Republic of the Philippines

SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Teacher Education
EJC Montilla, Tacurong City

LESSON PLAN IN GENERAL SCIENCE

I. OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
1. identify the major sources of the different vitamins;
2. explain how vitamin deficiencies or excess can lead to derangements in
metabolism; and
3. recommend the approximate amount of vitamins required daily.

II. SUBJECT MATTER:

A. Topic: VITAMINS
B. References:
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Science textbook
NSTA Conference, Portland, ELLs in the Secondary Science Classroom
http://www.umbc.edu/stept/pastconferencematerials/NSTA2008/NSTAconferec
e

C. Resources:
Materials: LCD projector, Laptop

III. TEACHING – LEARNING ACTIVITIES

A. Preliminary Activities
 Prayer
 Greetings
 Settling down and setting of standards
 Checking of attendance
 Review

1. Engage – Anticipatory Set

 At the start of the session, the teacher will divide the class into 3
groups.
 Then the students will be given a scrambled words word and they
need to arrange it to form a correct words.

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 2. Explore – Guided Practice and Monitoring
 In the same groups, they need to arrange the nutrients in categories.
Each group will be given 3 minutes to do their task.

Fuel nutrients Regulatory nutrients

3. Explain – Instructional Process

Vitamins
 Polish biochemist Casimir Funk discovered vitamin B1 in 1912 in rice bran.
 He proposed the complex be named "Vitamin" (vital amines).
 By the time it was shown that not all vitamins were amines, the word was
already ubiquitous.
Vitamin - definition
 An organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organisms.
 It cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be
obtained from the diet.
 Vitamins have diverse biological function:
 hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism (vit. D),
 regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (some forms of
vit. A)
 antioxidants (vit. E, C)
 enzyme cofactors (tightly bound to enzyme as a part of prosthetic
group, coenzymes)
 Vitamin classification
Lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K)
 hydrophobic compounds, absorbed efficiently with lipids,
 transport in the blood in lipoproteins or attached to specific binding proteins,
 more likely to accumulate in the body,
 more likely to lead to hypervitaminosis
 Vitamin classification
Water-soluble vitamins - B vitamins and vitamin C
 Function: mainly as enzyme cofactors,
 hydrophilic compounds dissolve easily in water,
 not readily stored, excreted from the body,
 their consistent daily intake is important.
Many types of water-soluble vitamins are synthesized by bacteria.
 Metabolic functions of vitamin A
 Vision
 Gene transcription
 Immune function

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 Embryonic development and reproduction
 Bone metabolism
 Haematopoieis
 Skin health
 Antioxidant activity
Sources of vitamin A
 cod liver oil
 meat
 egg
 milk
 dairy products
Vitamin D and imunity
 It increases the activity of natural killer cells (cytotoxic lymphocytes).
 Increases the phagocytic ability of macrophages .
 Reduces the risk of virus diseases (colds, flu).
 Reduces the risk of many cancers (colon, breast and ovarian cancer).
 Reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease → have a positive impact on the
composition of plasma lipids.
Sources of vitamin D
 In addition to sunbathing:
 various fish species (salmon, sardines and mackerel, tuna,
catfish, eel), fish oil, cod liver
 eggs, beef liver, mushrooms
Vitamin E
 Adsorbtion from the small intestine.
 Its absorption is dependent on the presence of lipids in the diet.
 Associated with plasma lipoproteins → liver uptake through receptors for
apolipoprotein E.
 a-tocopherol is bind to a-tocopherol transport protein (a-TTP) → transported to
the target organs (the excess is stored in adipocytes, in muscle, liver).
 b-, g- a d-tocopherols are transferred into the bile and degraded.
Vitamin E as enzyme cofactor
 a-tocopherol quinon generated by oxidation of a-tocopherol can acts as a
cofactor of mitochondrial unsaturated fatty acids .
 a-tocopherol quinon + cytochrom B5 + NADH+H+ initiate formation of double
bonds in FA – temporarily changes to a-tocopherol-hydroquinon (in the presence
of O2 changes back to a-tocopherol quinon).
Vitamin E – deficiency and toxicity
 The lack of a-tocopherol in plasma is often associated with impaired fat
absorption or distribution (in patients with cystic fibrosis, in patients with intestine
resection)
 deficit of vit. D exhibit - neurological problems, impaired vision, eye muscle
paralysis, platelet aggregation, impairment of fertility in men, impaired immunity.
 Toxicity is relatively small.
Sources of vitamin E

