Tle review-drafting-carpentry-masonry-plumbing-electricity

1. 1. T.L.E
2. 2. Technology and Livelihood Education Electricity ElectronicsCarpentry Plumbing
Drafting Entrepreneurship Foods CosmetologyMasonry
3. 3. Drafting
4. 4. Drafting  The process of drawing to communicate ideas and instructions to others. 
Most manufactured products and all major buildings were first created on drawing boards
5. 5. Drafting Equipment  T square –instrument used in drawing horizontal lines. It is also
used in guiding triangles when drawing vertical lines.
6. 6. Drafting Equipment  Triangle – a three sided ruler which has typically two equal sides
meeting at 900.  30 x 60 and  45 x 45 degrees.
7. 7. Drafting Equipment  Divider - is used to create equal distances, transfer
measurements and spacing points or lines
8. 8. Drafting Equipment  Masking tape - material used for fastening the drawing paper on
the drawing table.
9. 9. Drafting Equipment  Erasing Shield - is a useful tool to protect the rest of the drawing
when clearing up smudges, unnecessary pencil lines and other erasures.
10. 10. Drafting Equipment  Pencil - is made of a much better grade of graphite, commonly
called lead which is used in drawing lines. (9H, 8H, 7h, 6H, 5H, 4H, 3H, 2H, H, HB, B,
2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, and 6B)
11. 11. Drafting  Freehand drawing or Sketching – the use of pencil, paper and eraser only.
12. 12. Drafting  Mechanical drawing – describing the shapes of objects completely and
exactly with the aid of drawing instruments and by the use of orthographic projection.
13. 13. Drafting  Technical Drawing – used to show the material, dimension (Width, Height,
Depth) and shape of a product.
14. 14. Drafting  Orthographic Drawing– representing the exact shape of an object into 2 or
more views on planes, generally at right angle or 90 degrees.
15. 15. Drafting  Isometric drawing – the object is represented by three sides seen at one
time. It is made with a 30 x 60 degrees triangle.
16. 16. Drafting  Pictorial drawing – it shows object as it would appear in a photograph. It
shows more than one side of the object.
17. 17. Lettering (Free Hand)  Lettering is usually done freehand  Either one of these two
styles may be made;  vertically or inclined.  Italics is 67.5 degrees
18. 18. Lettering (Free Hand)  A good height of lettering for dimension and notes on a
working drawing is 1/8 of an inch.
19. 19. Lettering (Free Hand)  For the lettering of subtitles 3/16 of an inch is recommended.
 All titles should be lettered with capital letters.  When only capital letters are used, the
beginning letter of each sentence is often made higher than the remaining letters. 
When lower case letters are used, capitals are used in the beginning letter at the start of
a sentence, and for proper names,
20. 20. Lettering (Guidelines)  [1]Cap line – the uppermost line for uppercase letters and for
ascender.  [2]Waist line – line between Cap and Base lines, used to determine the
height of the lower case letters.  [3]Base line – line where all the letters rest or stand. 
[4]Drop line – a line for letters with strokes that extend downward known as descender.
Day [1] [2] [3] [4]
21. 21. Drafting (Kinds of Letters)  Gothic – all letters are composed of uniform width
elements ABCDEF abcdef  Roman – letters have strokes (accented), or made up of
thick and thin elements ABCDEF abcdef  Text – elements are made with style C or D
speedball pens. Old English, church text. ABCDEF abcdef
22. 22. Drafting (Lines)  [1]Dimension line - used to indicate the measurement of objects
which are represented by dark solid lines.  [2]Extension line – fine line used to show
clearly the dimension limits.  [3]Center line – light broken lines used in circles,
sometimes as extension line  [4]Leader line – line leading from a dimension value, or
explanatory note to the feature on the drawing. An arrowhead is used in pointing end but
 not in note end.  [5]Long break – a limiting line used to limit the length of elongated
object.  [6]Invisible line - a series of light dash line that represents parts of a drawing
that are not seen.  Border line - is considered as the darkest lines that surround a
drawing usually in rectangular shape
23. 23. Drafting (Lines) 3’’ [1]Dimension line [2]Extension line [3]Center line [4]Leader line
[5]Long break [6]Invisible line [1 ] [2 ] [3 ] [4] [5 ] [6]
24. 24. Drafting (Isometric Drawing)  It presents the object in 3 views, FV (Front View), TV
(Top View) and RSV (Right Side View).  Three axes are needed to perform isometric
drawing, the vertical axis, left 300 axis and right 300 axis (a=1200 , b=1200 , c=1200 )
25. 25. Drafting (Isometric Drawing)  The drawing that has equal measure.  The BOX
method is the starting point of isometric drawings.
26. 26. Drating (Pictorial Drawing)  Axonometric Drawing – the object turned so that three
faces are viewed simultaneously  Oblique Drawing  a pictorial drawing having one side
parallel to the picture plane. It maybe drawn at any convenient angle.
27. 27. Drating (Pictorial Drawing)  Types of Oblique drawing  Cavalier –the width, depth
and height is the true length or size (Actual representation)  Cabinet –the depth is
reduced to one half. The front is actual size, while the depth of top and right side are
drawn one half to the actual
28. 28. Drating (Pictorial Drawing)  Perspective Drawing – the most realistic, the object is
drawn as it seen by the naked eye.  One point drawing (Vanishing Point)  Two points
drawing VP
29. 29. Drafting (Perspective)
30. 30. Sample Question 1  A.) Perspective  B.) Isometric  C.) Orthographic  D.)
Technical a b c
31. 31. Sample Question 2  This is a kind of letter in lettering where letters have strokes
(accented), or made up of thick and thin elements  ABCDEF abcdef  A.) Gothic  B.)
Roman  C.) Text  D.) Old English
32. 32. Sample Question 3  This is a series of light dash line that represents parts of a
drawing that are not seen.  A.) Dimension Line  B.) Leader Line  C.) Invisible Line 
D.) Center Line
33. 33. Carpentry
34. 34. Carpentry  Carpentry is the term commonly referring to technology and science of
cutting, fitting, and assembling related materials in the construction of boats, bridges and
piers, or any other structure made from construction materials.
35. 35. Carpentry (Woods)  Woods Are by-product of trees which are used for carpentry
projects.
