SPECIFICATION FOR CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES A99

AND FLUXES FOR SUBMERGED ARC WELDING

SFA-5.17

(Identical with AWS Specification A5.17/A5.17M-97.)

1. Scope PART A — GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

This specification prescribes requirements for the 2. Normative References
classification of carbon steel electrodes (both solid and
2.1 The following ANSI/AWS standards1 are refer-
composite) and fluxes for submerged arc welding.
enced in the mandatory sections of this document:
This document is the first of the A5.17 specifications
(a) ANSI/AWS A1.1, Metric Practice Guide for the
which is a combined specification providing for classifi-
Welding Industry.
cation utilizing a system based upon U.S. Customary
(b) ANSI/AWS A4.3, Standard Methods for Determi-
Units, or utilizing a system based upon the International
nation of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of Marten-
System of Units (SI). The measurements are not exact
sitic, Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal Produced
equivalents; therefore, each system must be used inde-
by Arc Welding.
pendently of the other, without combining values in (c) ANSI/AWS A5.01, Filler Metal Procurement
any way. In selecting rational metric units, ANSI/AWS Guidelines.
A1.1, Metric Practice Guide for the Welding Industry, (d) ANSI/AWS A5.1, Specification for Carbon Steel
is used where suitable. Tables and figures make use Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding.
of both U.S. Customary Units and SI Units which, (e) ANSI/AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechan-
with the application of the specified tolerances, provides ical Testing of Welds.
for interchangeability of products in both U.S. Custom-
ary and SI Units. 2.2 The following ASTM standards2 are referenced
(a) Paragraphs, tables and figures which carry the in the mandatory sections of this document:
suffix letter ‘‘U’’ are applicable only to those products (a) ASTM A29/A29M, Specification for Steel Bars,
classified to the system based upon U.S. Customary Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought and Cold-Finished.
Units under the A5.17 specification. (b) ASTM A36/A36M, Specification for Carbon
(b) Paragraphs, tables and figures which carry the Structural Steel.
suffix letter ‘‘M’’ are applicable only to those products (c) ASTM A285/A285M, Specification for Pressure
classified to the system based upon the International Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, Low- and Intermediate-
System of Units (SI), under the A5.17M specification. Tensile Strength.
(c) Paragraphs, tables and figures which do not have
either the suffix letter ‘‘U’’ or the suffix letter ‘‘M’’are 1 AWS standards may be obtained from the American Welding
applicable to those products classified under either the Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
U.S. Customary Units System or the International Sys- 2 ASTM standards can be obtained from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor
tem of Units (SI). Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

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 SFA-5.17 1998 SECTION II

(d) ASTM A515/A515M, Specification for Pressure (b) The condition of heat treatment in which those
Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Intermediate- and properties are obtained, as specified in 9.4 (and shown
Higher-Temperature Service. in Fig. 1M).
(e) ASTM A516/A516M, Specification for Pressure (c) The chemical composition of the electrode (for
Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Moderate- and Lower- solid electrodes) as specified in Table 1, or the weld
Temperature Service. metal produced with a particular flux (for composite
(f) ASTM DS-56, SAE HS-1086, Metals and Alloys electrodes) as specified in Table 2.
in the Unified Numbering System.
3.2 Solid electrodes classified under one classification
(g) ASTM E29, Practice for Using Significant Digits
shall not be classified under any other classification in
in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifica-
this specification, except that solid electrodes meeting
tions.
the chemical composition requirements of both the EL8
(h) ASTM E142, Method for Controlling Quality of
and EL12 classifications (Table 1) may be given both
Radiographic Testing.
classifications. Composite electrodes may be classified
(i) ASTM E350, Test Methods for Chemical Analysis
under more than one classifications when used with
of Carbon Steel, Low Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical
different fluxes. Fluxes may be classified under any
Steel, Ingot Iron and Wrought Iron.
number of classifications, for weld metal in either or
2.3 The following ISO standards3 are referenced in both the as-welded and postweld heat-treated conditions,
the mandatory section of this document. using different electrode classifications. Flux-electrode
(a) ISO 864, Arc Welding — Solid and Tubular Cored combinations may be classified under A5.17 with U.S.
Wires which Deposit Carbon and Carbon-Manganese Customary Units, A5.17M using the International Sys-
Steel — Dimensions of Wires, Spools, Rims and Coils. tem of Units (SI), or both. Flux-electrode combinations
classified under both A5.17 and A5.17M must meet
all requirements for classification under each system.
3. Classification The classification systems are shown in Figs. 1U
and 1M.
3.1U The welding electrodes and fluxes covered by
the A5.17 specification utilize a classification system 3.3 The electrodes and fluxes classified under this
based upon U.S. Customary Units and are classified specification are intended for submerged arc welding,
according to the following: but that is not to prohibit their use with any other
(a) The mechanical properties of the weld metal process for which they are found suitable.
obtained with a combination of a particular flux and
a particular classification of electrode, as specified in 4. Acceptance
Tables 5U and 6U.
(b) The condition of heat treatment in which those Acceptance of the electrodes and fluxes shall be in
properties are obtained, as specified in 9.4 (and shown accordance with the provisions of the latest edition of
in Fig. 1U). ANSI/AWS A5.01, Filler Metal Procurement Guide-
(c) The chemical composition of the electrode (for lines (see Annex A3).
solid electrodes) as specified in Table 1, or the weld
metal produced with a particular flux (for composite 5. Certification
electrodes) as specified in Table 2.
By affixing the AWS specification and classification
3.1M The welding electrodes and fluxes covered by designations to the packaging or the classification to
the A5.17M specification utilize a classification system the product, the manufacturer certifies that the product
based upon the International System of Units (SI) and meets the requirements of this specification (see
are classified according to the following: Annex A4).
(a) The mechanical properties of the weld metal
obtained with a combination of a particular flux and
6. Units of Measure and Rounding-Off
a particular classification of electrode, as specified in
Procedure
Tables 5M and 6M.
6.1 This specification makes use of both U.S. Custom-
3 ISO
ary Units and the International System of Units (SI).
standards may be obtained from American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), 11 West 42nd St., 13th Floor, New York, NY The measurements are not exact equivalents; therefore,
10036-8002. each system must be used independently of the other

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FIG. 1U A5.17 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS

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TABLE 1
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION REQUIREMENTS FOR SOLID ELECTRODES

wt. percent(1) (2)

Electrode UNS
Classification Number(3) C Mn Si S P Cu(4) Ti

Low-Manganese Electrodes

EL8 K01008 0.10 0.25/0.60 0.07 0.030 0.030 0.35 —

EL8K K01009 0.10 0.25/0.60 0.10/0.25 0.030 0.030 0.35 —
EL12 K01012 0.04/0.14 0.25/0.60 0.10 0.030 0.030 0.35 —

Medium-Manganese Electrodes

EM11K K01111 0.07/0.15 1.00/1.50 0.65/0.85 0.030 0.025 0.35 —

EM12 K01112 0.06/0.15 0.80/1.25 0.10 0.030 0.030 0.35 —
EM12K K01113 0.05/0.15 0.80/1.25 0.10/0.35 0.030 0.030 0.35 —
EM13K K01313 0.06/0.16 0.90/1.40 0.35/0.75 0.030 0.030 0.35 —
EM14K K01314 0.06/0.19 0.90/1.40 0.35/0.75 0.025 0.025 0.35 0.03/0.17
EM15K K01515 0.10/0.20 0.80/1.25 0.10/0.35 0.030 0.030 0.35 —

High-Manganese Electrodes

EH10K K01210 0.07/0.15 1.30/1.70 0.05/0.25 0.025 0.025 0.35 —

EH11K K11140 0.07/0.15 1.40/1.85 0.80/1.15 0.030 0.030 0.35 —
EH12K K01213 0.06/0.15 1.50/2.00 0.25/0.65 0.025 0.025 0.35 —
EH14 K11585 0.10/0.20 1.70/2.20 0.10 0.030 0.030 0.35 —
EG Not Specified
NOTES:
(1) The electrode shall be analyzed for the specific elements for which values are shown in this table. If the presence of other elements is
indicated, in the course of this work, the amount of those elements shall be determined to ensure that their total (excluding iron) does not
exceed 0.50 percent.
(2) Single values are maximum.
(3) SAE/ASTM Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys.
(4) The copper limit includes any copper coating that may be applied to the electrode.

TABLE 2
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPOSITE ELECTRODE WELD
METAL

wt. percent(1) (2) (3)

Electrode UNS
Classification Number(4) C Mn Si S P Cu

EC1 W06041 0.15 1.80 0.90 0.035 0.035 0.35

ECG Not Specified
NOTES:
(1) The weld metal shall be analyzed for the specific elements for which values are shown in this table. If
the presence of other elements is indicated, in the course of this work, the amount of those elements
shall be determined to ensure that their total (excluding iron) does not exceed 0.50 percent.
(2) Single values are maximum.
(3) As a substitute for the weld pad in Figure 2, the sample for chemical analysis may be taken from the
reduced section of the fractured tension test specimen (see 12.1) or from a corresponding location (or
any location above it) in the weld metal in the groove weld in Figure 3. In case of dispute, the weld pad
shall be the reference method.
(4) SAE/ASTM Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys.

