Introduction
To
communication
Listen to me!
(P.A.A.S.A.-YENG CONSTANTINO)
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Let’s Comprehend
1. What challenges in communication are present in the
song? State the lyrics. Explain.
2. How can these conflict be avoided?
3. Do we create a relationship when we communicate, or
do we need to communicate to build a relationship?
4. Do we need to have a relationship first with the person
before we can communicate?
Language
MEANS TRANSMITTER
Primary means of Transmit messages
communication of between and among
humans and can be people.
conveyed through
speech or written
Exists as tool used in
expressing ideas and
Most effective medium feelings to achieve
of Communication understanding.
MEDIUM TOOLS
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✗ “We Have two ears and
one mouth so that we can
listen twice as we speak.”
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Communication
The word communication originated from two Latin words,
communis and communicare. Communis means to "make
common" and communicare means "to make common to many,
share."
A human interaction within oneself or with others.
Undergoes a series of repetition of action or steps to achieve
the expectations and reason why we communicate.
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Communication is any process in which people, through the
use of symbols, verbally and/or nonverbally, consciously or
not consciously, intentionally or unintentionally, generate
meanings (information, ideas, feelings, and perceptions)
within and across various contexts, Cultures, channels, and
media. (Hybels & Weaver II, 2009).
Communication is a process by which verbal and nonverbal
symbols are sent, received, and give meaning. (Seiler,
1988).
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Effective communication requires a shared
language and understanding of common
concepts.
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How can we build
harmonious
Let’s Ponder relationships
considering the
different languages we
use to communicate?
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The process and
elements of
communication
The Elements of Models of
Communication Communication Communication
Process
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Communication
As Human Activity
• People communicate their ideas and feelings using language, in whatever form, to meet their
needs.
• It is a process that human beings do.
• Communication is a human engagement whether it takes place as one speaks with himself/
herself in prayer or during reflection (intrapersonal), between two people (interpersonal),
among several persons (group communication), or between one person and a big group of
people or the public.
• We can use communication as a vehicle to negotiate meaning in a cycle that prompts further
action and reaction. In communication we seek to be understood and to understand other
people in an effort to reach a common goal.
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Communication
As Complex Process
A process is a series of dynamic activities a cycle of actions and reactions that produces
something or that leads to a particular result.
As a process, communication acts are influenced by a variety of factors such as the (interlocutors
background, past experiences, present events, and future expectations or aspirations (Benjamin,
1986).
For example, the way you understand what is being discussed in this lesson and the
way you will explain it later to your classmates may be influenced by how it was discussed in
your previous classes by your former teachers.
The examples that you may cite to expound your ideas may also be a product of your
readings and research about the subject.
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The Elements of Models of
Communication Communication Communication
Process
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Elements of
Communication Process
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It is the reaction given by
the listener to the sender
The speaker or the
of the message. It is what
communicator who has
his/her own purpose, completes the
communication process.
knowledge, interests,
attitude, skills and
credibility.
The target of the
The medium or vehicle communication. S/He is the
through which the destination of the message,
message is sent. It may be The idea being the listener, with his/her own
verbal or visual. transmitted by the purposes, knowledge and
sender to the listener. interest levels, attitudes, and
Aspects of content, listening skills .
structure, and style.
Process of Communication
✗ Systematic Process
✗ Verbal or Non Verbal
✗ Give and Take
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Let’s Warm up (Pinoy Henyo)
Directions: The class will be divided in two and
will choose 6 pairs to play the game. Each group
will be given 5 mins. to guess and act the word
assigned to them. Winning group will earn a
perfect score for todays recitation then the other
will only earn half of the total points. Good Luck!
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Question and Answer
1. What are the unique features in communication happened
in Charades?
2. Are the messages and feedback sent with respect and
integrity?
3. How can you say that a communication is successful?
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Assignment:
Read and study the different Models of
Communication
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Models of
communication
Aristotle’s Model of Communication
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Aristotle’s Model of Communication
✗ Aristotle, a great philosopher initiative the earliest mass
communication model called “Aristotle’s Model of
Communication”.
✗ He proposed model before 300 B.C who found the importance of
audience role in communication chain in his communication
model.
✗ This model is more focused on public speaking than interpersonal
communication.
✗ Aristotle advises speakers to build speech for different audience
on different time (occasion) and for different effects.
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Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication
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Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication
Source: The source is situated where the message originates.
Communication skills – It is the skill of the individual to communicate.
Attitudes – This includes attitudes towards the audience, subject and towards oneself.
Knowledge– Communicating also means that the person needs to be knowledgeable about the subject or
topic.
Social system – The social system includes the various aspects of society like values, beliefs, culture,
religion and a general understanding of society.
Culture: Culture of a particular society also comes under the social system.
According to this model, people can communicate only if the above requirements are met
in the proper or adequate proportion.
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Encoder: The sender of the message, from where the message originates, is referred to as the
encoder.
Message
Content – The body of a message, from the beginning to the end, comprises its content.
Elements – It includes various things like language, gestures, body language, etc.
Treatment – It refers to the way in which the message is conveyed or the way in which it is passed on
or delivered.
Structure– The structure of the message refers to how it is arranged.
Code– refers to the means through which it is sent and in what form. It could be, for example,
language, body language, gestures, music, etc. Even culture is a code.
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Channel– It refers to the five sense organs.Communication occurs through one or more of these
channels.
Hearing: The use of ears to receive the message. For example, orally transmitted messages,
interpersonal communication etc.
Seeing: Visual channels, for example, Watching television so the message is conveyed through the
scene/film.
Touching: The sense of touch can be used as a channel to communicate. For example, we touch, buy
food, hugging our loved ones,etc.
