTORIES ACT OF 1948This act has limited hours of work for children, prohibited night work and provided for weekly holiday. No person who has not completed his 14 year may be require or allowed to work in any factories. THE PLANTATION LABOUR ACT OF 1951This act applies to all tea, coffee and rubber plantation, child under the age of 12 shall not work in any plantation, no child shall be employed except between the hours 6 am and 7pm, except with permission of the state government. Employer must possess a certificate of fitness of the workers given by surgeon. THE MINES ACT OF 1952Under this act number of child under 15 years of age may be employed in any mine, number of child may be allowed to be present underground or in any excavation. where mining operations are carried on. No of adolescent may work below ground in any time unless he is certified to be medically fit to work as an adult by a certifying surgeon. THE CHILD LABOUR (PROHIBITION AND REGULATION) ACT 1986This acts provides for ban on the employment of children and regulate the condition of work .It says down penalties for employment of children in violation of the provision of this act.

No child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupation or in any workshop . This includes a shop, commercial establishments, workshops, farm, residential, hotel and restaurants, eating houses, theatre or other place of public amusement or entertainment. On 23rd July 1998 included the following occupation viz, handing of toxic substances , inflammable or explosives , carpet weaving, cloth printing, dying and weaving including preparatory and incident at process, plastic units, fiber glass and molding, processing auto mobile workshop, sericulture units, manufacture of lime stone, breaking, crushing, cotton ginning, pressing, pottery and ceramic industry, production of hosiery goods, manufacture of cement ceramic industry, manufacture of cement pipes and other related work, gem cutting and polishing, process of agriculture where tractors, threshing and harvesting machines are used, glass manufactures, bricks, roof tile, polishing ,mould cutting, welding and manufacturing of brass goods, paper making, manufacture of dyes and dye staff , pesticides and insecticides, toxic substances, metal cleaning, manufacturing process having high noise level, involving thermal radiation, oil expelling and refinery, fabrication workshop, tire making repairing , these work the children are more sufferer.

NATIONAL POLICY ON CHILD LABOURThe government believes that it is not easy to completely wipe out child labour. It therefore only tries to improve their working conditions reduce working hours, ensure minimum

wages and provide facilities for health and education. It could be said that the national policy has been main ingredients viz, 1-Legal action focusing on general welfare. 2-Developpment programs for the child workers and their families. 3-A project based action plan. Initially ten projects were proposed to cover the areas where child labour is prevalent. They include the glass industry in Firozabad, carpet weaving in mirzapur, diamond cutting industry in surat and zaipur , brassware industry in Moradabad, match and fire works in shivakashi and so forth. The union government set up a National Authority in 1993 to eliminate child labour in hazardous industries by the turn of the country. Rs.850 corers were provided in this plan for benefiting into two million children. The plans aim at rehabiting the child workers, giving them education in 15,000 schools in different parts of the country. The Government is also implementing the international program for elimination of child labour. The program was launched in January 1993. 33 action programs under this have been approved and more proposals are under consideration. one project with an interpreted approach aims rehabiting 5,000 children every year from the carpet trade. Ofcorse, the Indian Government is spending annually Rs. 10 corers on ten National level pilot projects in priority industries to wear away child labour and rehabilitate them.

For Successful implementation of the project, the action plan has suggested the following strategies: Mass enrolment of children into the schools, identifications of child labour. Strengthening of enforcement machinery and release of child labour assistance of child labour, involve of NGO Sand local bodies. Center has fixed 2010 AD as the target year to eliminate child labour completely from the country. Labour ministry has 96 schemes to eliminate the problems. So far 64 jobs have been identified as hazardous for children. The budget of the 2000-2001year has been fixed at Rs.36 corers when compared to Rs. 34 corers last year. The 96 projects cover 2 lakh children in 13 states, but center is willing to extend this to other states Karnataka is among the 13 states, which have larger population of child labour in the country. The government is preparing an action plan for removing all children from hazardous occupation by 2005 and to provide more funds for projects where they can be employed more healthy and economically. The number of such projects is beings increased from 96 to 100. There are at present over 35,000 schools in the country where over two lakh children have been rehabilited. ASSESSMENT OF CHILD LABOUR: In spite of various acts passed and measures taken by the Government for the amelioration of the problem of child labour,

the still continues. The legislation have been ineffective in affording a measure of protection to children. The root cause of child labour is poverty .Since poverty can not be eliminated overnight, the employment of children bellow 14 years has been allowed in selected unhazardous sectors. The child workers still continue to work in conditions dangerous to their wealth. The child workers have no shelters, no food and no education. They are vulnerable to exploitation by everyone the employers the parents and even the common man. SUGGESTION FOR ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR:The problem of child labour is a complex one. There various factors which are through to be responsible for child labour which needs holistic approach for its elimination. Following measures may be taken for elimination of the problem. 1-STRICT ENFORCEMENT OF LAGISLATIONVarious acts have been passed for amelioration, of the problems of child labour. But these acts have not been effective due to lack of proper implementation. Hence, existing labour legislation must be strictly enforced so that much of the evils will disappear. 2. ELIMINATION OF POVERTY:The root cause of child labour is poverty. The child labour can not be eliminated without the eradication of poverty of parents of child labour. Child labour due to economically necessities. If this is removed the problem will be solved. The problem of elimination of child labours should be doubly attacked, on the one hand, the income of the poor sections of

the peoples should be increased and on the other prohibition of child labour should be strictly followed. 3-PROVISION FOR EDUCATION OF CHILDRENFree and job oriented education should be given to children up to the age of 15. The child workers should also given education along with their work. The National communism on labour has observed, while the economic difficulties are real, a way has to be found to give the child the necessary education in his more receptive years. We fell this can be ensured by fixing employment hours of children. The Gurupadaswamy committee has emphasized that, A part strict enforcement of statutory provisions is existence, steps should be taken to make jobs safe, secure and healthy while dovetailing job oppertunity with education should be pragmatic keeping in view the future prospects of the child.

CONCLUSIONChild labour is an international evil. It requires cumulative efforts to wipe it out. Toiling long hours for a pittance, these little breadwinners accept exploiting as a way of life. The government on this front has also taken a few steps. The (ILO) launched the international program for elimination of child labours in 1991 and India was the first join the same in 1992. But still the problem presents due to poor implementation of the plans and programs. The need of the hours is to expand the machinery for enforcing the various lows of child labour. There is a plethora of lows but nothing can eradicate. Child labour unless there is awareness among parents and children, which will go a long way in saving, the future of millions children in India. Lastly instead of blaming the supply side, we most focus on the demand side.