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  fortified cereals
 seeds and seed oils, like sunflower
 nuts and nut oils, like almonds and hazelnuts
 green leafy vegetables,
 broccoli
 cabbage
 celery
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is a group of lipophilic, hydrophobic vitamins.
 They are needed for the postranslation modification of proteins required for blood
coagulation,
 They are involved in metabolism pathways, in bone mineralisation, cell growth,
metabolism of blood vessel wall.
Vitamin K - function
 Cofactor of liver microsomal carboxylase which carboxylates glutamate residuces
to g-carboxyglutamate during synthesis of prothrombin and coagulation factors
VII, IX a X (posttranslation reaction).
 Carboxylated glutamate chelates Ca2+ ions, permitting the binding of blood
clotting proteins to membranes.
 Forms the binding site for Ca2+ also in other proteins – osteocalcin.
Vitamin K - deficiency
 Deficiency is caused by fat malabsorption or by the liver failure.
 Blood clotting disorders – dangerous in newborns, life-threatening bleeding
(hemorrhagic disease of the newborn).
 Osteoporosis due to failed carboxylation of osteokalcin and decreased activity of
osteoblasts.
 Under normal circumstances there is not a shortage, vit. K is abundant in the
diet.
Sources of vitamin K
 Green leafy vegetables
 vegetable oil
 broccoli
 cereals
 Water soluble vitamins

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
 Thiamin has a central role in energy-yielding metabolism.
 Composed of a substituted pyridine and thiazole ring.
 Active form is thiamine diphosphate (thiamin pyrophosphate, TPP), a coenzyme
for three multi-enzyme complex →
 This complex catalyses oxidative decarboxylation of a-ketoacids →
 pyruvate dehydrogenase in carbohydrate metabolism,
 a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase → cytric acid cycle,
 Branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase .
 TPP is coenzyme for transketolase – pentose phosphate pathway.

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 Vitamin B1 - deficiency
1.Mild deficiency – leads to gastrointestinal complients, weakness
2.Moderate deficiency - peripheral neuropathy, mental abnormalities, ataxia
3.Full-blown deficiency - beri-beri – characterized with severe muscle weakness,
muscle wasting and delirium, paresis of the eye muscles, memory loss.
 Degeneration of the cardiovascular system. .
 Beri-beri causes long-term consumption of foods rich in carbohydrates but poor
in thiamine - husked rice, white flour and refined sugar.
Source of vitamin B1
 paddy grains, cereals
meat
yeast
honey
nuts

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
 Yellow to orange-yellow natural dye slightly soluble in water.
 Has a central role in energy-yielding metabolism.
 Provides the reactive moieties of the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
and flavin adenine dinucleotid (FAD).
 Flavin coenzymes are electron carries in oxidoreduction reaction.
 FMN a FAD function FMN and FAD act as prosthetic groups of many
oxidoreduction enzymes, flavoprotein:
 oxydase of a-amino acids – degradation of amino acids
 xantinoxidase – degradation of purines
 aldehyde dehydrogenas
 mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase – transport of reducing unit
(H+) from mitochondra to cytosol
 succinate dehydrogenas – citric acid cycle
 succinyl CoA-dehydrogenase – b-oxidation of FA
 NADH-dehydrogenase – part of respiratory chain in mitochondria
 coenzymes in hydrogen transfer – formation of reducing forms - FMNH2 a FADH2
 Vitamin B2 absorption
 Riboflavin is absorbed in the proximal intestine.
 Riboflavin is stored mainly in the liver, kidney and heart in the form of FAD (70-
90%) or FMN.
Causes of vitamin B2 deficiency
 Lack of dietary vitamin B.
 A result of conditions that affect absorption in the intestine.
 The body not being able to use the vitamin.
 An increase in the excretion of the vitamin from the body.
Vitamin B2 – symptoms of deficiency
 Cracked and red lips.
 Inflammation of the lining of mouth and tongue.
 Dry and scaling skin- keratitis, dermatitis and iron-deficiency anemia
Sources of vitamin B2