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FIG. 1M A5.17M CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)

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TABLE 3
TESTS REQUIRED FOR CLASSIFICATION

Chemical Analysis Diffusible

AWS Radiographic Hydrogen
Classification Electrode Weld Metal Test Tension Test Impact Test Test
All Solid Electrodes Required Not Required Not Required Not Required Not Required Not Required
All Composite Electrodes Not Required Required Not Required Not Required Not Required Not Required
All Flux-Solid Electrode Com-
binations Not Required Not Required Required Required Requireda b

All Flux-Composite Electrode

Combinations Not Required Not Required Required Required Requireda b

NOTES:
a. When the “Z” impact designator (no impact requirement — Table 6U and 6M) is used, the Impact Test is not required.
b. Diffusible hydrogen test is required only when specified by the purchaser or when the manufacturer puts the diffusible hydrogen designator
on the label (see also Section A3 and A6.4 in the Annex).

without combining in any way. The specification with manufacturing process does not alter the chemical com-
the designation A5.17 uses U.S. Customary Units. The position.
specification with the designation A5.17M uses SI Units.
The latter are shown in appropriate columns in the 7.1.2 Composite Electrodes. Chemical analysis
tables or figures or are shown within brackets [] when of weld metal produced with the composite electrode
used in the text. Figures in parentheses (), following and a particular flux is the only test required for
the U.S. Customary Units, are calculated equivalent SI classification of a composite electrode under this speci-
values for the specified dimensions. Figures in brackets fication.
[], following U.S. Customary Units used in the text, 7.2 Fluxes. The tests specified in Table 3 determine
are rational SI Units. the mechanical properties and soundness of the weld
6.2 For the purpose of determining conformance with metal obtained with a particular flux-electrode combina-
this specification, an observed or calculated value shall tion. The base metal for the test assemblies, the welding
be rounded to the nearest 1000 psi for tensile and and testing procedures to be employed, and the results
yield strength for A5.17 [to the nearest 10 MPa for required are given in Sections 9 through 13.
tensile and yield strength for A5.17M] and to the
7.3 Flux classification is based upon a 5⁄32 in. [4.0
nearest unit in the last right-hand place of figures used
mm] electrode size as standard. If this size electrode
in expressing the limiting values for other quantities
is not manufactured, the closest size shall be used for
in accordance with the rounding-off method given in
classification tests. See Note d of Fig. 3B.
ASTM E29, Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test
Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications.
8. Retest
PART B — TESTS, PROCEDURES, AND If the results of any test fail to meet the requirement,
REQUIREMENTS that test shall be repeated twice. The results of both
retests shall meet the requirement. Material, specimens,
7. Summary of Tests
or samples for retest may be taken from the original
The tests required for classification of solid electrodes, test assembly or sample or from one or two new test
composite electrodes, and flux-electrode combinations assemblies or samples. For chemical analysis, retest
are specified in Table 3. need be only for those specific elements that failed to
meet the test requirement. If the results of one or both
7.1 Electrodes
retests fail to meet the requirement, the material under
7.1.1 Solid Electrodes. Chemical analysis of the test shall be considered as not meeting the requirements
electrode is the only test required for classification of of this specification for that classification.
a solid electrode under this specification. The chemical In the event that, during preparation or after comple-
analysis of the rod stock from which the electrode tion of any test, it is clearly determined that prescribed
is made may also be used, provided the electrode or proper procedures were not followed in preparing

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the weld test assembly or test specimen(s) or in conduct- in Table 4, shall be used as the base metal for the
ing the test, the test shall be considered invalid, without weld pad. The surface of the base metal on which the
regard to whether the test was actually completed or filler metal is deposited shall be clean. The pad shall
whether test results met, or failed to meet, the require- be welded in the flat position, three passes per layer,
ment. That test shall be repeated, following proper four layers high, using the flux for which classification
prescribed procedures. In this case, the requirement for of the composite electrode is intended. The preheat
doubling the number of test specimens does not apply. temperature shall not be less than 60°F [15°C] and the
interpass temperature shall not exceed 325°F [165°C].
The slag shall be removed after each pass. The pad
9. Weld Test Assemblies may be quenched in water between passes but shall
9.1 Requirements for Classification be dry before the start of each pass. Testing of this
assembly shall be as specified in Section 10, Chemical
9.1.1 Classification of Solid Electrodes. No weld Analysis.
test assembly is required for classification of solid
electrodes.
9.1.2 Classification of Composite Electrodes. The 9.4 Groove Weld for Mechanical Properties and
chemical analysis of weld metal produced with the Soundness. For classification of a flux-electrode combi-
composite electrode and a particular flux is required nation, a test assembly shall be prepared and welded
for classification of a composite electrode under this as specified in Fig. 3A using base metal of the appro-
specification. The weld test assembly, shown in Fig. priate type specified in Table 4. Prior to welding, the
2, is used to meet this requirement for the classification assembly may be preset so that the welded joint will
of composite electrodes. Figure 2 is the weld pad test be sufficiently flat to facilitate removal of the test
assembly for chemical analysis of weld metal. As an specimens. As an alternative, restraint or a combination
alternative to the weld pad, the sample for chemical of restraint and presetting may be used to keep the
analysis of composite electrode weld metal may be welded joint within 5 degrees of plane. A welded test
taken from the groove weld in Fig. 3A. Note c to assembly that is more than 5 degrees out of plane
Table 2 allows the sample for chemical analysis in the shall be discarded. Straightening of the test assembly
case of a composite electrode to be taken from the is prohibited. Testing shall be as specified in Sections
reduced section of the fractured tension test specimen 10 through 13, with the assembly in either the as-
of Fig. 5 or from a corresponding location (or any welded or the postweld heat-treated condition, according
location above it) in the weld metal in the groove weld to the classification of the weld metal (See Figs. 1U
in Fig. 3A. In case of dispute, the weld pad shall be and 1M).
the referee method. When the tests are to be conducted in each condition
(as-welded and postweld heat treated), two such assem-
9.1.3 Classification of Flux-Electrode Combina- blies, or one single assembly of sufficient length to
tions. One groove weld test assembly is required for provide the specimens required for both conditions,
each classification of a flux-solid electrode combination shall be prepared. In the latter case, the single assembly
or a flux-composite electrode combination. This is the shall be cut transverse to the weld into two pieces;
groove weld in Fig. 3A for mechanical properties and one of the pieces shall be tested in the as-welded
soundness of weld metal. condition, and the other piece shall be heat treated
prior to testing.
9.2 Preparation. Preparation of each weld test assem-
Any test assembly to be heat treated shall be heat
bly shall be as prescribed in 9.3 and 9.4. The base
treated at 1150 ⫾ 25°F [620 ⫾ 15°C] for one hour
metal for the weld pad and groove weld assemblies
(−0, +15 minutes). The furnace shall be at a temperature
shall be as required in Table 4 corresponding to the
not higher than 600°F [315°C] when the test assembly
tests to be conducted and shall meet the requirements
is placed in it. The heating rate, from that point to
of the appropriate ASTM specification shown in Table
the 1150 ⫾ 25°F [620 ⫾ 15°C] holding temperature,
4, or an equivalent specification. Testing of the assem-
shall not exceed 400°F per hour [220°C per hour]. When
blies shall be as prescribed in Sections 10 through 13.
the holding time has been completed, the assembly shall
9.3 Weld Pad. For composite electrodes only, a be allowed to cool in the furnace to a temperature
weld pad shall be prepared as specified in Fig. 2, below 600°F [315°C] at a rate not exceeding 350°F
except when either alternative in 9.1.2 is selected. Base per hour [195°C per hour]. The assembly may be
metal of any convenient size, and of the type specified removed from the furnace at any temperature below

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 SFA-5.17 1998 SECTION II

GENERAL NOTES:
(1) Width and thickness of the base-metal plate may be any dimensions suitable for the electrode diameter and current in use.
(2) Weld beads shall be deposited without oscillation. The welding conditions shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
(3) The first and last 2 in. [50 mm] of the weld length shall be discarded. The top surface shall be removed, and chemical analysis samples
shall be taken from the underlying metal of the fourth layer of the weld pad.

FIG. 2 WELD PAD FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WELD METAL

600°F [315°C] and allowed to cool in still air, to room process does not alter the chemical composition. Solid
temperature. electrodes, when analyzed for elements that are present
in a coating (copper flashing, for example), shall be
9.5 Diffusible Hydrogen. In those cases in which
analyzed without removing the coating. When the elec-
an optional supplemental diffusible hydrogen designator
trode is analyzed for elements other than those in the
is to be added to the flux-electrode classification designa-
coating, the coating shall be removed if its presence
tion, four diffusible hydrogen test assemblies shall be
affects the results of the analysis for other elements.
prepared, welded, and tested as specified in Section
Rod stock may be analyzed prior to coating for those
14, Diffusible Hydrogen Test.
elements not added in the coating. In this case, the
analysis of the elements in the electrode coating must
10. Chemical Analysis be made on the finished electrode.
10.1 For solid electrodes, a sample of the electrode 10.2 Composite electrodes shall be analyzed in the
shall be prepared for chemical analysis. The rod stock form of weld metal. The sample for analysis shall be
from which the electrode is made may also be used for taken from weld metal obtained with the electrode and
chemical analysis, provided the electrode manufacturing the flux with which it is classified. The sample shall

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 PART C — SPECIFICATIONS FOR WELDING RODS,
ELECTRODES, AND FILLER METALS SFA-5.17

FIG. 3A GROOVE WELD TEST ASSEMBLY

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NOTES:
(a) Values specified in inches or ipm apply to A5.17. Values specified in mm or mm/sec apply to A5.17M.
(b) These welding conditions are intended for machine or automatic welding with straight progression (no weaving). Welding shall be performed
in the flat position. The first layer shall be produced in either 1 or 2 passes. All other layers shall be produced in 2 or 3 passes per layer
except the last, which shall be produced in 3 or 4 passes. The completed weld shall be at least flush with the surface of the test plate.
(c) Welding conditions for composite electrodes shall be as agreed between purchaser and supplier.
(d) Classification is based on the properties of weld metal with 5⁄32 in. [4.0 mm] electrodes or the closest size manufactured, if 5⁄32 in. [4.0
mm] is not manufactured. The conditions given above for sizes other than 5⁄32 in. [4.0 mm] are to be used when classification is based on
those sizes, or when they are required for lot acceptance testing under A5.01, Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines (unless other conditions
are specified by the purchaser).
(e) 4.8 mm, 5.6 mm, and 6.4 mm are not included as standard sizes in ISO 864:1988.
(f) Lower currents may be used for the first layer.
(g) The electrode extension is the contact tube-to-work distance. When an electrode manufacturer recommends a contact tube-to-work distance
outside the range shown, that recommendation shall be followed ⫾1⁄4 in. [6.5 mm].
(h) In case of dispute, DCEP (direct current-electrode positive) shall be used as the referee current.
(i) The first bead shall be produced with the assembly at any temperature between 60 and 325°F [15 to 165°C]. Welding shall continue, bead
by bead, until a temperature within the interpass temperature range has been attained. Thereafter, production of subsequent beads may
begin only when the assembly is within the interpass temperature range. The point of temperature measurement shall be at the mid-length
of the test assembly, approximately 1 in. [25 mm] from the weld centerline.