36. 36. Carpentry (Types of Woods)  Lumber - woods that came from trees, either softwood
or hardwood.  Yard Lumber – prepared lumber for variety of uses. Select and common 
Softwood – it comes from the evergreen or needle bearing trees. These are called
conifers because many of them bear cones.  Hardwood – it comes from broad leafed
(deciduous) trees that shed their leaves at the end of the season.  Select grade – is
lumber of good appearance that can take different finishes such as stain, paint, and
enamel.  Common grade – it is suitable for rough carpentry. It is not of finishing quality.
(eg. Coco Lumber)
37. 37. Carpentry (Parts of a Wood)  Sapwood – the part of the wood that is close to the
bark  Heartwood – inner part of the wood which is made up of accumulated dead cells. 
Cambium layer – a thin layer that divides the inner part of the wood and the bark.
38. 38. Carpentry (Parts of a Wood)  [a] Sapwood  [b] Heartwood  [c] Cambium layer
39. 39. Carpentry (Parts of a Wood)  Layers
40. 40. Carpentry (Lumber Defects)  Split or Check is a lengthwise separation of the wood
along the grain like small crack or split
41. 41. Carpentry (Lumber Defects)  Knot is a branch or limb of a tree that has been
exposed when the log is cut.
42. 42. Carpentry (Lumber Defects)  Pitch Pocket – internal cavity that contains resinous
materials. (usually attracts ants)
43. 43. Carpentry (Lumber Defects)  Stain – discoloration of the wood surface
44. 44. Carpentry (Lumber Defects)  Shake – separation between the annual growth rings.
45. 45. Carpentry (Lumber Defects)  Defects
46. 46. Carpentry (Quality of wood)  S2S – planed or smooth on two sides  S4S – planed
or smooth on four sides
47. 47. Carpentry (Unit of Measurement of wood)  The unit of measure for lumber is “board
foot”.  (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12  How many board feet are there in 7 pieces of 2” x 4” x 12’
lumber?  56 bd. ft.
48. 48. Carpentry (Wood Preparation)  Seasoning – the process of drying the wood in
preparation for use.  Air Seasoning (Sun Dried) – filling the wood in open air  Kiln
Seasoning (Kiln Dried) – the used of oven to dry wood  Treated – Use of Chemical
compound before seasoning  The approximate moisture content of drying hardwood for
home furniture is  20 % for softwood, 6-12 % for hardwood
49. 49. Carpentry (Finishing)  Scraper is tool made of steel. It is used to produce a very
smooth surface.
50. 50. Carpentry (Finishing)  Wood Fillers - this are used to eliminate deep cuts and holes
in your finished project, so that surface can be made even and smooth.
51. 51. Carpentry (Finishing)  Stain - is a wood finishing material; derived from different
color of woods such as walnut, mahogany and natural color.
52. 52. Carpentry (Finishing)  Shellac - a finishing material came from gums substance of
insects.
53. 53. Carpentry (Finishing)  Varnish - a finishing material when applied produces high
glossy finish to a project. It came in different forms, from gum, linseed oil, resin,
turpentine and or chemical drier.
54. 54. Carpentry (Joints)  Joinery is the process of putting the work together.
55. 55. Carpentry (Joints)  Butt joint – the end of one piece is fastened to the surface or
edge of other piece.
56. 56. Carpentry (Joints)  Milter joint – the corners are cut usually at 45 degrees and joined
forming right angle.
57. 57. Carpentry (Joints)  Dovetail – used on the corners of drawers and chairs. (“Kaltas”)
58. 58. Carpentry (Joints)  Mortise and Tenon – is one of the strongest joint used for quality
chairs, tables and benches. (Force Fitting)
59. 59. Carpentry (Joints)  Dado - is a groove that runs on board and receives the end or
edge of the second board. (“TnG”)
60. 60. Carpentry (Joints)  Rabbet - is a wood joint commonly used for making frames to
hold glass in constructing drawers and other cabinetwork.
61. 61. Carpentry (Tools)
62. 62. •Push Pull Steel Tape Rule - steel tape is assembled in a fixed casing and retracts
automatically by spring. Carpentry (Common Tools)
63. 63. Knife is used when you know that the marks will disappear. Carpentry (Common
Tools)
64. 64. Try Square - is use for testing the squareness of two surfaces. Woodworking tool
used to mark a line at 90 degrees to the edge of the wood or finding "square". Carpentry
(Common Tools)
65. 65. Marking Gauge - it is used in laying out and marking the thickness and width of stock.
Carpentry (Common Tools)
66. 66. Sliding T Bevel - this tool can be set to lay out any angle. Carpentry (Common Tools)
67. 67. Scratch awl is used to lay out positions for drilling and boring holes. Carpentry
(Common Tools)
68. 68. Dividers are used for dividing space equally, transferring measurements and scribing
arcs and circles. Carpentry (Common Tools)
69. 69. Bench Vise is used for holding a work of piece to allow work to be performed in it.
Carpentry (Holding Tools)
70. 70. Clamp is used for gluing up large surfaces, edge to edge and for clamping parts
together when assembling projects. Carpentry (Holding Tools)
71. 71. Brace – it is used for holding auger bits, fastener bits and other tools with rectangular
shape shanks. Carpentry (Holding Tools)
72. 72. Long crosscut saw – it is used in cutting large and round timber. Carpentry (Cutting
Tools)
73. 73. Rip saw – it is designed in sawing along the grain. Carpentry (Cutting Tools)
74. 74. Crosscut saw – it is designed in cutting across the grain. The shape of the teeth is
similar to knife blades. Carpentry (Cutting Tools)
75. 75. Backsaw – it has stiff blades for more accurate work both on the bench and the vise.
Carpentry (Cutting Tools)
76. 76. Hack saw – is used to cut metal. Carpentry (Cutting Tools)
77. 77. Coping saw – used in cutting irregular shapes. Carpentry (Cutting Tools)
78. 78. Keyhole saw – used in cutting circle shape in a wood. Carpentry (Cutting Tools)
79. 79. Plane - it is used in reducing the thickness or width of a piece of wood and for
smoothing surfaces Carpentry (Smoothening Tools)
80. 80. Spokeshave – it is used to plane convex and concave edges Carpentry
(Smoothening Tools)
81. 81. Chisels and gouges – it is used in cutting edge and carving of woods. Carpentry
(Smoothening Tools)
82. 82. Auger bits – it is designed for boring holes in woods. Carpentry (Boring Tools)
83. 83. Brace – it is used for holding auger bits and other tools with rectangular shape
shanks. Carpentry (Boring Tools)
84. 84. Drill – a set of twist drills used for drilling both metal and wood. Carpentry (Boring
Tools)
85. 85. Gimlet – it is a small brace bit fitted with a box wood handle. It is used in boring holes
with small diameter. Carpentry (Boring Tools)
86. 86. Claw Hammer – it is used in driving and pulling nails. Carpentry (Driving Tools)
87. 87. Mallet – it is made of wood and it is used in driving chisels with wooden handles.
