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DECLARATION

THIS REPORT HAS BEEN WRITTEN BY THE AUTHOR ONLY AND HAS NOT RECEIVED
ANY PREVIOUS ACADEMIC CREDIT AT THIS OR ANY OTHER INSTITUTION.

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CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that Njiki Mcbryne Tomven with matriculation number FE15A164 underwent
intellectual and practical training on Radio Broadcasting which is Telecommunications
Engineering based as an internship program at the technical sector of Cameroon Radio Television
(CRTV), Buea from the 1st of November 2018 to the 15th of February 2019 under the supervision
of Mr. Esappe Joseph.

Technical Director/chief of service Academic Supervisor

For internship.

Mr. Essape Joseph Mr. Achille Fumtchum

…………………………………..……... …………………………………………..
…………………………………………. …………………………………………..

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is often said, for a man to be successful and be great in life, he needs at least a helping hand from
family and good friends, and above all GOD almighty with him.

My gratitude to CRTV and appreciation goes to all the technicians most especially my supervisor
at CRTV BUEA, not leaving out persons like Mr Timah and Mr Esofi.

I want to thank the entire electrical engineering and technical services for their support during my
training. This group of persons had to set not only a comfortable environment but a very suitable
and convenient platform for my training. Special thanks to the hand working technical staff who
took out time to ensure that I apply theoretical background concepts to perform telecommunication
engineering related task and also ensured in routine on station operations. To my mentor and
backbone of my training, Mr. Achille Fumtchum who happens to be my academic supervisor and
lecturer at the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, I say special thanks
to you sir.

I also want to thank my family most especially Mde Enjema Rebecca who put in so much effort
morally and financially to see me throughout the internship period and making sure this report is
a success.

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ABSTRACT
Broadcasting is said to be a culture in which the latest technologies are applied. Since the early
1940’s when the first radio station was created in Cameroon, in that time shortwave broadcasting
was seemingly the only means of radio broadcasting which happened to have ceased with Radio
Buea being the last heard. Technological advances have nurtured and evolved the field of
broadcasting. CRTV Buea broadcasting technology always try to keeps its fingers on the pulse of
the industry’s latest technological developments takes into consideration Global trends in the
media and contributes to the progress of broadcasting culture with its eye on the future but
currently operating on Frequency Modulation (FM).This research study was carried out to find out
the technological challenges being faced by analog radio broadcasting at CRTV Buea to the Buea
community and its environs. Possible solutions to solving the challenges which involves switching
to the digital system but presently operating the rAmi RP2000S (broadcast console).

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Table of Contents

Declaration……………………………………………………………………………………………………i

Certification………………………………………………………………………………………………….ii

Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………iii

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………iv

Table of contents…………………………………………………………………………………………….v

List of figures and tables………………………………………………………………………………….vii

Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………………………………viii

CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND OF CRTV BUEA……………………………………………1

1.1: Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….1

1.2: Vision of CRTV…………………………………………………………………………….1

1.3 Mission of CRTV…………………………………………………………………………….2

1.4: Core values………………………………………………………………………………….2

1.5: Quality assurance ……………………………………………………………………………3

1.6: Structure of CRTV Buea……………………………………………………………………4

1.7: Organization and Management……………………………………………………………...5

1.8: Field of specification………………………………………………………………………..6

1.9: CRTV Buea’s international experience……………………………………………………..6

1.10: Reference projects and services furnished by CRTV Buea……………………………….7

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CHAPTER 2: OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE AT CRTV BUEA……………..8

2.1: Joining CRTV Buea………………………………………………………………………..8

2.2: Section I worked in at CRTV Buea………………………………………………………....8

2.3: Work piece…………………………………………………………………………………15

2.4: Procedures used to perform task…………………………………………………………,,,23

2.5: Performance in achieving task……………………………………………………………..31

2.6: Challenges faced…………………………………………………………………………...41

2.7: Measures taken to resolve challenges……………………………………………………...41

CHAPTER 3: OVERALL BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP…………………………...43

3.1: Improving practical skills…………………………………………………………………43

3.2: Upgrading the theoretical knowledge……………………………………………………..43

3.3: Upgrading my interpersonal communication skills……………...………………………..43

3.4: Improving team playing skills…………………………………………………………….43

3.5: Improving leadership skills……………………………………………………………….43

3.6: Work ethics and related issues……………………………………………………………43

3.7: Entrepreneurship skills…………………………………………………………………,,,,43

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE COPE OF STUDY………………………………………44