Smelling: Smell also can be a channel to communicate. For example, perfumes, food, fragrances etc.
Charred smell communicates something is burning. People can deduct which food is being cooked by
its smell etc.
Tasting : The tongue is a muscular organ used in the act of eat and taste food.
For example, while a food is being shared, the communication can happen regarding its taste.
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Decoder : The person who receives the message and decodes it is referred to a
decoder.
Receiver: The receiver needs to think all the contents and elements of the source,
so as to communicate/responds to sender effectively.
Berlo’s model believes that for effective communication to take place, the source and
the receiver need to be on the same level. Only then communication will happen or
take place properly.
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Example:
Watching a news report on television is an example of how the
SMRC model is used. The news reporter acts as the sender of
the information during the news broadcast. The content of the
news report is the message that is being sent. The television
itself is the channel of communication, and the person
watching the news broadcast is the receiver of the
information.
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Shannon-Weaver’s Model
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Sender : The originator of message or the information source selects desire message.
Encoder : The transmitter which converts the message into signals.
Note: The sender’s messages converted into signals like waves or Binary data which is
compactable to transmit the messages through cables or satellites. For example: In telephone the
voice is converted into wave signals and it transmits through cables.
Decoder : The reception place of the signal which converts signals into message. A reverse
process of encode.
Note : The receiver converts those binary data or waves into message which is comfortable and
understandable for receiver. Otherwise receiver can’t receive the exact message and it will affect
the effective communication between sender and receiver
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Receiver : The destination of the message from sender
Note : Based on the decoded message the receiver gives their feed back to sender. If the message
distracted by noise it will affect the communication flow between sender and receiver
Noise: The messages are transferred from encoder to decoder through channel. During this
process the messages may distracted or affected by physical noise like horn sounds, thunder and
crowd noise or encoded signals may distract in the channel during the transmission process which
affect the communication flow or the receiver may not receive the correct message
Note : The model is clearly deals with external noises only which affect the messages or signals
from external sources. For example: If there is any problems occur in network which directly affect
the mobile phone communication or distract the messages
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Thomson made call to his assistant “come here I want to see you”. During his
call, noise appeared (transmission error) and his assistant received “I want”
only. Again Assistant asked Thomson (feedback) “what do you want
Thomson”.
Sender : Thomson
Encoder : Telephone (Thomson)
Channel : Cable
Noise : Distraction in voice
Reception : Telephone (Assistant)
Receiver : Assistant.
Due to transmission error or noise, Assistant can’t able to understand
Thomson’s messages.
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Lasswell’s Model
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Harold Dwight Lasswell, the American political scientist
states that a convenient way to describe an act of
communication is to answer the following questions:
• Who
• Says What
• In Which Channel
• To Whom
• With what effect?
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Example:
CNN NEWS – A water leak from Japan’s tsunami-crippled
nuclear power station resulted in about 100 times the permitted level
of radioactive material flowing into the sea, operator Tokyo Electric
Power Co said on Saturday.
Who – TEPC Operator
What – Radioactive material flowing into sea
Channel – CNN NEWS (Television medium)
Whom – Public
Effect – Alert the people of japan from the radiation.
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Schramm’s Model
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Schramm’s Model of Communication was postulated by Wilbur Schramm in
1954, where he suggested that communication is a two-way process where both
sender and receiver take turns to send and receive a message.
Information is of no use unless and until it is carefully put into words and
conveyed to others. Encoding plays a very important role because it initiates
the process of communication by converting the thought into the content.
Encoding and decoding are the two most important factors of effective
communication without which information can never flow between two
individuals.
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The sender is the person who sends the message.
The encoder is the person who turns the message to be sent into codes. We need to think of
the right words to say and in what order we should send our messages to communicate our
ideas to the message receiver.
The decoder is the person who gets the encoded message which has been sent by the encoder
and converts it into the language understandable by the person. When receiving a message, we
need to use our reading skills, listening skills, etc. to decode the message so it makes sense to
us.
The interpreter is the person who works to understand and analyze the message. The
message is received after interpretation. The interpreter and receiver are the same people. One
person may interpret the message in a totally different way to someone else. Or, they may not
understand it the same way as the encoder, meaning they have ‘misinterpreted’ the text.
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The receiver is the person who gets the message. He/she decodes and interprets the actual
message.
The message is the data sent by the sender and the information that the receiver gets.
Feedback is the process of acknowledging the received message by the receiver.
Medium or media is the channel used to send the message.
Noise is the interference and interruptions caused during the process. It is also created when
the intended meaning of the message sent by the sender and the meaning interpreted by the
receiver is different which is known as Semantic Noise.
Note: From the message starting to ending, there is an interpretation that goes on. Based on
this interpretation only the message is received.
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This model breaks the sender and receiver model it seems
communication in a practical way. It is not a traditional
model. When the information reaches the recipient his prime
responsibility is to understand what the speaker intends to
convey.
According to Schramm’s model, coding and decoding are the
two essential processes of effective communication.
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Example
“Will you join me for a movie?” ANN asks SAM.
Because SAM remained silent and did not answer, the communication
between ANN and SAM was incomplete. If SAM had been uninterested in
the film, he might have reacted or informed ANN of his disinterest.
According to Schramm’s model, when the information reaches the recipient,
the receiver must provide feedback and let him know if SAM has strictly
received the message that the speaker intended. If he is unclear about
anything or has any doubts, he should consult the speaker.
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Let’s Warm up!
Directions: Think of a communication situation that
the assigned Models of Communication is evident.
Then explain how does the scenario presents the
Model assigned to your group.
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ASSIGNMENT!
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Thanks!
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