FIG. 3B GROOVE WELD TEST WELDING PARAMETERS

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TABLE 4
BASE METALS FOR TEST ASSEMBLIES

ASTM
Test Assembly Type Specification(1) UNS Number(2)
Weld Pad for Chemical Analysis Carbon Steel A29 Grade 1015 G10150
A29 Grade 1020 G10200
A36 K02600
A285 Grade A K01700
A285 Grade B K02200
A285 Grade C K02801
A285 Grade D K02702
A515 Grade 70 K03101
A516 Grade 70 K02700

Groove Weld of Figure 3 Carbon Steel A36 K02600

A285 Grade A K01700
A285 Grade B K02200
A285 Grade C K02801
A285 Grade D K02702
A515 Grade 70 K03101
A516 Grade 70 K02700
NOTES:
(1) Chemically equivalent steel may be used. In case of dispute, ASTM A36 shall be used as the referee steel.
(2) As classified in ASTM DS-56, SAE HS-1 Metals and Alloys in the Unified Numbering System.

come from the weld pad in Fig. 2, from the reduced 11. Radiographic Test
section of the fractured tension test specimen (see 12.1),
11.1 The groove weld described in 9.4 and shown
or from a corresponding location (or any location above
in Fig. 3A shall be radiographed to evaluate the sound-
it) in the weld metal in the groove weld in Fig. 3A.
ness of the weld metal. In preparation for radiography,
In case of dispute, the weld pad shall be the referee
the backing shall be removed, and both surfaces of
method.
the weld shall be machined or ground smooth and
The top surface of the pad described in 9.3 and
flush with the original surfaces of the base metal. Both
shown in Fig. 2 shall be removed and discarded,
surfaces of the test assembly, in the area of the weld,
and a sample for analysis shall be obtained from the
shall be smooth enough to avoid difficulty in interpreting
underlying metal of the fourth layer of the weld pad
the radiograph.
by any appropriate mechanical means. The sample shall
be free of slag. 11.2 The weld shall be radiographed in accordance
The alternatives to the weld pad outlined above and with ASTM E142, Method for Controlling Quality of
in 9.1.2 shall be prepared for analysis by any appropriate Radiographic Testing. The quality level of inspection
mechanical means. shall be 2-2T.
11.3 The soundness of the weld metal meets the
10.3 The sample shall be analyzed by accepted requirements of this specification if the radiograph
analytical methods. The referee method shall be the shows the following:
procedure in the latest edition of ASTM E350, Testing (a) No cracks, no incomplete fusion, and no incom-
Methods for Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel, Low- plete penetration
Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, and (b) No slag inclusions longer than 5⁄16 in. [8 mm]
Wrought Iron. or no groups of slag inclusions in line that have an
aggregate length greater than 1 in. [25 mm] in a 12
10.4 The results of the analysis shall meet the in. [300 mm] length except when the distance between
requirements of Table 1 or 2, as applicable, for the the successive inclusions exceeds 6 times the length
classification of electrode under test. of the longest inclusion in the group, and

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 SFA-5.17 1998 SECTION II

(c) No rounded indications in excess of those permit- ment shall be done at minimum 50 times magnification
ted by the radiographic standards in Fig. 4 on either a shadowgraph or a metallograph. The correct
In evaluating the radiograph, 1 in. [25 mm] of location of the notch shall be verified by etching before
the weld on each end of the test assembly shall be or after machining.
disregarded.
13.2 The five specimens shall be tested in accordance
11.3.1 A rounded indication is an indication (on with the impact test section of ANSI/AWS B4.0. The
the radiograph) whose length is no more than 3 times test temperature shall be as specified in Table 6U or
its width. Rounded indications may be circular, or Table 6M, as applicable, for the classification under test.
irregular in shape, and they may have tails. The size
13.3U In evaluating the test results, the lowest and
of a rounded indication is the largest dimension of the
the highest values obtained shall be disregarded. Two
indication, including any tail that may be present.
of the remaining three values shall equal, or exceed,
11.3.2 Indications whose largest dimension does the specified 20 ft·lbf energy level. One of the three
not exceed 1⁄64 in. [0.4 mm] shall be disregarded. may be lower, but not lower than 15 ft·lbf, and the
Test assemblies with indications larger than the large average of the three shall not be less than the required
indications permitted in the radiographic standards do 20 ft·lbf energy level.
not meet the requirements of this specification.
13.3M In evaluating the test results, the lowest and
the highest values obtained shall be disregarded. Two
12. Tension Test of the remaining three values shall equal, or exceed,
the specified 27 J energy level. One of the three may
12.1 One all-weld-metal standard round tensile speci-
be lower, but not lower than 20 J, and the average of
men, as specified in the Tension Tests section of ANSI/
the three shall not be less than the required 27 J
AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing
energy level.
of Welds, shall be machined from the groove weld
described in 9.4 and shown in Fig. 3A. The tensile
specimen shall have a nominal diameter of 0.500 in. 14. Diffusible Hydrogen Test
[12.5 mm] and a nominal gage length-to-diameter ratio
14.1 For each flux-electrode combination to be identi-
of 4:1.
fied by a diffusible hydrogen designator, that combina-
12.2 The specimen shall be tested in the manner tion shall be tested in the as-manufactured condition
described in the tension test section of the latest edition according to one of the methods given in ANSI/
of ANSI/AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical AWS A4.3, Standard Methods for Determination of
Testing of Welds. the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of Martensitic, Bainitic,
and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal Produced by Arc Welding.
12.3 The results of the tension test shall meet the
The welding procedure shown in Fig. 3B for the Groove
requirements specified in Table 5U or Table 5M, as
Weld Test assembly shall be used for the diffusible
applicable.
hydrogen test. The travel speed, however, may be
increased up to a maximum of 28 in./min [12 mm/s].
13. Impact Test This adjustment in travel speed is permitted in order
to establish a weld bead width that is appropriate for
13.1 For those classifications for which impact testing
the specimen. The electrode, flux, or both, may be
is specified in Table 3, five Charpy V-notch impact
baked to restore the moisture content before testing to
specimens, as specified in the Fracture Toughness Test-
the as-manufactured condition. When this is done, the
ing of Welds section of ANSI/AWS B4.0, shall be
baking time and temperature shall be noted on the test
machined from the test assembly shown in Fig. 3A.
report. The manufacturer of the electrode, flux, or both,
The Charpy V-notch specimens shall have the notched
should be consulted for their recommendation regarding
surface and the surface to be struck parallel within
the time and temperature for restoring their products to
0.002 in. [0.05 mm]. The other two surfaces shall be
the as-manufactured condition. The diffusible hydrogen
square with the notched or struck surface within ⫾10
designator may be added to the classification designation
minutes of a degree. The notch shall be smoothly cut
according to the average test values as compared to
by mechanical means and shall be square with the
the requirements of Table 7.
longitudinal edge of the specimen within one degree.
The geometry of the notch shall be measured on at 14.2 For purposes of certifying compliance with
least one specimen in a set of five specimens. Measure- diffusible hydrogen requirements, the reference atmo-

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NOTES:
(1) The chart which is most representative of the size of the rounded indications in the radiograph of the test assembly shall be used for
determination of conformance with this specification. Rounded indications smaller than 1⁄64 in. [0.4 mm] shall be disregarded. The largest
dimension of the indication (including any tail) is the size of the indication.
(2) These radiographic requirements are for test welds made in the laboratory specifically for classification purposes. They are more restrictive
than those usually encountered in general fabrication. They are equivalent to the Grade 1 standards of ANSI/AWS A5.1, Specification for
Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding.

FIG. 4 RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS FOR ROUNDED INDICATION

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TABLE 5U TABLE 6U
A5.17 TENSION TEST REQUIREMENTS A5.17 IMPACT TEST REQUIREMENTS(1) (2)
Tensile Yield Maximum Test Minimum
Flux-Electrode Strength, Strength,(2) Elongation,(2) Temperature, Average Energy
Classification(1) psi psi % Digit °F Level

F6XX-EXXX 60 000–80 000 48 000 22 0 0

F7XX-EXXX 70 000–95 000 58 000 22 2 −20
4 −40
NOTES: 20 ft · lbf
5 −50
(1) The letter “S” will appear after the “F” as part of the classifica-
tion designation when the flux being classified is a crushed slag 6 −60
or a blend of crushed slag with unused (virgin) flux. The letter 8 −80
“C” will appear after the “E” as part of the classification designa-
Z No impact requirements
tion when the electrode being classified is a composite electrode.
The letter “X” used in various places in this table stands for, NOTES:
respectively, the condition of heat treatment, the toughness of (1) Based on the results of the impact tests of the weld metal, the
the weld metal, and the classification of the electrode. See Figure
manufacturer shall insert in the classification the appropriate
1U for a complete explanation of the classification designators.
(2) Minimum requirements. Yield strength at 0.2 percent offset and digit from the table above (Table 6U), as indicated in Figure 1U.
elongation in 2 in. gage length. (2) Weld metal from a specific flux-electrode combination that meets
impact requirements at a given temperature also meets the re-
quirements at all higher temperatures in this table (i.e., weld
metal meeting the requirements for digit 5 also meets the require-
ments for digits 4, 2, 0, and Z).