Carpentry (Driving Tools)
88. 88. Ball Peen Hammer – it has a round knob at the back of the hammer. It is used in
metal work Carpentry (Driving Tools)
89. 89. Carpentry (Holding Tools)  Vise is used for holding a work of piece to allow work to
be performed in it.  Clamp is used for gluing up large surfaces, edge to edge and for
clamping parts together when assembling projects.  Brace – it is used for holding auger
bits, fastener bits and other tools with rectangular shape shanks.
90. 90. Carpentry (Cutting Tools)  Long crosscut saw – it is used in cutting large and round
timber.  Rip saw – it is designed in sawing along the grain.  Crosscut saw – it is
designed in cutting across the grain. The shape of the teeth is similar to knife blades. 
Backsaw – it has stiff blades for more accurate work both on the bench and the vise. 
Hack saw – is used to cut metal.  Coping saw – used in cutting irregular shapes. 
Keyhole saw – used in cutting circle shape in a wood.
91. 91. Carpentry (Smoothening Tools)  Plane - it is used in reducing the thickness or width
of a piece of wood and for smoothing surfaces  Spokeshave – it is used to plane convex
and concave edges.  Chisels and gouges – it is used in cutting edge and carving of
woods.
92. 92. Carpentry (Boring Tools)  Auger bits – it is designed for boring holes in woods. 
Brace – it is used for holding auger bits and other tools with rectangular shape shanks. 
Drill – a set of twist drills used for drilling both metal and wood.  Gimlet – it is a small
brace bit fitted with a box wood handle. It is used in boring holes with small diameter.
93. 93. Carpentry (Driving Tools)  Mallet – it is made of wood and it is used in driving chisels
with wooden handles.  Claw Hammer – it is used in driving and pulling nails.  Ball Peen
Hammer – it has a round knob at the back of the hammer. It is used in metal work.
94. 94. Carpentry (Roofs)  Gable Roof. This roof has two roof slopes that meet at the center
(ridge), forming a gable. It is the most common roof because it is simple, economical, and
may be used on any type of structure.  Hip Roof. This roof has four sides or slopes
running upward toward the center of the building to create a ridge (or peak)  Lean-To or
Shed Roof. This roof used where hasty or temporary construction is needed and where
 sheds or additions to buildings are erected.  Valley Roof. This roof is framed of two
intersection hip or gable roofs. The two roofs meet at a valley.
95. 95. Sample Question 1  What computational formula is used to compute for the
measurement of wood in board feet?  A.) (T” + W” + L’ )* 10  B.) (T” x W” x L’ )/ 10 
C.) (T” - W” - L’ )/ 12  D.) (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
96. 96. Sample Question 2  How much will Mr. Policarpio pay if he purchase 14 pieces of
2x2x10 of lumber and the prices per board foot is Php 12.50?  A.) Php 41.66  B.) Php
583.33  C.) Php 46.66  D.) Php 653.33 Bd.ft= (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12 Bd.ft= (2 x 2 x 10) /12
Bd.ft= 3.33 Total Amount = (3.33 Bd.ft x 14 pcs ) x Php12.50 Total Amount = (46.66
Bd.ft) x Php 12.50 Total Amount = Php 583.33
97. 97. Sample Question 3  What kind of joint in carpentry is illustrated below?  A.) Mortise
& Tenon  B.) Dovetail  C.) Milter joint  D.) Dado
98. 98. Masonry
99. 99. Masonry  Masonry is the art of building with stone, bricks, concrete blocks or similar
materials.  It is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together
by mortar.
100. 100. Masonry (Basics)  Concrete – the artificial stone as a result of mixing sand,
cement, gravel and water.  Mortar – mixture of cement, sand and water used for binding
stones, bricks, etc. or for plastering.  Plaster – mixture applied wet to wall or ceilings and
hardened to produce smooth surface.  Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with water
to form a hard stone-like substance.
101. 101. Masonry (Basics)  Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with water to form
a hard stone-like substance.  Two types of Cement  Portland Cement (Approx 24Hrs
Curing Period)  Pozzoland Cement (Approx 72Hrs Curing Period)
102. 102. Masonry (Tools)  Roughing up tools  Plumb bob is used in guiding the
vertical position in laying bricks
103. 103. Masonry (Tools)  Water and Tube Level – use to establish level marks in
laying out masonry works
104. 104. Masonry (Tools)  Crandall – tool with pointed steel pikes used for dressing
concrete.
105. 105. Masonry (Tools)  Bolster – tool similar with chisel including its services
106. 106. Masonry (Tools)  Spade – basic construction tool used in mixing concrete.
107. 107. Masonry (Tools)  Float – tool with handle at the back usually made of
wood.
108. 108. Masonry (Tools)  Trowel – flat tool used for applying, spreading and
shaping plaster or mortar to produce smooth finish.
109. 109. Masonry (Common Materials)  CHB - is the most widely used masonry
material for construction works.  Bricks – are manufactured from clay and other
materials processed into workable consistency and molded to standard sizes.  Ashlars –
carefully worked and joined stone blocks laid in parallel horizontal courses.  Rubble
stone – irregular stones with good face for wall surface.  Aggregates - the material that
is bound together into a conglomerated mass by cement and water to form concrete,
mortar or plaster.  Fine – sand  Coarse – crushed rocks, gravel .
110. 110. Masonry (Mixing Proportion)  Cement Sand Gravel  AA – 1 : 1 ½ : 3  A –
1 : 2 : 4  B – 1 : 2 ½ : 5  C – 1 : 3 : 6  For Handmixing  ½ kg of water + 1 kg of
cement + 2 kg of sand + 2.5 – 3 kg of gravel
111. 111. Masonry (Strength of Concrete)  Correct proportion of the ingredients 
Quality of the materials  Proper methods of mixing  Proper placement or depositing of
the concrete inside the form  Adequate protection during the period of curing  Finding
the Quantity of Cement, Sand and Gravel  It will depend on the kind of mixture (AA, A, B
or C)  Find the volume
112. 112. Masonry (Strength of Concrete)  One cubic feet of gravel is equal to 95% of
the volume of concrete  Cement is equal to  cubic feet of gravel  quantity of gravel in
the proportion  Sand is equal to  cubic feet of gravel  2  Volume = T” x L’ x W’ 
Example: 5” x 10’ x 20’  5/12 x 10 x 20 = 83.33 cu. ft.