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  foods of animal origin (liver, pork and beef, milk, dairy products, fish eggs)
 cocoa,
 nuts,
 yeast,
 of smaller quantities in cereals.
Vitamin B3 - niacin
 Active form – nikotinic acid and nikotinamid.
 NAD a NADP → key components of the metabolic pathways of carbohydrates,
lipids, amino acids.
 Nicotinic acid prevents the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue, decreases
lipoproteins VLDL, IDL a LDL.
 High dose of niacin dilates blood vessels .
 Vitamin B3 - niacin
 Absorption:
 At low concentration by active transport.
 At high concentration by passive diffusion.
 Transportation:
 Both nicotinic acid (NA) and nicotinamide (NAm) bind to plasma proteins
for transportation.
 Biosynthesis:
 The liver can synthesize Niacin from the essential amino acid tryptophan,
but the synthesis is extremely slow and requires vitamin B 6 (60 mg of
Tryptophan= 1mg of niacin). Bacteria in the gut may also perform the
conversion but are inefficient.
Vitamin B3 - deficiency
 Pellagra: A serious deficiency of niacin.
 The main results of pellagra can easily be remembered as "the four D's":
diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.
 Pelagra is very rare now, except in alcoholics, strict vegetarians, and people in
areas of the world with very poor nutrition.
 Milder deficiencies of niacin can cause dermatitis around the mouth and rashes,
fatigue, irritability, poor appetite, indigestion, diarrhea, headache.
Sources of vitamin B3
 foods of animal origin
 yeast
 sunflower seeds, beans, peas
 green leafy vegetable
 broccoli, carrots
Vitamin B5 – panthotenic acid
 Part of acetyl-CoA – consists of pantoic acid and b-alaninem.
 Vitamin B5 – panthotenic acid
 Co-enzyme A assists the following reactions:
 formation of sterols (cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol).
 formation of fatty acids.
 formation of keto acids such as pyruvic acid.
Other reactions are acylation, acetylation, signal transduction deamination

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 Vitamin B5 - deficiency
Rare to occur.
 When occur it leads to paresthesias.
 Disorders of the synthesis of acetylcholine – neurological
symptoms (parestesie).
 Sources of vitamin B5
 meat, foods of animal origin,
 yeast,
 wholemeal bread,
 broccoli, avocado
 royal gelly
Vitamin B6
 Vitamin B6 is needed for more than 100 enzymes involved in protein metabolism.
 It is also essential for red blood cell metabolism and hemoglobin formation.
 The nervous and immune systems need vitamin B6 to function efficiently.
 It is also needed for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin (vitamin B3).
 Vitamin B6 also helps maintain blood glucose within a normal range. When
caloric intake is low, vitamin B6 helps to convert stored carbohydrate or other
nutrients to glucose to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
Vitamin B6 deficiency
Signs of vitamin B6 deficiency include:
 Skin: dermatitis (skin inflammation), stomatitis (inflammation of the mucous lining
of any of the structures in the mouth), glossitis (inflammation or infection of the
tongue ).
 Neurological abnormalities: Depression, confusion, and convulsions.
 Vitamin B6 deficiency also can cause anemia.
Vitamin B6 – narural sources
 cereals,
 beans,
 meat,
 liver,
 fish,
 yeast,
 nuts and some fruits as banana
 potatoes.
 It is also produced by bacterial flora in the colon.
Vitamin B7 - biotin
 Prosthetic group of pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and other
ATP-dependent carboxylases.
Biotin – natural source
 liver
 meat
 kidney
 yeast
 egg yolk