References…………………………………………………………………………………………………45

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List of Figures and Tables

Figure 1: Management and Organization of CRTV Buea………………………………………..6

Figure 2: Message, Amplitude and Frequency modulated signal……………………………….16

Figure 3: Amplitude, Phase and Frequency modulated wave…………………………………...18

Figure 4 Dipole Antenna for Radio Broadcasting……………………………………………….20

Figure 5: Tuning Circuit…………………………………………………………………………21

Figure 6: Modular Broadcast Console RP2000S………………………………………………...24

Figure 7: Dell Personal Computer……………………………………………………………….25

Figure 8: RP Hybrid Front view…………………………………………………………………25

Figure 9: RP Hybrid Back view…………………………………………………………………26

Figure 10: RP Hybrid Front Panel layout……………………………………………………….26

Figure 11: RP Hybrid Back Panel layout……………………………………………………….27

Figure 12: Transmitter………………………………………………………………………….28

Figure 13: Panasonic Fixed Phone……………………………………………………………...29

Figure 14: Connections to Broadcast console…………………………………………………..30

Figure 15: Positioning of Repeater……………………………………………………………..34

Table 1: Broadcasting Frequencies of the various broadcasting centers………………………...5

Table 2: Front buttons for the Telephone hybrid……………………………………………….27

Table 3: Back Panel buttons for the Telephone hybrid…………………………………………27

Table 4: Results obtained during measurements……………………………………………….41

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List of Abbreviations

1-CRTV; Cameroon Radio Television

2-FM; Frequency Modulation

3-kKHz; Kilo Hertz

4-DAB; Digital Audio Broadcasting

5-COFDM; Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

6-TV; Television

7-HF; High Frequency

8-VHF; Very High Frequency

9-UHF; Ultra High Frequency

10-LS; Specialized Links

11-CMCA; CRTV Marketing and Communication Agency

12-SFN; Single Frequency Network

13-CD; Compact Disc

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CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND OF CRTV BUEA

1.1: Introduction

Radio broadcasting in Buea was depended on the Nigeria Broadcasting Ccorporation for airing its Formatted: Do not check spelling or grammar

program until CRTV was finally established in Buea in 1968. An initial 1KW shortwave
transmitter was soon increased to 4KW and it operated on 3970 and 6005KHz as the southwest
regional station. Radio Buea had been heard on 6005 KHz as of 2011 ( reported only during the
day from 7am to 5pm).The station presently operates on a Frequency modulation of 94.5 MHz
and have traditionally scheduled program that runs on air weekly and in various languages such as
Bakweri, Balong, Bakundu, Bafaw and many others and controlled by a station manager( Mr.
Kangue William Wassaloko ).The lines between broadcasting and communication are fast
disappearing. Now is the time when everyone can freely access a variety of contents through many
different types of terminals but CRTV broadcasting station will continue to deliver high-quality
programs and information from the standpoint of its listeners. In addition, CRTV will strive to Formatted: Do not check spelling or grammar

create a broadcasting culture with a vision which will be one of the best in Africa, and usher in a
new era (Digital Radio Broadcasting) DAB.

To reach its goals CRTV will do everything possible in every category from the production of
programs and news, transmission, to research and development to further enhance their
broadcasting technology considering other local community radio stations as competitors in
winning the audience. It comprises of another radio station known as MOUNT CAMEROON FM
which operates on a Frequency Modulation of 98.6 created in the year 2000 with the mission to Commented [A1]: Add MHz everywhere

bring the people closer to the radio and to promote the activities of the youth. It’s meant to bring
information and entertainment in a light heart manner, and also to serve her listeners with music
that is current in vogue. Formatted: Do not check spelling or grammar

1.2: Vision of CRTV

CRTV has its vision amongst others of setting up a media platform currently under research and
future developments with the aim of putting it into practical use in the near future. With Digital
broadcasting at its core, it is combined with the distinctive features of broadband networking and
internet radio to offer detailed services that will expand the enjoyment of broadcasting in the
southwest region making it a must listen and most important radio station in the region.

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1.3: Mission of CRTV

The radio station at its creation till the present date has served its purpose by promoting social
cohesion, government actions and also to bring peace in the face of any crisis. But has its primary
role of providing quality programs and detailed information and news forecast to the community
and region as a whole. It also promotes multiculturalism with the establishment of programs in
different native languages and traditional music from the various tribes in the different regions of
the nation.