113. 113. Masonry (Strength of Concrete)  How many bags of cement, sand and
gravel are needed for the construction of a concrete flooring with 5 inches thick and
dimensions of 10 x 20 feet of class B concrete mixture?  class B – 1 : 2.5 : 5  Volume =
5/12 x 10 x 20 = 83.33 cu. ft.  83.33 x 95% = 79.16 cu.ft. of gravel  79.16 / 5 = 15.83
bags of cement  79.16 / 2 = 39.58 cu.ft. of sand  Values in Red are constant (Based on
Mixing prop)
114. 114. Masonry (Strength of Concrete)  A floor 15 feet by 20 feet is to be
concreted with 4 inches thick. The proportion is Class A. Find the number of cement,
sand and gravel in cu.ft.  Cement = 23.75 bags  Sand = 47.5 cu.ft.  Gravel = 95 cu.ft.
115. 115. Masonry (CHB Quantity)  Find the area of the wall (sq. m.)  The area to
12.5 (given no. of HBs per sq. m. with ½ “ thick mortar )  Ex. 3m x 8m = 24 sq. m. x 12.5
= 300  How many CHBs are needed for the construction of 8 meters high and 8 meters
long fence?
116. 116. Plumbing
117. 117. Plumbing (RA 1378)  Plumbing is the art and science of installing pipes,
fixtures and other apparatus to convey and supply water in buildings and to dispose and
discharge waste water in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way.  Plumbing designs
and installations are governed by a set of rules prescribed by the National Plumbing
Code.  Republic Act 1378, otherwise known as the "Plumbing Law".
118. 118. Plumbing (Purpose of the Code)  Establish standards that will protect the
health of the community. Faulty plumbing is a serious health hazard.  With the
increasing standardization of equipment and materials, plumbing codes in different areas
of the country are tending more and more toward uniformity,.
119. 119. Plumbing (Basic Terms)  Fixture – any of the fixed plumbing items in a
household such as lavatories, showers, bath tubs, etc.  Sewer – an underground tunnel
that carries off the drainage and water matter from a house.  Fittings – are piece of
apparatus, equipment or furnishing used for pipe installations.  Drainage – includes all
piping within the public or private premises that conveys sewage, rainwater and other
liquid wastes.  Vent pipe – facilitate ventilation to avoid siphonage or backflow of the
water seal.  Soil pipe – pipes that convey waste coming from water closet (toilet). 
Waste pipe – conveys waste from various fixtures other than water closet.  Solid waste
– from water closet (toilet)  Liquid waste - from various fixture
120. 120. Plumbing (Basic Terms)  Cleanout be installed in the pipe system to
facilitate troubleshooting in case of stoppage of flow
121. 121. Plumbing (Basic Terms)  Any structure with a house drain installed, must
have at least one soil stack or stack vent extended full size above the roof.  Not less
than 3” or 75mm diameter, no less than 2 m above the roof if the roof is used other than
protection from the elements of weather.  The ideal position of horizontal pipe, were
those installed at 2% slope. 2 cm per 1 meter length, a 3 meters pipe will have inclination
of 3x2=6 cm.  The house drain shall be provided with adequate number of cleanouts to
facilitate troubleshooting or cleaning in case of stoppage or flow. Every 20 m space
122. 122. Plumbing (Types of Pipe)  Rigid type  Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 
Chlorinated Polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)  Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)  Flexible type 
Polyethylene (PE)  Polybuthylene (PB)  Copper pipe – used in installing hot water
supply  PVC pipes quickly installed using solvent cementing.
123. 123. Plumbing (The Septic Tank)  Septic Tank – is is the receptacle or vault
used to collect organic waste discharge from the house sewer.  An ideal size of septic
tank is 1.3 cu.m, for 6 family members  A very large tank is not advisable because the
bacterial activities would be retarded.  Bacteriological Processes  Sedimentation
process - decomposition in the upper portion of the tank (with the scum)  Anaerobic
decomposition –decompo-sition of the sludge at the bottom of the tank.  Sludge – a
semi-liquid substance accumulated at the bottom of the septic tank.  Scum – a floating
substance at the septic tank.  The minimum distance required between the septic tank
and residence is ten feet (10’)  The minimum distance required between the well and
septic tank is seventy-five feet (75’)
124. 124. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Pipe wrench – used in turning soft iron
pipes and fittings with rounded surface.
125. 125. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Wrench – is used to tighten or loosen
hexagonal fittings.
126. 126. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Pipe vise – used in holding pipes for
cutting and threading.
127. 127. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Threader – tools used in making teeth on
pipes
128. 128. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Tube cutter – or pipe cutter used for
thinner pipes and tubes.
129. 129. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Hacksaw – a fine tooth saw with blade
held under tension in a frame, used for cutting metals or plastics.
130. 130. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Fittings  P-trap – a device designed to
seal a liquid or prevent the back passage of air without affecting the flow of the sewage
through it.
131. 131. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Fittings  Nipple – a short pipe with small
opening which provides way for liquid to pass through the pipe. It has a male thread on
each end and is used for extension from fitting.
132. 132. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Fittings  Bushing - fittings that can be
inserted into one pipe and allow you to screw another (smaller pipe) pipe into it.
133. 133. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Fittings  Coupling – a fitting device used
to connect two shafts together at their ends.
134. 134. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Fittings  Union – like coupling, except it is
designed to allow quick and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance. “Union
Patente”
135. 135. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Fittings  Plug – cap end, designed to
insert into the end of tube to end the flow of water.
136. 136. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Fittings  Cap – similar to plug, it covers
the end of a pipe.
137. 137. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Fittings  Elbows – ¼ bend, 45 degrees
and 90 degrees, to change direction
138. 138. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Fittings  Reducer – used to connect
smaller pipe from a larger pipe.
139. 139. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Fittings  Tee
140. 140. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Fittings  Wye
141. 141. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Valves  Gate valve – it is used to permit
or prevent the flow of water.