TABLE 5M
A5.17M TENSION TEST REQUIREMENTS
Tensile Yield TABLE 6M
Flux-Electrode Strength, Strength,(2) Elongation,(2) A5.17M IMPACT TEST REQUIREMENTS(1) (2)
Classification(1) MPa MPa %
Maximum Test Minimum
F43XX-EXXX 430–560 330 22 Temperature, Average Energy
F48XX-EXXX 480–660 400 22 Digit °C Level
NOTES: 0 0
(1) The letter “S” will appear after the “F” as part of the classifica- 2 −20
tion designation when the flux being classified is a crushed slag 3 −30
or a blend of crushed slag with unused (virgin) flux. The letter 27 Joules
4 −40
“C” will appear after the “E” as part of the classification designa-
tion when the electrode being classified is a composite electrode. 5 −50
The letter “X” used in various places in this table stands for, 6 −60
respectively, the condition of heat treatment, the toughness of
Z No impact requirements
the weld metal, and the classification of the electrode. See Figure
1M for a complete explanation of the classification designators. NOTES:
(2) Minimum requirements. Yield strength at 0.2 percent offset and (1) Based on the results of the impact tests of the weld metal, the
elongation in 51 mm gage length.
manufacturer shall insert in the classification the appropriate
digit from the table above (Table 6M), as indicated in Figure 1M.
(2) Weld metal from a specific flux-electrode combination that meets
impact requirements at a given temperature also meets the re-
quirements at all higher temperatures in this table (i.e., weld
spheric condition shall be an absolute humidity of 10 metal meeting the requirements for digit 5 also meets the require-
grains of moisture per pound [1.5 grams of moisture ments for digits 4, 3, 2, 0 and Z).
per kg] of dry air at the time of welding. The actual
atmospheric conditions shall be reported along with
the average diffusible hydrogen value for the test ac-
cording to ANSI/AWS A4.3.
PART C — MANUFACTURE,
14.3 When the absolute humidity equals or exceeds IDENTIFICATION, AND PACKAGING
the reference condition at the time of preparation of
15. Method of Manufacture
the test assembly, the test shall be acceptable as demon-
strating compliance with the requirements of this speci- The electrodes and fluxes classified according to this
fication, provided that the actual test results satisfy the specification may be manufactured by any method that
diffusible hydrogen requirements for a given designator, will produce material that meets the requirements of
as specified in Table 7. this specification.

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TABLE 7
DIFFUSIBLE HYDROGEN REQUIREMENTS(1)
AWS Flux-Electrode Optional Supplemental Average Diffusible Hydrogen Maximum(3)
Combination Classification Diffusible Hydrogen Designation(2) (mL/100g Deposited Metal)
All H16 16.0
All H8 8.0
All H4 4.0
All H2 2.0
NOTES:
(1) Diffusible hydrogen test is required only when specified by the purchaser or when the manufacturer puts the diffusible hydrogen designator
on the label (see also Section A3 and A6.4 in the Annex).
(2) This designator is added to the end of the complete flux-electrode classification (see Figures 1U and 1M).
(3) Flux-electrode combinations meeting requirements for an H2 designator also meet the requirements for H4, H8, and H16. Flux-electrode
combinations meeting requirements for an H4 designator also meet the requirements for H8 and H16. Flux-electrode combinations meeting
the requirements for an H8 designator also meet the requirements for H16.

TABLE 8U TABLE 8M
A5.17 STANDARD ELECTRODE SIZES AND A5.17M STANDARD ELECTRODE SIZES AND
TOLERANCES(1) TOLERANCES(1)
Tolerances (⫾ in.) Tolerance (mm)

Diameter (in.) Solid (E) Composite (EC) Diameter (mm) Solid (E) Composite (EC)
1⁄ or 0.062 0.002 0.003 1.6
16
5⁄ or 0.078 0.002 0.003 2
64
3⁄
32 or 0.094 0.002 0.003 2.4 ⫾0.04 +0.04, −0.05
7⁄
64 or 0.109 0.003 0.004 2.5
1⁄ or 0.125 0.003 0.004 2.8
8
5⁄
32 or 0.156 0.004 0.005
3⁄ 3
16 or 0.188 0.004 0.005
7⁄ 3.2
32 or 0.219 0.004 0.005
1⁄ or 0.250 0.004 0.005 4
4
4.8
NOTE: ⫾0.06 +0.06, −0.08
5
(1) Other sizes and tolerances may be supplied as agreed between
purchaser and supplier. 5.6
6
6.4
NOTE:
(1) Other sizes and tolerances may be supplied as agreed between
purchaser and supplier.
15.1 Crushed Slags. Slag formed during the welding
process that is subsequently crushed for use as a welding
flux is defined as crushed slag. Crushed slag and blends
of crushed slag with unused (virgin) flux may be
classified as a welding flux under this specification. The
letter ‘‘S’’ shall be used as a mandatory classification 16.2 Finish and Uniformity
designator as shown in Figs. 1U and 1M when the 16.2.1 The electrode shall have a smooth finish
flux being classified is a crushed slag or is a blend which is free from slivers, depressions, scratches, scale,
of crushed slag with virgin flux. (See A6.1.5 in the seams and laps (exclusive of the longitudinal joint in
Annex.) composite electrodes), and foreign matter that would
adversely affect the welding characteristics, the opera-
16. Electrode Requirements tion of the welding equipment, or the properties of the
weld metal.
16.1 Standard Sizes. Standard sizes for electrodes
in the different package forms (coils with support, coils 16.2.2 Each continuous length of electrode shall
without support, and drums) are shown in Table 8U be from a single heat or lot of material. Welds, when
or Table 8M, as applicable. present, shall have been made so as not to interfere

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 SFA-5.17 1998 SECTION II

with the uniform, uninterrupted feeding of the electrode 16.5.4 Drums shall have the information securely
on automatic and semiautomatic equipment. affixed in a prominent location on the side of the drum.
16.2.3 Core ingredients in composite electrodes 16.6 Packaging. Electrodes shall be suitably pack-
shall be distributed with sufficient uniformity throughout aged to ensure against damage during shipment and
the length of the electrode so as not to adversely affect storage under normal conditions.
the performance of the electrode or the properties of
16.7 Marking of Packages
the weld metal.
16.7.1 The following product information (as a
16.2.4 A suitable protective coating, such as copper, minimum) shall be legibly marked so as to be visible
may be applied to any electrode covered in this specifi- from the outside of each unit package.
cation. (a) AWS specification and classification number (year
16.3 Standard Package Forms of issue may be excluded)
(b) Supplier’s name and trade designation
16.3.1 Standard package forms are coils with sup- (c) In the case of a composite electrode, the trade
port, coils without support, and drums. Standard package designation of the flux (or fluxes) with which its weld
dimensions and weights for each form are given in metal composition meets the requirements of Table 2
Table 9. Package forms, sizes and weights other than (d) Size and net weight
these shall be as agreed between purchaser and supplier. (e) Lot, control or heat number.
16.3.2 The liners in coils with support shall be 16.7.2 The following precautionary information (as
designed and constructed to prevent distortion of the a minimum) shall be prominently displayed in legible
coil during normal handling and use, and shall be clean print on all packages of welding electrodes, including
and dry enough to maintain the cleanliness of the individual unit packages enclosed within a larger
electrode. package.
16.3.3 Drums shall be designed and constructed
to prevent distortion of the electrode during normal
WARNING:
handling and use and shall be clean and dry enough
to maintain the cleanliness of the electrode. PROTECT yourself and others. Read and un-
derstand this information.
16.4 Winding Requirements
FUMES and GASES can be hazardous to your
16.4.1 The electrode shall be wound so that kinks, health.
waves, sharp bends, or wedging are not encountered,
ARC RAYS can injure eyes and burn skin.
leaving the electrode free to unwind without restriction.
The outside end of the electrode (the end with which ELECTRIC SHOCK can KILL.
welding is to begin) shall be identified so it can be O Before use, read, and understand the manufacturer’s
readily located and shall be fastened to avoid unwinding. instructions, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs),
and your employer’s safety practices.
16.4.2 The cast and helix of the electrode in coils O Keep your head out of the fumes.
and drums shall be such that the electrode will feed in O Use enough ventilation, exhaust at the arc, or both,
an uninterrupted manner in automatic and semiautomatic to keep fumes and gases away from your breathing
equipment. zone and the general area.
16.5 Electrode Identification O Wear correct eye, ear, and body protection.
O Do not touch live electrical parts.
16.5.1 The product information and the precaution- O See American National Standard ANSI/ASC Z49.1,
ary information required in 16.7 for marking each Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes,
package shall appear also on each coil and drum. published by the American Welding Society, 550
N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126; and OSHA
16.5.2 Coils without support shall be identified by
Safety and Health Standards, 29 CFR 1910, avail-
a tag containing this information securely attached to
able from the U.S. Government Printing Office,
the inside end of the coil.
Washington, DC 20402.
16.5.3 Coils with support shall have the information
securely affixed in a prominent location on the support. DO NOT REMOVE THIS INFORMATION

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TABLE 9
STANDARD DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS(1) (2)

Width of Outside
Net Weight Inside Diameter Coil, Diameter
Electrode Size(3) of Coil(4) of Liner Max. of Coil, Max.

in. mm lb kg in. mm in. mm in. mm

25
2 1 ⁄2 171⁄2
50
1⁄ 1
16 – ⁄4 12 ⫾ 1⁄8 or or
60
45⁄8 17
65

12
15
1.6–6.4 20 300 + 15, −0 (5) (5)
Coils with Support 25
30

100
3⁄ 1 311⁄2
32 – ⁄4 150 (5) 5
200

45
70
2.4–6.4 610 ⫾ 10 130 800
90
100

Coils without Support 1⁄ 1

16 – ⁄4 1.6–6.4 As agreed between purchaser and supplier

Drums 1⁄ 1 As agreed between purchaser and supplier

16 – ⁄4 1.6–6.4

NOTES:
(1) Values specified in “in.” or “lb” apply to A5.17. Values specificed in “mm” or “kg” apply to A5.17M.
(2) Other dimensions and weights may be supplied as agreed between purchaser and supplier.
(3) The range is inclusive.
(4) Net weights shall not vary more than ⫾ 10 percent.
(5) This dimension shall be agreed between purchaser and supplier.