Another mission of CRTV is providing emergency news and relaying the regional station to the
national station in Yaounde in cases of special programs and/or national news. It serves in covering
events such as 11th February celebration and other national and international events celebrated and
sending the images to the TV Broadcasting section at the national CRTV station.

1.4: Core Values

CRTV Buea in my point of view has six values which guides its behaviours towards each other
and the public which are detailed below.

 Dynamism: Our station is built on ensuring a balanced functioning of the technical sector
and to impact the future bywith providing a more and better medium of broadcasting news
and programs. We have reliedy on our strength to push our limits, so as to fulfil our mission
of establishing, editing and broadcasting news, music and programs to the community and
region as a whole. Our optimism and enthusiasm are communicative.
 Respect: Mutual respect is the watch word as we carry on our activities. No action of
discrimination ( be it as a result of sex , age, religion, tribe and language ) shall be accepted
within the station.
 Transparency: We have to be open and cautious in our choices and decisions. We should
be able to be committed at saying what we do and doing what we say.
 Simplicity: We have to be direct and frank in our words and actions, we have to simplify
what is complex and use a language all other members at the station and listeners in the
region will comprehend.

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 Proximity: To give attention to each other’s view and keep an open mind to new ideas.
Our response should be tailored to individual needs as well as that of broadcasting in
general.
 Anticipation: To be able to forecast events and be ready to accept changes as the media
develops and enter the new era. We are expected to be more proactive than being reactive.

1.5: Quality Assurance

Within the ambit of its mission of creating, editing and broadcasting programs to the Ssouth- west
region, the technical sector has engaged into some activities to ensure the successful realization of
its mission. These includes;

 The control of the quality of service: to ensure that listeners with requested quality and
quantity of information, the station carries out surveys and most especially control on the
quality of service rendered to the public. This enables them to better appreciate the quality
of services the public received by the latter from the journalist.
 Maintaining Reliable Broadcast Equipment: As an important lifeline, a broadcasting
service requires highly reliable broadcast equipment in order to ensure stable broadcasts to
the population of the southwest region. Since the year 2004 CRTV has been taking
measures to strengthen reliability by building redundancy system into its transmitter and
unwriting program circuits. These measures will allow CRTV to exercise its role as a public
broadcaster in a major disaster.
 Delivering High- Quality Programs: Its top priority is to continuously provides its
listeners with emergency news and quality radio programs, not forgetting the role of
relaying to the national station on important events and important news.
 The CRTV Call center: This call center receives calls during special programs giving
rooms for listeners to participate ion live programs, suggesting and adding ideas to topics
and events depending on the program.
 Suggestion Box: A suggestion box is made available to the public, which is a measure of
acquiring information, critics and suggestion from listeners and competitors. Every
successful company of course has the responsibility of satisfying its clients.

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1.6: Structure of CRTV Buea

CRTV Buea which happens to be the regional station for Cameroon is structured in such an
organized manner so as to ensure the proper broadcasting in the entire region using relay stations
in main towns of the region. The main production house of the CRTV national station is based in
Mballa II, Yaounde and has regional stations at all the regional heads of the ten regions of the
nation. My region of interest of course should be where I did my internship (Southwest Region).

The main production house is located in an outsketch village of the town of Buea known as
Bokwango at the foot of Mount Fako. Both the TV and Radio programs are produced at the post-
production for radio and TV units for TV programs.

It houses two centers in Bbuea, The main regional station for broadcasting national and regional
programs and informative talks at FM 94.5MHz and 107.3MHz for the Bbuea municipality and its
environs. Another center called Mount Cameroon FM which is meant for entertainments, shows,
commercial purposes, music etc.

It broadcast at a frequency of 98.6 MHz for Buea and its environs. The main production house,
been located in Buea has several relaying centers in other towns in the region that broadcast the
productions that are done in the main center based at Bokwango, Buea. So the main station is
indirectly represented in different towns though broadcasting at different frequencies. This because
of the short range of coverage of the FM broadcasting technique which is analogous.

Programs are produced both for TV and Radio locally by journalists of the regional station and
FM and all the programs are broadcasted at the regional level except ones for national
correspondence. The TV programs are forwarded to Yaounde (national station) through the
internet for TV broadcasting via the satellite.