142. 142. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Valves  Check valve – a device which
allows liquid to flow through it in only one direction. It is often used in some types of
pumps – inlet and outlet ball check valves.
143. 143. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Valves  Inlet valve – it is used to control
the pressure of the flow of water.
144. 144. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Valves  Flush valve – device located at
the bottom of the tank for flushing water closets.
145. 145. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)  Valves  Float valve – used in filling water
tanks, avoiding overflow and backflow of water.
146. 146. Sample Question 1  The Plumbing Law is also known as?  A.) RA7077 
B.) RA6442  C.) RA 1387  D.) RA 1378
147. 147. Sample Question 2  If the ideal size of a septic tank for a 6 Family
members is 1.3 cu. m, what size will it take to have a family member of 9?  A.) 1.93 cu.
m  B.) 1.96 cu. m  C.) 1.92 cu. m  D.) 1.95 cu. m cu.m/fm = (1.3 cu.m/ 6)
Cu.m/fm=0.216 Septic size = cu.m/fm x N Septic size = 0.216 x 9 Septic size = 1.95 cu.m
148. 148. Sample Question 3  Plumbing material that is used to connect smaller pipe
from a larger pipe.  A.) Tee  B.) Union  C.) Reducer  D.) Elbow
149. 149. Electricity
150. 150. Electricity  Electricity is a form of energy resulting from the existence of
charged particles (such as electrons & protons). Either statically on an accumulation of
charge of dynamically a current  Current Directional flow of electric charge  Insulator
vs. Conductor
151. 151. Electricity (Sources)  Biomass – all solid materials from plants and animals
which energy may be extracted.  Advantages of Biomass Energy  Renewable energy
source  Very low greenhouse gas emissions  Can produce energy on-demand 
Energy is easily stored  Disadvantages of Biomass Energy  Low energy return on
investment  High air pollution emissions  Very high water and land requirements  High
occupational hazards  Geothermal Energy – heat energy of the earth.
152. 152. Electricity (Sources)  Hydropower – force of moving water from rivers and
water reservoirs.  Advantages of Hydropower  Very high return on energy investment 
Very low greenhouse gas & air pollution emissions  Inexpensive once dam is built 
Disadvantages of Hydropower  Very high land requirements  Extremely high impacts to
land and water habitat  Best sites are already developed or off-limits  Disastrous
impacts in case of dam failure  Ocean Power – energy from the currents and waves. 
Marine Currents  Two-way currents – caused by ocean tides.  One-way currents –
ocean water flowing like rivers.
153. 153. Electricity (Sources)  Solar Energy – heat energy provided by the sun 
Advantages of Solar Energy  Renewable energy source  Very low greenhouse gas
emissions  Very low air pollution emissions  Very low water requirements  Modular,
low-profile, low-maintenance  Very safe for workers and public  Disadvantages of Solar
Energy  Intermittent energy source  High land requirements  Expensive  Manufacture
involves some toxics
154. 154. Electricity (Sources)  Wind Power – energy from the force of the wind. 
Advantages of Wind Power  Renewable energy source  Very low greenhouse gas
emissions  Very low air pollution emissions  Very low water requirements  Very safe
for workers and public  Disadvantage of Wind Power  Intermittent energy source 
Limited to windy areas  Potentially high hazard to birds  Moderate land requirements
155. 155. Electricity (Sources)  Coal Energy – energy derived from burning coals, a
rock mostly made of carbon element.  Advantages of Coal Energy  Inexpensive 
Abundant  Low land requirements  Can produce energy on-demand  Disadvantages
of Coal Energy  Non-renewable energy source  Very high greenhouse gas emissions 
Very high air pollution emissions  High land/water impacts from acid rain, mine drainage
 Highly hazardous occupation
156. 156. Electricity (Sources)  Nuclear Energy – energy trapped inside the atom, the
same with the principle of producing energy by heat.  Advantages of Nuclear Energy 
Low greenhouse gas emissions  Low air pollution emissions  Low land requirements
for power plants (though not for waste storage)  Can produce energy on-demand 
Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy  Non-renewable energy source  High water
requirements  Relatively expensive  Waste remains dangerous for thousands of years
 Serious accident would be disastrous
157. 157. Electricity (Sources)  Natural Gas – energy from methane, a combination of
hydrogen and carbon, formed when organic matters are trapped beneath the
sedimentary layers of the earth.
158. 158. Electricity (Types of Current)  Alternating Current (AC) - the flow of
electrons changes alternately. It goes positive, and then it goes negative, and so on as a
cycle.  It reverses direction 120 times per second, or 60 cycles per second – called 60
hertz power.  Direct Current (DC) - the flow of electron in a conductor is only in one
direction.  It flows from negative pole, through a device, and on the positive pole. 
Sources:  Chemical battery , Electronic power supply, and Mechanical Generator
159. 159. Electricity (Types of Electricity)  Static Electricity – electricity at rest, the
buildup of electric charge on the surface of objects.  Electricity produced by friction 
 Dynamic Electricity – the flow of electric charge, also known as electric current. It also
known as electricity in motion.
160. 160. Electricity (Electric Circuit)  Circuit is the complete flow of current through a
conductor or path from the source to the load and back to the source. It is the continuous
flow of current.
161. 161. Electricity (Electric Circuit)  Source – it provides electrical power to the
circuit. Ex. Cell or battery, generators.
162. 162. Electricity (Electric Circuit)  Load – electrical device (appliances) connected
to the circuit that consumes electricity or power.
163. 163. Electricity (Electric Circuit)  Control/Switch – a device that turns the current
ON and OFF.
164. 164. Electricity (Electric Circuit)  Path – a conductor composed of 2 or more
lines that provide passage for the current from the source to the load.
165. 165. Electricity (Electric Symbols)  QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL PROPONENT
FORMULA  Electron Current Ampere I or A Andre Ampere I = E / R  Applied Voltage
Volt V or E Allesandro Volta V = I x R  Circuit Resistance Ohm R George Ohm R = E / I
 Power Watt P James Watt P = I x E
166. 166. Electricity (Types of Circuit)  Series Circuit  Loads are connected end to
end along the path of current in a single closed loop.  Current is the same throughout
the circuit (Itotal = Il=I2=I3….)  Voltage is equal to the sum of individual voltage drops in
a circuit.  (Vtotal = Vl+V2+V3….)  Resistance in series is equal to the sum of individual
resistances  (Rtotal = Rl+R2+R3….)