17. Flux Requirements 17.3 Packaging

17.1 Form and Particle Size. Flux shall be granular
in form and shall be capable of flowing freely through
17.3.1 Flux shall be suitably packaged to ensure
the flux feeding tubes, valves, and nozzles of standard
submerged arc welding equipment. Particle size is not against damage during shipment.
specified here, but, when it is addressed, it shall be a
matter of agreement between the purchaser and the
supplier. 17.3.2 Flux, in its original unopened container,
shall withstand storage under normal conditions for
at least six months without damage to its welding
17.2 Usability. The flux shall permit the production characteristics or the properties of the weld. Heating
of uniform, well-shaped beads that merge smoothly of the flux to assure dryness may be necessary when
with each other and the base metal. Undercut, if any, the very best properties (of which the materials are
shall not be so deep or so widespread that a subsequent capable) are required. For specific recommendations,
bead will not remove it. consult the manufacturer.

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 SFA-5.17 1998 SECTION II

17.4 Marking of Packages

17.4.1 The following product information (as a
minimum) shall be legibly marked so as to be visible
from the outside of each unit package.
(a) AWS specification and classification (year of
issue may be excluded)
(b) Supplier’s name and trade designation (In the
case of crushed slags, the crusher, not the original
producer, shall be considered the supplier. See also
Annex A6.1.5.)
(c) The trade designation of each composite electrode
with which the flux manufacturer has classified the
flux, if applicable
(d) Net weight
(e) Lot, control, or heat number
(f) Particle size, if more than one particle size of
flux of that trade designation is produced
17.4.2 All packages of flux shall be marked as
required in 16.7.2 for the electrodes.

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Annex
Guide to AWS Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes
and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding

(This Annex is not a part of ANSI/AWS A5.17/A5.17M-97, Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged
Arc Welding, but is included for information purposes only).

A1. Introduction fied only on the basis of their chemical composition,

as specified in Table 1 of this specification.
The purpose of this guide is to correlate the electrode
A composite electrode is indicated by the letter ‘‘C’’
and flux classifications with their intended applications
after the ‘‘E’’ and a numerical suffix. The composition
so the specification can be used effectively. Reference
of a composite electrode may include metallic elements
to appropriate base metal specifications is made when-
in the core material that are also present as oxides,
ever that can be done and when it would be helpful.
fluorides, etc., of those same elements. Therefore, the
Such references are intended only as examples rather
chemical analysis of a composite electrode may not
than complete listings of the base metals for which
be directly comparable to an analysis made on a solid
each electrode and flux combination is suitable.
electrode. For this reason, the composition of composite
electrodes is not used for classification purposes under
this specification, and the user is referred to weld metal
composition (Table 2) with a particular flux, rather
A2. Classification System than to electrode composition.
A2.1 Classification of Electrodes. The system for
identifying the electrode classifications in this specifica- A2.2 ‘‘G’’ Classification and the Use of ‘‘Not
tion follows the standard pattern used in other AWS Specified’’ and ‘‘Not Required’’
filler metal specifications. The letter ‘‘E’’ (or ‘‘EC’’
for composite electrodes) at the beginning of each A2.2.1 This specification includes filler metals
classification designation stands for electrode. The re- classified as ‘‘EG’’ or ‘‘ECG.’’ The ‘‘G’’ indicates
mainder of the designation indicates the chemical com- that the filler metal is of a general classification. It is
position of the electrode or, in the case of composite ‘‘general’’ because not all of the particular requirements
electrodes, the chemical composition of the weld metal specified for each of the other classifications are speci-
obtained with a particular flux. See Fig. 1U or Fig. fied for this classification. The intent, in establishing
1M, as applicable. this classification, is to provide a means by which filler
The letter ‘‘L’’ indicates that the solid electrode is metals that differ in one respect or another (chemical
comparatively low in manganese content. The letter composition, for example) from all other classifications
‘‘M’’ indicates a medium manganese content, while the (meaning that the composition of the filler metal —
letter ‘‘H’’ indicates a comparatively high manganese in the case of the example — does not meet the
content. The one or two digits following the manganese composition specified for any of the classifications in
designator indicate the nominal carbon content of the the specification) can still be classified according to
electrode. The letter ‘‘K,’’ which appears in some the specification without awaiting revision. This means,
designations, indicates that the electrode is made from then, that two filler metals — each bearing the same
a heat of silicon-killed steel. Solid electrodes are classi- ‘‘G’’ classification — may be quite different in some

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 SFA-5.17 1998 SECTION II

certain respect (chemical composition, again, for ex- (c) The request should be sent to the Secretary of
ample). the Committee on Filler Metals at AWS Headquarters.
Upon receipt of the request, the Secretary will:
A2.2.2 The point of difference (although not neces-
(1) Assign an identifying number to the request.
sarily the amount of the difference) referred to above
This number will include the date the request was
will be readily apparent from the use of the words
received.
‘‘not required’’ and ‘‘not specified’’ in the specification.
(2) Confirm receipt of the request and give the
The use of these words is as follows:
identification number to the person who made the
Not Specified is used in those areas of the specification
request.
that refer to the results of some particular test. It
(3) Send a copy of the request to the Chair of
indicates that the requirements for that test are not
the Committee on Filler Metals and the particular
specified for that particular classification.
Subcommittee involved.
Not Required is used in those areas of the specification
(4) File the original request.
that refer to the test that normally is required to be
(5) Add the request to the log of outstanding
conducted to classify a filler metal. It indicates that
requests.
the test is not required because the requirements (results)
(d) All necessary action on each request will be
for the test have not been specified for that particular
completed as soon as possible. If more than 12 months
classification.
lapse, the Secretary shall inform the requestor of the
Restating the case, when a requirement is not speci-
status of the request, with copies to the Chairs of
fied, it is not necessary to conduct the corresponding
the Committee and the Subcommittee. Requests still
test in order to classify a filler metal to that classification.
outstanding after 18 months shall be considered not to
When a purchaser wants the information provided by
have been answered in a ‘‘timely manner’’ and the
that test, in order to consider a particular product of
Secretary shall report these to the Chair of the Commit-
that classification for a certain application, the purchaser
tee on Filler Metals, for action.
will have to arrange for that information with the
(e) The Secretary shall include a copy of the log
supplier of that product. The purchaser will also have
of all requests pending and those completed during the
to establish with that supplier just what the testing
preceding year with the agenda for each Committee
procedure and the acceptance requirements are to be
on Filler Metals meeting. Any other publication of
for that test. The purchaser may want to incorporate
requests that have been completed will be at the option
that information, via ANSI/AWS A5.01, Filler Metal
of the American Welding Society, as deemed appro-
Procurement Guidelines, in the purchase order.
priate.
A2.2.3 Request for Filler Metal Classification
A2.3 Classification of Fluxes. Fluxes are classified
(a) When a filler metal cannot be classified according
on the basis of the mechanical properties of the weld
to some classification other than a ‘‘G’’ classification,
metal they produce, with some certain classification of
the manufacturer may request that a classification be
electrode, under the specific test conditions called for
established for that filler metal. The manufacturer may
in Part B of this specification.
do this by following the procedure given here. When
the manufacturer elects to use the ‘‘G’’ classification, A2.3.1U As examples of A5.17 U.S. Customary
the Committee on Filler Metals recommends that the Unit classifications, consider the following:
manufacturer still request that a classification be estab-
F7A2-EH14
lished for that filler metal, as long as the filler metal
FS6A0-EM13K
is of commercial significance.
F7P6-EM12K
(b) A request to establish a new filler metal classifi-
F7P4-EC1
cation must be submitted in writing, and it needs to
provide sufficient detail to permit the Committee on The prefix ‘‘F’’ designates an unused (virgin) flux.
Filler Metals or the Subcommittee to determine whether The prefix ‘‘FS’’ designates a flux that is made solely
a new classification or the modification of an existing from crushed slag or is a blend of crushed slag with
classification is more appropriate, and whether either virgin flux. This is followed by a single digit represent-
is necessary to satisfy the need. The request needs to ing the minimum tensile strength required of the weld
state the variables and their limits, for such a classifica- metal in 10 000 psi increments.
tion or modification. The request should contain some When the letter ‘‘A’’ follows the strength designator,
indication of the time by which completion of the new it indicates that the weld metal was tested (and is
classification or modification is needed. classified) in the as-welded condition. When the letter

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‘‘P’’ follows the strength designator, it indicates that TABLE A1

