CLOTTING FACTORS
Factor I - Fibrinogen
Factor II - Prothrombin
Factor III - Thromboplastin
Factor IV - Calcium
Factor V - Labile Factor
Factor VII - Stable Factor
Factor VIII - Antihemophilic Factor A
Factor IX - Christmas Factor
Factor X - Stuart Power Factor
Factor XI - Plasma Thromboplastin Anticedent
Factor XII - Hagman Factor
Factor XIII - Fibrin Stabilizing Factor
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
Renal Failure
Anemia (microangiopathic, hemolytic)
Thrombocytopenia
Encephalopathy (TTP)
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
Palpable purpura
Pressure (Blanches on pressure)
Pruritus
Pain in abdomen and joints
Positive Guaiac sign in stool
Proteinuria
Prednisolone given in treatment
Platelet count may be high or normal
CD4 Marker
T-cell CD Marker – T for Tiny numbers
CD 1, CD 2, CD 3, CD 4, CD 5, CD 6, CD 7, CD 8
B-cell CD Marker – B for Big numbers
CD 19, CD 20, CD 21, CD 23
Myelomonocytic CD Marker – M for Middle numbers
CD 11, CD 13, CD 14, CD 15
SEROUS FLUID
TRANSUDATES – results from MECHANICAL PROCESS
Plasma oncotic pressure; hydrostatic pressure
EXUDATES – result of an INFLAMMATORY PROCESS
lymphatic resorption; capillary permeability
Transudates Exudates
FLUID: SERUM CHON <0.5 >0.5
FLUID: SERUM LD <0.6 >0.6
1. PLEURAL FLUID < 10ml
- Thoracentesis; clear pale yellow
*bloody
a. Hemothorax: Hct is the same as whole blood
b. Hemorrhagic exudate: Hct is lower
*milky
a. Chylous: thoracic duct leakage [extracted with either and stained by SUDAN III]
b. Pseudochylous: chronic infection condition
2. PERICARDIAL FLUID 10 – 50ml
- Pericardiocentesis
3. PERITONEAL FLUID < 100ml
- Paracentesis; ascites
a. PSAMMOMA BODIES – concentric striations; ovarian and thyroid malignancies
T E
SERUM-ASCITES ALBUMIN GRADIENT >1.1 <1.1
FIBRINOLYSIS
1 2
Platelet count Normal decreased
Red cell morph. Normal RBC fragments (schizocytes)
PT & APTT Abnormal Abnormal
Protamine Sulfate Negative Positive
FDP Positive Positive
Euglobulin Lysis Positive Negative
D-dimer Negative Positive
TEST USING AGGLUTINATION / AGG. INHIBITION
Test Reactant Insoluble particle Type of Technique
Detected
COLD Ab Human group O red cells
AGGLUTININ (natural Iag or rbc)
(PAP)
Febrile Agglutinins Ab Bacteria (natural ag)
(widal) - S. typhi & paratyphi
(weil Felix) - P. vulgaris
(francisella) - F. tularensis
(brucella) - B. abortus
IM Ab Sheep, horse or beef rbc
(natural heterophil ags)
RPR Ab charcoal with lecithin, cardiolipin
attached
RF Ab Latex particle with human IgG attached
Rubella Ab tanned red cells with rubella ag attached
Thyroglobulin Ab red cells with thyroglobulin attached
CRP Ag latex particle with anti-CRP attached
Pregnancy Ag latex or red cells with HCG attached
BACTERIA WITH INCLUSIONS
1. MYCOBACTERIUM – Much granules (lipids)
2. CORYNEBACTERIUM diptherial – Metachromatic/Volutin/BABES-ERNST (polyphosphate)
3. YERNISIA pestis – Bipolar bodies
BACTERIA WITH CAPSULE (polysaccharide)
H. influenzae
N. meningitis
K. pnuemoniae
S. pneumoniae
B. anthracis (polypeptide)
BACTERIA WITH FLAGELLA
- Vibrio species – MONOTHRICHOUS
- Enterobacteriaceae (except Klebsiella & shigella)
TUMBLING – Listeria
DARTING – Campylobacter
GLIDING – Capnocytophaga
BACTERIA WITH SPORES
- Bacillus – Aerobic
- Clostridium – Anaerobic
DIFFERENTIAL LEUCOCYTE COUNT
Neutrophils (65%)
Lymphocytes (25%)
Monocytes (6%)
Eosinophils (3%)
Basophils (1%)
SUMMARY OF COMMON ANTIBIOTICS
ANTIBIOTIC MECHANISM OF TARGET BACTERIA
ACTION
Penicillin Inhibits Cell Wall Synthesis Gram Positive Bacteria
Ampicillin Inhibits Cell Wall Synthesis Broad Spectrum
Bacitracin Inhibits Cell Wall Synthesis Gram Positive Bacteria as Skin
Ointment
Cephalosporin Inhibits Cell Wall Synthesis Gram Positive Bacteria
Tetracycline Inhibits Protein Synthesis Broad Spectrum
Streptomycin Inhibits Protein Synthesis Gram Negative Bacteria and
Tuberculosis
Sulfa Drug Inhibit Cell Metabolism Bacterial Meningitis and Urinary
Tract Infections
Rifampicin Inhibits RNA Synthesis Gram Positive Bacteria and Gram
Negative Bacteria
Quinolones Inhibits DNA Synthesis Urinary Tract Infections