167. 167. Electricity (Types of Circuit)  Series Circuit  (Rtotal = Rl+R2+R3….) 
RT=R1+R2+R3  RT=10+10+20  RT=40Ohms
168. 168. Electricity (Types of Circuit)  Parallel Circuit  Loads are connected side by
side across the path of the current.  Current in each branch is independent from each
other, when branch or load opens, the other load will still function.  Current is equal to
the sum of the individual currents.  (Itotal = Il+I2+I3….)  Voltage drop across each load
is the same. (Vtotal = Vl=V2=V3….)  Resistance is found by this formula:  1  ------------
-----------  1 1 1  --- + --- + ---  R1 R2 R3
169. 169. Electricity (Types of Circuit)  Parallel Circuit  Resistance is found by this
formula: (Product over sum)  RT= (R1)(R2)  R1 + R2  RT= (10) (20)  10 + 20  RT=
200  30  RT= 66.66Ohms
170. 170. Electricity (Types of Circuit)  Series and Parallel Circuit  Combination of
series and parallel connection in one circuit.
171. 171. Electricity (Ohms Law)  OHM’S LAW  George Simoun Ohm – discovered
the relationships of voltage, current and resistance in a circuit.  Current is directly
proportional to voltage  Increase in voltage will result to increase in current  Current is
inversely proportional to resistance  Increase in resistance will result to a decrease in
current
172. 172. Electricity (Basic Computation)  QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL FORMULA 
Electron Current Ampere I or A I = V / R  Applied Voltage Volt V or E V = I x R  Circuit
Resistance Ohm R R = V / I  Power Watt P P = I x V
173. 173. Electricity (Ohms Law)
174. 174. Electricity (Ampere “I”)  Ampere is represented as “I”  Voltage is
represented as “V”  Resistance is Represented as “R”  How to determine the Ampere
required for a voltage of 12V and a resistance of 1o ohms.  I = V / R  I= 12 /10  I=1.2 
The Ampere required is 1.2A
175. 175. Electricity (Voltage “V”)  Ampere is represented as “I”  Voltage is
represented as “V”  Resistance is Represented as “R”  How to determine the Voltage
required for a current of 2A and a resistance of 14 ohms.  V=I x R  V= 2 x 14  V=28 
The Voltage required is 28V
176. 176. Electricity (Resistance “R”)  Ampere is represented as “I”  Voltage is
represented as “V”  Resistance is Represented as “R”  How to determine the
 Resistance of the circuit for a current of 2A and a Voltage of 24V.  R=V/I  R= 24 x 2 
R=12  The Resistance is 12Ohms
177. 177. Electricity (Power “P”)  Ampere is represented as “I”  Voltage is
represented as “V”  Power is Represented as “P”  How to determine the Power (Watts)
for a current of 30A and a Voltage of 220V.  P=V x I  P= 220 x 30  P=6600  The
Power or watts is 6600W
178. 178. Electricity (Trick of the trade) V I R P I V
179. 179. Electricity (Circuit Protection)  Breaker – an automatically operated
electrical switch designed to protect electrical circuit caused by overload or short circuit. 
(Fuse operates once, must be replaced. Breaker can be reset to resume normal
operation).  20 amp – for convenience outlets (general purpose)  15 amp – for lighting
fixtures  30 amp – for heavy duty appliance outlets (SPO) such as ref and aircon.  60
amp - for main breaker
180. 180. Electricity (Circuit Conditions)  Overload – when the total current flowing in
the circuit is more than the capacity of the conductor.  Short Circuit – when insulated
conductors from line 1 and line 2 of a circuit come into contact with each other without
passing any load, or when the resistance of the load becomes unnecessary low.  This is
dangerous because it creates a very high flow of current which produces unusual heat
and may cause fire.  Grounded circuit = when one uninsulated conductor touches the
metal part of an appliance. It causes voltage drain, and electrocution when touch by
uninsulated individual.  Open circuit = when the flow of the current is incomplete. When
circuit is switched off.  Closed circuit = when the flow of current is complete. When
circuit is switched on.
181. 181. Electricity (Basic requirements in electrical house wiring)  Prepare a house
wiring plan in accordance with the safety standards of the PEC  PEC – Philippine
Electrical Code or NEC – National Electrical Code  Philippine Association of Mechanical
and Electrical Engineers (PAMEE)  Determine the load and compute for the expected
power and current consumption.  Identify the service point where electricity will come
from  Determine the number of outlets per branch and their specifications  Determine
the sizes of the receptacles, tubes and panels  Determine the sizes and ampacity of
wires, cables and circuit protectors.  3 watts per square foot – for general purpose circuit
(lighting and receptacles) or 24watts per 1 sq. m for lighting, 100 watts per outlet  A
nominal value of 1500 watts for each 20- ampere small appliances and laundry circuit. 
Plus major appliances, (5000 watts for aircon) then get the total load.
182. 182. Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )  Before beginning any
electrical repair, shut off the power.  (Remove the fuse or trip the breaker for the circuit
you will be working on in your service panel)  Prepare and study the wiring diagram.
This will help you understand the basic principles of good wiring.  Electrical wires are
color coded to prevent wiring errors.  Black is HOT wire  White is Neutral wire  Green
is Ground wire  Red is second HOT wire  Yellow is Traveller wire
183. 183. Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )  Always use appropriate size
of wires  Sizes of wires (As the Number increases the actual size decreases) 
Measured in terms of AWG (American Wire Gauge)  # 14 AWG (2.0mm2) – for lighting
fixtures  # 12 AWG (3.5mm2) – for convenience outlets  # 10 or 8 AWG (5.5 to
8.5mm2)– for service entrance
184. 184. Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )  Sizes of wires (As the
Number increases the actual size decreases)
185. 185. Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )  Sizes of wires (As the
Number increases the actual size decreases)
186. 186. Electricity (Test Instruments )  Ohm meter – test for resistance  Ammeter
– test for current  Voltmeter – test for voltage  Multimeter/ VOM
187. 187. Electricity (Word Problem)  15 ohm and 13 ohm resistor is connected in
series and will be called “X”. Another is a 23 ohms and 5 ohms is connected in parallel
which will be called “Y”. What will be the total current of the whole circuit if “X” and “Y” is
connected in parallel and the voltage is 24V?
188. 188. Electricity (Word Problem)  A 4 Ohm resistor is connected in parallel to 3
series connected resistors of 4, 3 and 5 Ohms, what will be the voltage of the circuit if the
Current is 8.3A?