the weld metal was tested (and is classified) after COMPARISON OF ELECTRODE DESIGNATIONS
postweld heat treatment called for in the specification.
The digit that follows the ‘‘A’’ or ‘‘P’’ will be a AWS Classification Proposed ISO No.(1)
number or the letter ‘‘Z.’’ This digit refers to the EL8 S1100
impact strength of the weld metal. Specifically, it EL8K S1110
designates, on the Fahrenheit scale, a temperature at EL12 S1000
(and above) which the weld metal meets, or exceeds, EM11K S2030
the required 20 ft·lbf Charpy V-notch impact strength EM12 S2000
(except for the letter ‘‘Z,’’ which indicates that no EM12K S2010
impact requirement is specified — see Table 6U).4 EM13K S2020
EM14K S2021
These mechanical property designations are followed
EM15K S2210
by the designation of the electrode used in classifying
the flux (see Tables 1 and 2). The suffix (EH14, EH10K S3000
EH11K S3030
EM12K, EC1, etc.) included after the hyphen refers
EH12K S3010
to the electrode classification with which the flux will EH14 S4000
deposit weld metal that meets the specified mechanical
NOTE:
properties when tested as called for in the specification. (1) Based on IIW Doc. XII-1232-91.
A2.3.1M As examples of A5.17M International
System of Units (SI) classifications, consider the fol-
lowing:
F43A3-EM13K
FS43A0-EM11K to the electrode classification with which the flux will
F48P5-EH12K deposit weld metal that meets the specific mechanical
properties when tested as called for in the specification.
The prefix ‘‘F’’ designates a virgin flux. The prefix
‘‘FS’’ designates a flux that is made solely from crushed A2.3.2 It should be noted that flux of any specific
slag or is a blend of crushed slag with virgin flux. trade designation may have many classifications. The
This is followed by two digits representing the minimum number is limited only by the number of different
tensile strength required of the weld metal in 10 MPa electrode classifications and the condition of heat treat-
increments. ment (as-welded and postweld heat treated) with which
When the letter ‘‘A’’ or ‘‘P’’ follows the strength the flux can meet the classification requirements. The
designators, it indicates, as it does in the A5.17 classifi- flux marking lists at least one, and may list all, classifi-
cation system, the weld metal was tested (and is classi- cations to which the flux conforms. It should also be
fied) in either the as-welded (A) or postweld heat- noted that the specific usability (or operating) character-
treated (P) condition. The digit that follows the ‘‘A’’ istics of various fluxes of the same classification may
or ‘‘P’’ will be a number or the letter ‘‘Z.’’ This digit differ in one respect or another.
refers to the impact strength of the weld metal.
Specifically, it designates, on the Celsius scale, a
A2.3.3 Solid electrodes having the same classifica-
temperature at (and above) which the weld metal meets,
tion are interchangeable when used with a specific flux;
or exceeds, the required 27 J Charpy V-notch impact
composite electrodes may not be.
strength (except for the letter ‘‘Z,’’ which indicates
that no impact requirement is specified — see Table
A2.4 International Designation System. An interna-
6M). These mechanical property designations are fol-
tional system for designating welding filler metals is
lowed by the designation of the electrode used in
under development by the International Institute of
classifying the flux (see Tables 1 and 2). The suffix
Welding (IIW) for use in future specifications to be
(EM13K, EH12K, etc.) included after the hyphen refers
issued by the International Standards Organization
(ISO). Table A1 shows the proposed designations for
4 Note that except for digit ‘‘4’’ the same designator for impact steel filler metals. In that system, the initial ‘‘S’’
strength in Tables 6U and 6M signify different temperatures. For designates a solid wire or rod followed by a four-
example, ‘‘6’’ in Table 6U signifies a maximum test temperature
of −60°F, whereas the same designator in Table 6M signifies a digit number. Composite wires are designated with an
maximum test temperature of −60°C, equivalent to −76°F. initial ‘‘T.’’

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 SFA-5.17 1998 SECTION II

A3. Acceptance (c) Rate of evolution of fumes, gases, or dust ac-

cording to the materials and processes involved
Acceptance of all welding materials classified under
(d) The proximity of the welders or welding operators
this specification is in accordance with the latest edition
to the fumes as they issue from the welding zone, and
of ANSI/AWS A5.01, as the specification states. Any
to the gases and dusts in the space in which the welders
testing a purchaser requires of the supplier, for material
or welding operators are working
shipped in accordance with this specification, shall be
(e) The ventilation provided to the space in which
clearly stated in the purchase order, in accordance with
the welding is done
ANSI/AWS A5.01.
In the absence of any such statement in the purchase A5.2 American National Standard ANSI/ASC Z49.1,
order, the supplier may ship the material with whatever Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes (pub-
testing is normally conducted on material of that classi- lished by the American Welding Society), discusses
fication, as specified in Schedule F, Table 1, of ANSI/ the ventilation that is required during welding and
AWS A5.01. Testing in accordance with any other should be referred to for details. Attention is particularly
Schedule in that Table must be specifically required drawn to the section dealing with ventilation.
by the purchase order. In such cases, acceptance of
the material shipped will be in accordance with those
A6. Welding Considerations
requirements.
A6.1 Types of Flux. Submerged arc welding fluxes
are granular, fusible mineral compounds of various
A4. Certification proportions and quantities, manufactured by any of
several different methods. In addition, some fluxes
The act of placing the AWS specification and classi- may contain intimately mixed metallic ingredients to
fication designations on the packaging enclosing the deoxidize the weld pool. Any flux is likely to produce
product, or the classification on the product itself, weld metal of somewhat different composition from
constitutes the supplier’s (manufacturer’s) certification that of the electrode used with it due to chemical
that the product meets all of the requirements of that reactions in the arc and sometimes to the presence of
specification. metallic ingredients in the flux. A change in arc voltage
The only testing requirement implicit in this certifica- during welding will change the quantity of flux inter-
tion is that the manufacturer has actually conducted acting with a given quantity of electrode and may,
the tests required by the specification on material that therefore, change the composition of the weld metal.
is representative of that being shipped and that the This latter change provides a means of describing fluxes
material met the requirements of the specification. Rep- as ‘‘neutral,’’ ‘‘active,’’ or ‘‘alloy.’’
resentative material, in this case, is any production run
of that classification using the same formulation. A6.1.1 Neutral Fluxes. Neutral fluxes are those
‘‘Certification’’ is not to be construed to mean that which will not produce any significant change in the
tests of any kind were necessarily conducted on samples weld metal chemical analysis as a result of a large
of the specific material shipped. Tests on such material change in the arc voltage, and thus, the arc length.
may or may not have been made. The basis for the The primary use for neutral fluxes is in multipass
certification required by the specification is the classifi- welding, especially when the base metal exceeds 1 in.
cation test of ‘‘representative material’’ cited above, [25 mm] in thickness.
and the ‘‘Manufacturer’s Quality Assurance System’’ Note the following considerations concerning neutral
in ANSI/AWS A5.01. fluxes:
(a) Since neutral fluxes contain little or no deoxidiz-
ers, they must rely on the electrode to provide deoxida-
tion. Single-pass welds with insufficient deoxidation on
A5. Ventilation During Welding
heavily oxidized base metal may be prone to porosity,
A5.1 The following are five major factors which centerline cracking, or both.
govern the quantity of fumes to which welders and (b) While neutral fluxes do maintain the chemical
welding operators can be exposed during welding: composition of the weld metal even when the voltage
(a) Dimensions of the space in which welding is is changed, it is not always true that the chemical
done (with special regard to the height of the ceiling) composition of the weld metal is the same as the
(b) Number of welders and welding operators work- chemical composition of the electrode used. Some
ing in that space neutral fluxes decompose in the heat of the arc and

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 PART C — SPECIFICATIONS FOR WELDING RODS,
ELECTRODES, AND FILLER METALS SFA-5.17

release oxygen, resulting in a lower carbon value in It does not address alloy fluxes. For a flux-electrode
the weld metal than the carbon content of the electrode combination to be considered neutral, it should have
itself. Some neutral fluxes contain manganese silicate a N of 35 or less. The lower the number, the more
which can decompose in the heat of the arc to add neutral is the flux.
some manganese and silicon to the weld metal even Determination of the Wall Neutrality Number can
though no metallic manganese or silicon was added to be done in accordance with the following:
these particular fluxes. These changes in the chemical (a) A weld pad of the type shown in Fig. 2 is
composition of the weld metal are fairly consistent, welded with the flux-electrode combination being tested.
even when there are large changes in voltage. The welding parameters shall be as specified in Fig.
(c) Even when a neutral flux is used to maintain 3B for the weld test plate for the diameter electrode
the weld metal chemical composition through a range being used.
of welding voltages, weld properties such as strength (b) A second weld pad is welded using the same
level and impact properties can change because of parameters, except that the arc voltage is increased by
changes in other welding parameters such as depth of 8 volts.
fusion, heat input, and number of passes. (c) The top surface of each of the weld pads is
ground or machined smooth to clean metal. Samples
A6.1.2 Active Fluxes. Active fluxes are those sufficient for analysis are removed by machining. Weld
which contain small amounts of manganese, silicon, or metal is analyzed only from the top (fourth) layer of
both. These deoxidizers are added to the flux to provide the weld pad. The samples are analyzed separately for
improved resistance to porosity and weld cracking silicon and manganese.
caused by contaminants on or in the base metal. (d) The Wall Neutrality Number depends on the
The primary use for active fluxes is to make single- change in silicon, regardless of whether it increases or
pass welds, especially on oxidized base metal. Note decreases, and on the change in manganese, regardless
the following considerations concerning active fluxes: of whether it increases or decreases. The Wall Neutrality
(a) Since active fluxes do contain some deoxidizers, Number is the absolute value (ignoring positive or
the manganese, silicon, or both, in the weld metal will negative signs) and is calculated as follows:
vary with changes in arc voltage. An increase in
manganese or silicon increases the strength and hardness
of the weld metal in multipass welds but may lower N p 100 (⌬%Si + ⌬%Mn)
the impact properties. For this reason, the voltage may
need to be more tightly controlled for multipass welding
where ⌬% Si is the difference in silicon content of the
with active fluxes than when using neutral fluxes.
two pads, and ⌬% Mn is the corresponding difference in
(b) Some fluxes are more active than others. This
manganese content.
means they offer more resistance to porosity due to
base-metal surface oxides in single-pass welds than a A6.1.5 Crushed Slags. Slag formed during the
flux which is less active, but may pose more problems welding process that is subsequently crushed for use
in multipass welding. as a welding flux is defined as crushed slag. This is
A6.1.3 Alloy Fluxes. Alloy fluxes are those which different from a recycled flux which was never fused
can be used with a carbon steel electrode to make into a slag and can often be collected from a clean
alloy weld metal. The alloys for the weld metal are surface and reused without crushing. Crushed slag and
added as ingredients in the flux. blends of crushed slag with unused (virgin) flux may
The primary use for alloy fluxes is to weld low- be classified as a welding flux under this specification,
alloy steels and for hardfacing. As such, they are outside but shall not be considered to be the same as virgin flux.
of the scope of this specification. See the latest edition Although it is possible to crush and reuse submerged
of ANSI/AWS A5.23/A5.23M, Specification for Low- arc slag as a welding flux, the crushed slag, regardless
Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc of any addition of virgin flux to it, is a new and
Welding, for a more complete discussion of alloy fluxes. chemically different flux. This is because the slag
formed during submerged arc welding does not have the
A6.1.4 Wall Neutrality Number. The Wall Neu- same chemical composition or welding characteristics as
trality Number (N) is a convenient relative measure of the virgin flux. Its composition is affected by the
flux neutrality. The Wall Neutrality Number addresses composition of the original flux, chemical reactions
fluxes and electrodes for welding carbon steel with which occur due to the welding arc, the base metal
regard to the weld metal manganese and silicon content. and electrode compositions, and the welding parameters.