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  mushrooms
 milk and diary products.
Vitamin B9 – folic acid
 Consist of pteroic acid - pteridine + paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA) + glutamic
acid
 Vitamin B9 – folic acid
 Active metabolit of folic acid is tetrahydrofolate (THF) .
 THF is coenzym of transferases carrying one carbon units.
 This reaction participate in nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis
 N5,N10-THF carries one carbon units (methylen or methenyl).
 Folic acid deficiency
Deficiency results in elevated levels of homocystein.
Deficiency in pregnant women can lead to birth defects.
 Sources of vitamin B9
 sources of animal origin
 milk and milk products
 yeast
 greens
 Vitamin B12 - cobalamin
 Cobalamin catalyses two reactions
 Cytoplasmic methylation of homocystein to methionin.
 Mitochondrial methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (methylmalonyl-CoA →
sukcynyl-CoA) needs deoxy adenosylkobalamin.
Vitamin B12 – cobalamin
 Essential for the maturation of erythrocytes.
 Protects against pernicious anemia.
 Essential for cell growth and reproduction.
 Essential for the formation of myelin and nucleoproteins.
 Vitamin B12 – cobalamin
 Vitamin B12 in food is bound to the protein.
 Hydrochloric acid in the stomach releases free vitamin B12.
 Once released vitamin B12 combines with a substance called intrinsic factor (IF).
This complex can then be absorbed by the intestinal tract.
Sources of vitamin B12
 fish and shellfish,
 meat (especially liver),
 poultry,
 eggs,
 milk, and
 milk products
while lacto-ovo vegetarians usually get enough B12 through consuming diary products,
vegan will lack B12
Vitamin C
 Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin.
 Almost all animals and plants synthesize their own vitamin C, not man.

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  Vitamin C was first isolated in 1928 and in 1932 it was proved to be the agent
which prevents scurvy.
 Vitamin C
 Vitamin C is a weak acid, called ascorbic acid or its salts “ascorbates”.
 It is the L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid.
 The D-enantiomer shows no biological activity.
 The role of vitaminC
 Cofactor in the synthesis of norepinephrine from dopamine.
 Involved in a variety of metabolic processes (oxidation-reduction reactions and
cellular respiration, carbohydrate metabolism, synthesis of lipids and proteins).
 antioxidant and free radical scavenger → maintain proper immune system.
 The role of vitaminC
 T-lymphocyte activity, phagocyte function, leukocyte mobility, and possibly
antibody and interferon production seem to be increased by vitamin C.
 Involved in the synthesis of collagen, the major component of ligaments,
tendons, cartilages and skin.
 Involved in tyrosine metabolism.
 Deficiency of vitaminC
 Fatigue, personality changes, decline in psychomotor performance and
motivation.
 Vitamin C deficiency over 3-5 months results in symptomatic scurvy.
 Scurvy leads to the formation of liver spots on the skin, spongy gums, and
bleeding from all mucous membranes.
 In advanced scurvy there are open, suppurating wounds and loss of teeth.
Severe scurvy may progress to neuritis, jaundice, fever, dyspnea, and death.

4. Elaborate – Independent Practice and Valuing

 Same group of students. Each will be given a answer sheet and
need to put the phrases in the correct order to make the sentences.
Each group will be given 5 minutes to do their task.

5. Evaluate – Assess Mastery

1. Which of the following vitamins provides the cofactor for pyruvate
dehydrogenase?
a) Folate
b) Niacin
c) Riboflavin
d) Thiamin
e) Vitamin B6

2. Which of the following vitamins provides the cofactor for reduction reactions in fatty
acid synthesis?
a) Folate
b) Niacin

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 c) Riboflavin
d) Thiamin
e) Vitamin B6

3. Which of the following vitamins provides the cofactor for transamination of amino
acids?
a) Folate
b) Niacin
c) Riboflavin
d) Thiamin
e) Vitamin B6
4. Which of the following vitamins provides the cofactor for transfer of one-carbon units?
a) Folate
b) Niacin
c) Riboflavin
d) Thiamin
e) Vitamin B6
5. Which of the following vitamins is essential for gluconeogenesis from lactate?
a) Biotin
b) Folate
c) Pantothenic acid
d) Vitamin B6
e) Vitamin B12

IV. ASSIGNMENT
Compare and contrast 5pts
1. Compare and contrast vitamin D and vitamin k.

Prepared by:

Christian Jade G. Quijano

Gwendyl Jane Relojas
4-biosci

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