189. 189. Electricity (Word Problem)  A 3 resistors is connected in parallel namely
3.7, 9.4 and 12.7 Ohms is connected in a series to a 2 parallel connected resistors of
11.6 and and 7.3 Ohms, what will be the voltage of the circuit if the Current is 12.3A?
190. 190. Electronics
191. 191. Electronics  Electronics – refers to the flow of charge (moving electrons)
through nonmetal conductors (mainly semiconductors).  The flow of charge through
various materials and devices such as, semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors,
and vacuum tubes.
192. 192. Electronics  Electronic components -It refers to any physical entity in an
electronic system whose intention is to affect the electrons in a desired manner
consistent with the intended function of the electronic system  Electronic circuit –
composed of different components that are classified as active and passive components.
 Passive – components that do not generate voltage but controls the current in a circuit.
 Ex. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.  Active – components that can generate,
amplify and even control voltage and current in a circuit.  Ex. Diode, transistor,
integrated circuits (IC), etc.
193. 193. Electronics  Semiconductors – a group that are neither good conductors
nor good insulators  Inductors – the choke or coil in a circuit that oppose changes in
electric current.  Resistor – a device that opposes the flow of electric current, it lowers
the voltage. It is non-polarized.  Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store energy in an electric field.  Electrical Circuit – a network that
has a closed loop, allowing the complete flow of current.  Conductors – are metals and
other substances where electrons can move freely  Insulators – substances where
electrons cannot move freely.  Transformer – is an electronic devised used in producing
desired voltage.
194. 194. Electronics  Semiconductors – a group that are neither good conductors
nor good insulators  Inductors – the choke or coil in a circuit that oppose changes in
electric current.  Resistor – a device that opposes the flow of electric current, it lowers
the voltage. It is polarized.  Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component
used to store energy in an electric field.  Electrical Circuit – a network that has a closed
loop, allowing the complete flow of current.  Conductors – are metals and other
substances where electrons can move freely  Insulators – substances where electrons
cannot move freely.  Transformer – is an electronic devised used in producing desired
voltage.
195. 195. Electronics (Tools)  Electric Drill and Drill Bits - in the range of 1/8 inch to
1/2 inch will come in handy when you need to drill holes.  Soldering Iron - a 20 Watt to
30 Watt soldering iron with tips of 1/8 inch to 1/2 inch can be used for soldering of
through hole components.  Disordering Pump - A pump aids in the removal of the liquid
solder.  Wire stripper - is used to strip off wire insulator from its conductor before it is
used to connect to another wire.  Long nose Pliers – a 4-inch long nose pliers used to
hold components that have short leads that need to be soldered onto the PCB.  Side-
Cutting Pliers - 4-inch side cutting pliers used to trim off excess component leads on the
printed circuit board and to cut wires before being used.  Small tweezers - is used to
hold small components.  Allen Wrench - set is used to unscrew or screw Allen type of
screws.  Philips/Flat Head Screwdrivers  Socket wrench - sets that include nut drivers,
hex drivers.
196. 196. Electronics (Tools)  Maintenance  Tinning – the process of cleaning and
applying a thin coat of solder on the tip of the pre-heat soldering iron.  Flux – chemical
cleaning agent, The purpose of flux is to clean oxides from metal surfaces to ensure a
clean bond in soldering.  Maintenance Tips of Electronic Tools  Ensure that the tools
are used only for their intended purposes.  Keep them lubricated with a light film of oil to
inhibit rust.  Keep the tools clean and sharp; keep the soldering tips clean and well
 tinned.  Ensure that proper uses of the tools are always adhered to by following the
instructions of using the tools.
197. 197. Electronics (Components)  Electronic Components  It is a basic electronic
element usually packaged in a discrete form, intended to be connected together, usually
by soldering to a printed circuit board, to create an electronic circuit with a particular
function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator).
198. 198. Electronics (Capacitors)  Capacitor  is a passive electronic component
consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric.  It stores and discharge
electrical energy.  The voltage rating found in a capacitor is called working voltage. 
The rating is expressed in capacitance; the unit of measurement in capacitance is farad.
 – invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist (October 1745)
199. 199. Electronics (Capacitors)  Types of Capacitor  Electrolytic Capacitor
(Electrochemical Type Capacitor)  Tantalum Capacitor  Ceramic Capacitor 
Polystyrene Film Capacitor  Mica Capacitor  Metalized Polyester Capacitor  Variable
Capacitor  Trimmer Capacitor
200. 200. Electronics (Diodes)  It converts AC to DC.  It is a device that conducts
current to flow in only one direction.  They are called rectifiers  It is polarized, the
terminals are anode (positive) and cathode (negative)  Forward biased – when current is
applied to the cathode (negative), it permits the flow of current. (ON switch)  Reverse
biased – when current is applied to the anode (positive), it will not permit the flow of
current. (OFF switch)  Zener diode – used as voltage reference, connected across a
circuit where regulated voltage is required; acts as a regulator  Light emitting diode
(LED) – it acts like rectifier diode except that is usually intended to indicate flow of
current.  Photo diode – a diode which is sensitive to light; a light sensitive diode.
201. 201. Electronics (Transistors)  Is an active semiconductor device having 3
electrodes. It could perform a variety of applications such as switch, amplifier, and
rectifier.  The terminals of a transistor are base, collector and emitter.  BASE - which is
the lead responsible for activating the transistor.  COLLECTOR - which is the positive
lead.  EMITTER - which is the negative lead.  Kinds of Transistor  NPN – arrow
pointing outward;  PNP – arrow pointing inward.   The arrow points where negative is;
supply is connected to the emitter and collector.
202. 202. Electronics (Resistors)  Is a device that opposes the flow of electric current,
it lowers the voltage.  The simplest components in any circuit. Their job is to restrict the
flow of electrons and reduce the current or voltage flowing by converting electrical energy
into heat.  Variable resistors (also known as potentiometers) have a dial control on them
so they change the amount of resistance when you turn them.