370.5

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 SFA-5.17 1998 SECTION II

Blends of crushed slag with the original brand of The flux manufacturer should be consulted for electrode
virgin flux from which it was generated cannot be recommendations suitable for a given flux.
assumed to conform to the classification of either In welding single-pass fillet welds, especially on
component, even when both the crushed slag and virgin scaly base metal, it is important that the flux, electrode,
flux conform to the same classification (except for the or both, provide sufficient deoxidation to avoid unac-
‘‘S’’ designator). It shall be the responsibility of the ceptable porosity. Silicon is a more powerful deoxidizer
crusher or fabricator partner, who performs the blending, than manganese. In such applications, use of a silicon-
to verify that any intended blend of crushed slag with killed electrode or of an active flux, or both, may
the original brand of virgin flux is in full conformance be essential. Again, manufacturer’s recommendations
with the classification requirements of this specification. should be consulted.
As with any flux product, the manufacturer (crusher) The EM14K electrodes are alloyed with small
shall follow a detailed processing procedure with con- amounts of titanium, although they are considered as
trolled input material, preparation, crushing, and blend- carbon steel electrodes. The titanium functions to im-
ing, which will ensure that a standard quality of output prove strength and notch toughness under certain condi-
welding flux product is attained that meets the require- tions of high-heat input welding or PWHT. The manu-
ment for the classification designator. facturer’s recommendations should be consulted.
Electrodes of the EH12K classification are high Mn
A6.1.6 Closed-Loop, Crushed Slags. Slag gener-
electrodes with the Mn and Si balanced to enhance
ated by a fabricator from a specific brand of flux
impact properties on applications that require high
under controlled welding conditions and crushed for
deposition rates or multiple arc procedures, or both, in
subsequent reuse by the same fabricator is defined as
both the as-welded and postweld heat-treated conditions.
closed-loop, crushed slag.
Composite electrodes are generally designed for a
Closed-loop, crushed slags, or blends of closed-loop,
specific flux. The flux identification is required (see
crushed slag with the original brand of virgin flux
16.7.1) to be marked on the electrode package. Before
ensure better control of input material by virtue of the
using a composite electrode with a flux not indicated on
inherent partnering of the fabricator with the crusher.
the electrode package markings, the electrode producer
In some instances, these partners may be one and the
should be contacted for recommendations. A composite
same. If blending of slag with virgin flux is done,
electrode might be chosen for higher melting rate and
changes in the original brand of virgin flux or in the
lower depth of fusion at a given current level than
blending ratio can affect the quality of the final product.
would be obtained under the same conditions with a
A6.2 Choice of Electrodes. In choosing an electrode solid electrode.
classification for submerged arc welding of carbon steel,
the most important considerations are the manganese A6.3 Mechanical Properties of Submerged Arc
and silicon contents in the electrode, the effect of the Welds. Tables 5U and 6U (for the U.S. Customary
flux on recovery of manganese and silicon in the weld Units classification system) and Tables 5M and 6M
metal, whether the weld is to be single pass or multipass, (for the International System of Units classification
and the mechanical properties expected of the weld system) of this specification list the mechanical proper-
metal. ties required of weld metal from flux-electrode classifi-
A certain minimum weld-metal manganese content cations (the electrodes are classified in Tables 1 and
is necessary to avoid centerline cracking. This minimum 2). The mechanical properties are determined from
depends upon restraint of the joint and upon the weld- specimens prepared according to the procedure called
metal composition. In the event that centerline cracking for in the specification. That procedure minimizes dilu-
is encountered, especially with a low-manganese elec- tion from the base metal and thereby more accurately
trode (see Table 1) and neutral flux, a change to a reflects the properties of the undiluted weld metal from
higher manganese electrode, a change to a more active each flux-electrode combination.
flux, or both, may eliminate the problem. In use, the electrodes and fluxes are handled separately,
Certain fluxes, generally considered to be neutral, and either of them may be changed without changing the
tend to remove carbon and manganese to a limited other. For this reason, a classification system with stan-
extent and to replace these elements with silicon. With dardized test methods is necessary to relate the electrodes
such fluxes, a silicon-killed electrode is often not neces- and fluxes to the properties of their weld metal. Chemical
sary though it may be used. Other fluxes add no silicon reactions between the molten portion of the electrode and
and may therefore require the use of a silicon-killed the flux, and dilution by the base metal all affect the compo-
electrode for proper wetting and freedom from porosity. sition of the weld metal.

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 PART C — SPECIFICATIONS FOR WELDING RODS,
ELECTRODES, AND FILLER METALS SFA-5.17

Submerged arc welds are not always made with the A6.4 Diffusible Hydrogen. The submerged arc weld-
multipass procedure required in the specification. They ing process can be used to provide low-hydrogen weld
frequently are made in a single pass, at least within deposits when care is taken to maintain the flux and
certain limits on the thickness of the base metal. When electrode in a dry condition. In submerged arc welding
a high level of notch toughness is required, multipass with carbon steel electrodes and fluxes classified in
welds may be necessary. this specification, weld metal or heat-affected zone
The specific mechanical properties of a weld are a cracking associated with diffusible hydrogen tends to
function of its chemical composition, cooling rate, and become more of a problem with increasing weld-
postweld heat treatment. High-amperage, single-pass metal strength, increasing heat-affected zone hardness,
welds have greater depth of fusion and hence, greater increasing diffusible hydrogen content, decreasing pre-
dilution by the base metal than lower current, multipass heat and interpass temperature, and decreasing time at
welds. Moreover, large, single-pass welds solidify and or above the interpass temperature during and after
cool more slowly than the smaller weld beads of a welding. The detection of hydrogen cracking may be
multipass weld. Furthermore, the succeeding passes of delayed for several hours after cooling due to the time
a multipass weld subject the weld metal of previous required for the crack to grow to a size which can be
passes to a variety of temperature and cooling cycles detected by routine inspection methods. It may appear
that alter the metallurgical structure of different portions as transverse weld cracks, longitudinal centerline cracks
of those beads. For this reason, the properties of a (especially in root beads), and toe or underbead cracks
single-pass weld may be somewhat different from those in the heat-affected zone.
of a multipass weld made with the same electrode Since the available diffusible hydrogen level strongly
and flux. influences the tendency towards hydrogen-induced
The weld metal properties in this specification are cracking, it may be desirable to measure the diffusible
determined either in the as-welded condition or after hydrogen content resulting from a particular flux-elec-
a postweld heat treatment (one hour at 1150°F [620°C]), trode combination. Accordingly, the use of optional
or both. Most of the weld metals are suitable for service supplemental designators for diffusible hydrogen is
in either condition, but the specification cannot cover all introduced to indicate the maximum average value
of the conditions that such weld metals may encounter in obtained under a clearly defined test condition in ANSI/
fabrication and service. For this reason, the classifica- AWS A4.3, Standard Methods for Determination of
tions in this specification require that the weld metals the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of Martensitic, Bainitic,
be produced and tested under certain specific conditions. and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal Produced by Arc Welding.
Procedures employed in practice may require voltage, The user of this information is cautioned that actual
amperage, type of current, and travel speeds that are fabrication conditions may result in different diffusible
considerably different from those required in this speci- hydrogen values from those indicated by the designator.
fication. In addition, differences encountered in electrode The use of a reference atmospheric condition during
size, electrode composition, electrode extension, joint welding is necessitated because the arc always is imper-
configuration, preheat temperature, interpass tempera- fectly shielded. Moisture from the air, distinct from
ture, and postweld heat treatment can have a significant that in the electrode or flux, can enter the arc and
effect on the properties of the joint. Within a given subsequently the weld pool, contributing to the resulting
electrode classification, the electrode composition can observed diffusible hydrogen. This effect can be mini-
vary sufficiently to produce variations in the mechanical mized by maintaining a suitable depth of flux cover
properties of the weld deposit in both the as-welded (normally 1 to 1-1⁄2 in. [25 to 38 mm]) in front of the
and postweld heat-treated conditions. electrode during welding.
Postweld heat-treatment times in excess of the 1 Nevertheless, some air will mix with the flux cover
hour used for classification purposes in this specification and add its moisture to the other sources of diffusible
(conventionally, 20 to 30 hours for very thick sections) hydrogen.
may have a major influence on the strength and tough- It is possible for this extra diffusible hydrogen to
ness of the weld metal. Both can be substantially significantly affect the outcome of a diffusible hydrogen
reduced. The user needs to be aware of this and of test. For this reason, it is appropriate to specify a
the fact that the mechanical properties of carbon steel reference atmospheric condition. The reference atmo-
weld metal produced with other procedures may differ spheric condition of 10 grains of moisture per lb [1.5
from the properties required by Tables 5U and 6U or grams of moisture per kilogram] of dry air is equivalent
Tables 5M and 6M of this specification, as applicable. to 10 percent relative humidity at 68°F [20°C].