203. 203. Electronics (Resistors)
204. 204. Electronics (Resistors) A resistor is color coded with Yellow-Violet-Black-
Gold. What is the value and tolerance of the resistor? Yellow = 4; Violet = 7; Black = 1;
47x1 = 47 ohms, +- 5% What are those Pretty Colors on the Resistors? Typically, a
resistor will have 4 color bands on them which represent the resistance values of the
resistor. Each color of the “Resistor Color Code” represents a numeric value:
205. 205. Electronics (Resistors) Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significant figure
Multiplier Tolerance Black ---- 0 1 ---- Brown 1 1 10 +- 1% Red 2 2 100 +- 2% Orange 3 3
1,000 +- 3% Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4% Green 5 5 100,000 Blue 6 6 1,000,000 Violet 7 7
10,000,000 Gray 8 8 108 White 9 9 109 Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5% Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20% A resistor is color coded with Yellow-Violet-Black-Gold. What
is the value and tolerance of the resistor? Yellow = 4; Violet = 7; Black = 1; 47x1 = 47
ohms, +- 5%
206. 206. Let’s Try  2 4 x 10 = 240Ohms +-5% Color 1st Significant figure 2nd
Significant figure Multiplier Tolerance Black ---- 0 1 ---- Brown 1 1 10 +- 1% Red 2 2 100
+- 2% Orange 3 3 1,000 +- 3% Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4% Green 5 5 100,000 Blue 6 6
1,000,000 Violet 7 7 10,000,000 Gray 8 8 108 White 9 9 109 Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5%
Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10% No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
207. 207. Let’s Try  Bad Beer Rots Our Young Guts But Vodka Goes Well  Bad Beer
Rots Our Young Guts But Vodka Goes Well
208. 208. Let’s Try Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significant figure Multiplier
Tolerance Black ---- 0 1 ---- Brown 1 1 10 +- 1% Red 2 2 100 +- 2% Orange 3 3 1,000 +-
3% Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4% Green 5 5 100,000 Blue 6 6 1,000,000 Violet 7 7
10,000,000 Gray 8 8 108 White 9 9 109 Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5% Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
209. 209. Let’s Try Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significant figure Multiplier
Tolerance Black ---- 0 1 ---- Brown 1 1 10 +- 1% Red 2 2 100 +- 2% Orange 3 3 1,000 +-
3% Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4% Green 5 5 100,000 Blue 6 6 1,000,000 Violet 7 7
10,000,000 Gray 8 8 108 White 9 9 109 Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5% Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
210. 210. Let’s Try Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significant figure Multiplier
Tolerance Black ---- 0 1 ---- Brown 1 1 10 +- 1% Red 2 2 100 +- 2% Orange 3 3 1,000 +-
3% Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4% Green 5 5 100,000 Blue 6 6 1,000,000 Violet 7 7
10,000,000 Gray 8 8 108 White 9 9 109 Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5% Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
211. 211. Let’s Try Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significant figure Multiplier
Tolerance Black ---- 0 1 ---- Brown 1 1 10 +- 1% Red 2 2 100 +- 2% Orange 3 3 1,000 +-
3% Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4% Green 5 5 100,000 Blue 6 6 1,000,000 Violet 7 7
10,000,000 Gray 8 8 108 White 9 9 109 Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5% Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
212. 212. Let’s Try Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significant figure Multiplier
Tolerance Black ---- 0 1 ---- Brown 1 1 10 +- 1% Red 2 2 100 +- 2% Orange 3 3 1,000 +-
3% Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4% Green 5 5 100,000 Blue 6 6 1,000,000 Violet 7 7
10,000,000 Gray 8 8 108 White 9 9 109 Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5% Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
213. 213. Let’s Try Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significant figure Multiplier
Tolerance Black ---- 0 1 ---- Brown 1 1 10 +- 1% Red 2 2 100 +- 2% Orange 3 3 1,000 +-
3% Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4% Green 5 5 100,000 Blue 6 6 1,000,000 Violet 7 7
10,000,000 Gray 8 8 108 White 9 9 109 Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5% Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
214. 214. Let’s Try Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significant figure Multiplier
Tolerance Black ---- 0 1 ---- Brown 1 1 10 +- 1% Red 2 2 100 +- 2% Orange 3 3 1,000 +-
3% Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4% Green 5 5 100,000 Blue 6 6 1,000,000 Violet 7 7
10,000,000 Gray 8 8 108 White 9 9 109 Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5% Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
215. 215. Let’s Try Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significant figure Multiplier
Tolerance Black ---- 0 1 ---- Brown 1 1 10 +- 1% Red 2 2 100 +- 2% Orange 3 3 1,000 +-
3% Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4% Green 5 5 100,000 Blue 6 6 1,000,000 Violet 7 7
10,000,000 Gray 8 8 108 White 9 9 109 Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5% Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
216. 216. Let’s Try Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significant figure Multiplier
Tolerance Black ---- 0 1 ---- Brown 1 1 10 +- 1% Red 2 2 100 +- 2% Orange 3 3 1,000 +-
3% Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4% Green 5 5 100,000 Blue 6 6 1,000,000 Violet 7 7
10,000,000 Gray 8 8 108 White 9 9 109 Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5% Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
217. 217. Let’s Try Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significant figure Multiplier
Tolerance Black ---- 0 1 ---- Brown 1 1 10 +- 1% Red 2 2 100 +- 2% Orange 3 3 1,000 +-
3% Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4% Green 5 5 100,000 Blue 6 6 1,000,000 Violet 7 7
10,000,000 Gray 8 8 108 White 9 9 109 Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5% Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
218. 218. Let’s Try Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significant figure Multiplier
Tolerance Black ---- 0 1 ---- Brown 1 1 10 +- 1% Red 2 2 100 +- 2% Orange 3 3 1,000 +-
3% Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4% Green 5 5 100,000 Blue 6 6 1,000,000 Violet 7 7
10,000,000 Gray 8 8 108 White 9 9 109 Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5% Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
219. 219. Electronics (Circuit Board)  Breadboard  Temporary, no soldering required
 This is a way of making a temporary circuit, for testing purposes or to try out an idea. 
 No soldering is required and all the components can be re-used afterwards.  It is easy to
change connections and replace components
220. 220. Electronics (Circuit Board)  Strip board  Permanent, soldered  Strip board
has parallel strips of copper track on one side. The strips are 0.1" (2.54mm) apart and
there are holes every 0.1" (2.54mm).  Strip board requires no special preparation other
than cutting to size. It can be cut with a junior hacksaw, or simply snap it along the lines
of holes by putting it over the edge of a bench or table and pushing hard.
221. 221. Electronics (Circuit Board)  Printed Circuit Board  Permanent, soldered 
Printed circuit boards have copper tracks connecting the holes where the components
are placed.
222. 222. Credit to the owner of this Power point from my respective review center,
CBRC.