370.7

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 SFA-5.17 1998 SECTION II

A7. General Safety Considerations (b) ANSI/ASC Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting,
and Allied Processes. Miami, FL: American Welding
A7.1 Burn Protection. Molten metal, sparks, slag,
Society.
and hot work surfaces are produced by welding, cutting,
(c) ANSI/ASC Z87.1, Practice for Occupational and
and allied processes. These can cause burns if precau-
Educational Eye and Face Protection. New York, NY:
tionary measures are not used. Workers should wear
American National Standards Institute.
protective clothing made of fire-resistant material. Pant
(d) Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
cuffs, open pockets, or other places on clothing that
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29 Labor, Chapter
can catch and retain molten metal or sparks should
XVII, Part 1910. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
not be worn. High-top shoes or leather leggings and
Printing Office.6
fire-resistant gloves should be worn. Pant legs should
be worn over the outside of high-top shoes. Helmets A7.2 Electrical Hazards. Electric shock can kill;
or hand shields that provide protection for the face, however, it can be avoided. Live electrical parts should
neck, and ears, and a head covering to protect the not be touched. The manufacturer’s instructions and
head should be used. In addition, appropriate eye protec- recommended safe practices should be read and under-
tion should be used. stood. Faulty installation, improper grounding, and in-
When welding overhead or in confined spaces, ear correct operation and maintenance of electrical equip-
plugs to prevent weld spatter from entering the ear ment are all sources of danger.
canal should be worn in combination with goggles or All electrical equipment and the workpieces should
equivalent to give added eye protection. Clothing should be grounded. The workpiece lead is not a ground lead.
be kept free of grease and oil. Combustible materials It is used only to complete the welding circuit. A
should not be carried in pockets. If any combustible separate connection is required to ground the workpiece.
substance has been spilled on clothing, a change to The workpiece should not be mistaken for a ground
clean, fire-resistant clothing should be made before connection.
working with open arcs or flame. Aprons, cape-sleeves, The correct cable size should be used, since sustained
leggings, and shoulder covers with bibs designed for overloading will cause cable failure and result in possi-
welding service should be used. Where welding or ble electrical shock or fire hazard. All electrical connec-
cutting of unusually thick base metal is involved, sheet tions should be tight, clean, and dry. Poor connections
metal shields should be used for extra protection. can overheat and even melt. Further, they can produce
Mechanization of highly hazardous processes or jobs dangerous arcs and sparks. Water, grease, or dirt should
should be considered. Other personnel in the work area not be allowed to accumulate on plugs, sockets, or
should be protected by the use of noncombustible electrical units. Moisture can conduct electricity.
screens or by the use of appropriate protection as To prevent shock, the work area, equipment, and
described in the previous paragraph. Before leaving a clothing should be kept dry at all times. Welders should
work area, hot workpieces should be marked to alert wear dry gloves and rubber-soled shoes, or stand on a
other persons of this hazard. No attempt should be dry board or insulated platform. Cables and connections
made to repair or disconnect electrical equipment when should be kept in good condition. Improper or worn
it is under load. Disconnection under load produces electrical connections may create conditions that could
arcing of the contacts and may cause burns or shock, cause electrical shock or short circuits. Worn, damaged,
or both. (Note: Burns can be caused by touching hot or bare cables should not be used. Open-circuit voltage
equipment such as electrode holders, tips, and nozzles. should be avoided. When several welders are working
Therefore, insulated gloves should be worn when these with arcs of different polarities, or when a number of
items are handled, unless an adequate cooling period alternating current machines are being used, the open-
has been allowed before touching.) circuit voltages can be additive. The added voltages
The following sources are for more detailed informa- increase the severity of the shock hazard.
tion on personal protection: In case of electric shock, the power should be turned
(a) American National Standards Institute. ANSI/ off. If the rescuer must resort to pulling the victim
ASC Z41.1, Safety-Toe Footwear. New York, NY: from the live contact, nonconducting materials should
American National Standards Institute.5 be used. If the victim is not breathing, cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) should be administered as soon as

5 ANSI documents are available from the American National Standards 6 OSHA documents are available from U.S. Government Printing
Institute, 11 West 42 Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036. Office, Washington, DC 20402.

370.8

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 PART C — SPECIFICATIONS FOR WELDING RODS,
ELECTRODES, AND FILLER METALS SFA-5.17

contact with the electrical source is broken. A physician (b) The recommended threshold limit values for
should be called and CPR continued until breathing fumes and gases may be found in Threshold Limit
has been restored, or until a physician has arrived. Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in
Electrical burns are treated as thermal burns; that is, the Workroom Environment, published by the American
clean, cold (iced) compresses should be applied. Con- Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (AC-
tamination should be avoided; the area should be cov- GIH), 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH
ered with a clean, dry dressing; and the patient should 45240-1634.
be transported to medical assistance. (c) The results of an AWS-funded study are available
Recognized safety standards such as ANSI/ASC in a report entitled, Fumes and Gases in the Welding
Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, Environment, available from the American Welding
and NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, available Society.
from National Fire Protection Association, 1 Bat- (d) Manufacturer’s Material Safety Data Sheet for
terymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269, should be followed. the product.

A7.3 Fumes and Gases. Many welding, cutting, and A7.4 Radiation. Welding, cutting, and allied opera-
allied processes produce fumes and gases which may tions may produce radiant energy (radiation) harmful
be harmful to health. Fumes are solid particles that to health. One should become acquainted with the
originate from welding filler metals and fluxes, the effects of this radiant energy.
base metal, and any coatings present on the base metal. Radiant energy may be ionizing (such as x-rays), or
Gases are produced during the welding process or may nonionizing (such as ultraviolet, visible light, or infra-
be produced by the effects of process radiation on the red). Radiation can produce a variety of effects such
surrounding environment. Management personnel and as skin burns and eye damage, depending on the radiant
welders alike should be aware of the effects of these energy’s wavelength and intensity, if excessive exposure
fumes and gases. The amount and composition of these occurs.
fumes and gases depend upon the composition of the A7.4.1 Ionizing Radiation. Ionizing radiation is
filler metal and base metal, welding process, current produced by the electron beam welding process. It is
level, arc length, and other factors. ordinarily controlled within acceptance limits by use
The possible effects of overexposure range from of suitable shielding enclosing the welding area.
irritation of eyes, skin, and respiratory system to more
severe complications. Effects may occur immediately A7.4.2 Nonionizing Radiation. The intensity and
or at some later time. Fumes can cause symptoms such wavelengths of nonionizing radiant energy produced
as nausea, headaches, dizziness, and metal fume fever. depend on many factors, such as the process, welding
The possibility of more serious health effects exists parameters, electrode and base-metal composition,
when especially toxic materials are involved. In confined fluxes, and any coating or plating on the base metal.
spaces, the shielding gases and fumes might displace Some processes, such as resistance welding and cold
breathing air and cause asphyxiation. One’s head should pressure welding, ordinarily produce negligible quanti-
always be kept out of the fumes. Sufficient ventilation, ties of radiant energy. However, most arc welding and
exhaust at the arc, or both, should be used to keep cutting processes (except submerged arc welding when
fumes and gases from the breathing zone and the used properly), laser welding and torch welding, cutting,
general area. brazing, or soldering can produce quantities of nonioniz-
In some cases, natural air movement will provide ing radiation such that precautionary measures are
enough ventilation. Where ventilation may be question- necessary.
able, air sampling should be used to determine if Protection from possible harmful effects caused by
corrective measures should be applied. nonionizing radiant energy from welding include the
More detailed information on fumes and gases pro- following measures:
duced by the various welding processes may be found (a) One should not look at welding arcs except
in the following: through welding filter plates which meet the require-
(a) The permissible exposure limits required by ments of ANSI/ASC Z87.1, Practice for Occupational
OSHA can be found in Code of Federal Regulations, and Educational Eye and Face Protection, published
Title 29, Chapter XVII, Part 1910. The OSHA General by American National Standards Institute. It should be
Industry Standards are available from the Superintendent noted that transparent welding curtains are not intended
of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- as welding filter plates, but rather, are intended to
ington, DC 20402. protect passersby from incidental exposure.

370.9

ASME B&PVC sec2c$$u85 06-01-99 04:25:18 pd: sec2c Rev 14.04

 SFA-5.17 1998 SECTION II

(b) Exposed skin should be protected with adequate (b) —. ANSI/ASC Z87.1, Practice for Occupational
gloves and clothing as specified in ANSI/ASC Z49.1, and Educational Eye and Face Protection. New York,
Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, pub- NY: American National Standards Institute.
lished by American Welding Society. (c) —. ANSI/ASC Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting,
(c) Reflections from welding arcs should be avoided, and Allied Processes. (published by AWS) Miami, FL:
and all personnel should be protected from intense American Welding Society.
reflections. (Note: Paints using pigments of substantially (d) Hinrichs, J. F. Project Committee on Radiation —
zinc oxide or titanium dioxide have a lower reflectance Summary Report. Welding Journal, January 1978.
for ultraviolet radiation.) (e) Moss, C. E. ‘‘Optical Radiation Transmission
(d) Screens, curtains, or adequate distance from Levels through Transparent Welding Curtains.’’ Welding
aisles, walkways, etc., should be used to avoid exposing Journal, March 1979.
passersby to welding operations. (f) Moss, C. E., and Murray, W. E. ‘‘Optical Radia-
(e) Safety glasses with UV-protective side shields tion Levels Produced in Gas Welding, Torch Brazing,
have been shown to provide some beneficial protection and Oxygen Cutting.’’ Welding Journal, September
from ultraviolet radiation produced by welding arcs. 1979.
(g) Marshall, W. J., Sliney, D. H., et al. ‘‘Optical
A7.4.3 Ionizing radiation information sources in- Radiation Levels Produced by Air-Carbon Arc Cutting
clude the following: Processes,’’ Welding Journal, March 1980.
(a) AWS F2.1-78, Recommended Safe Practices for (h) National Technical Information Service. Nonion-
Electron Beam Welding and Cutting, available from izing radiation protection special study no. 42-0053-
the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune 77, Evaluation of the Potential Hazards from Actinic
Road, Miami, FL 33126. Ultraviolet Radiation Generated by Electric Welding
(b) Manufacturer’s product information literature. and Cutting Arcs. Springfield, VA: National Technical
Information Service. ADA-033768.
A7.4.4 The following include nonionizing radiation (i) —. Nonionizing radiation protection special study
information sources: No. 42-0312-77, Evaluation of the Potential Retina
(a) American National Standards Institute. ANSI/ Hazards from Optical Radiation Generated by Electrical
ASC Z136.1, Safe Use of Lasers, New York, NY: Welding and Cutting Arcs. Springfield, VA: National
American National Standards Institute. Technical Information Service, ADA-043023.

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