It comprises of six broadcasting centers for other towns or locations in the region that the
broadcasting at the level of Buea does not cover. The radio programs at the production center
should be able to reach all the corners of the region but the transmitting power of the transmitter
in Buea does not permit that and also the hilly nature of the region. The following table shows the
broadcasting or rebroadcasting in other towns of the southwest region.

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TOWN REGIONAL MOUNT NATIONAL TV

STATION CAMEROON STATION REBROADCASTING
CENTERS (MHz)
KUMBA 101.7MHz 104.9MHz 94.2MHz
MAMFE 96.5MHz VHF CHANNEL 8
NGUTI 102MHz
BIMBIA 101.6MHz 102.5MHz VHF CHANNEL Formatted: Do not check spelling or grammar

EKONDO
TITI
MUNDEMBA 93.7MHz UHF CHANNEL 22
482MHz

Table 1: Broadcasting Frequencies of the various broadcasting centers

1.7: Organization and Management

CRTV Buea is headed by a station manager that oversees all production and the proper functioning
of the station. All the personnel report to him and he reports to the national station in Yaoundé.
All major decisions are made in Yaoundé by the central office and are just implemented in the
region. A team of personnel in the various department periodically pass for checkup and inspection
and report back to the central office in Yaoundé. Personnel are employed and dismiss or sanction
from Yaoundé. Equipment, working budget and other necessities are supplied from Yaoundé
usually on demand or rehabilitation. The broadcasting centers are being controlled by technicians
called chiefs of centers that report to the regional technical director that oversees the proper
functioning of all the equipment and makes sure that whatever is produced, go on air.

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Figure 1: Management and Organization of CRTV Buea

1.8: Field of Specification

The company being endowed with a legal personality and a financial autonomy, the CRTV assures
the public with services of the audiovisual and reliable Broadcasting. Its main field specifications
are;

 Journalism and Mass communication using the audiovisual services.

 Entertainments and Cultural programs
 Advertisement and marketing. It has the CRTV Marketing and Communication Agency
(CMCA).
 Training of audiovisual professionals
 Research management and Public related services

1.9: International Experience

CRTV Buea which is a regional station for the Southwest, receives all instructions from the center
in Yaoundé. No major decision can be taken at the level of the regions. Everything done in

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Yaoundé directly applies in all the regional stations. The CRTV has been involved with a number
of international organizations for many different purposes, for exhibitions and program coverage,
selling of images from international events like football and other important gatherings to other
media houses. It also pays for its satellite usage to its international partners like the company that
owns EUTELSAT. Some of these international experiences are;

 The signing of three partnership agreements with the international foundation Inter-
progress on the 26th of October 2017 in Yaoundé. The partnership conventions will enable
CRTV through its coverage give more visibility to the activities of the international
foundation.
 The sending of personnel to international events that involves Cameroon to act as
correspondents. This was the case during the under 20 international football competition
that held in Morocco

1.10: Reference Projects and Services Furnished by CRTV

Several prospective projects of reference have and are being furnished by the CRTV in general.
Some of the which are;

 Digitization of the broadcasting technology of the nation of Cameroon

 Development of the Digital Terrestrial TV
 Development of the Internet Radio
 Setting up of TV broadcasting stations in the various regions

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CHAPTER 2: OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE AT CRTV

BUEA

2.1: Joining CRTV Buea

It was a great pleasure and favour joining CRTV Buea as it helped me gained so much knowledge
and practical skills which further enhanced my theoretical scope of telecommunication
engineering. Indeed a great experience for me to visit and work at Radio station studio and
production house seeing most of the equipment I have been studying in school.

Not only learning and acquiring technological skills, it also gave me a great experience on how a
company functions and how to grow and acquire extra interactive, motivational, and carrier-based
skills.

2.2: Department I worked with

From the organization of CRTV Buea seen above, I carried out my internship at the technical
department of the company.
The technical department of CRTV Buea has two sections which are the production center at
Bokwango and a transmission center still at the station but the main and biggest one based in
Bimbia, Limbe.
The production center comprises of the post- production studio, radio cabin a TV production studio
and the recording studio.
2.2.1: The Production Center
The production center is where the radio programs (for the radio stations, that is FM 98.6 and the
regional station FM 94.5, and the national station) are being produced .The signals coming from
the FM 94.5 and the regional station are sent to the broadcasting center (Bimbia) via the
distribution center.
 The Technical Booth
The technical booth is the most important section of the production site. Here we have the mixer
(broadcast console) which has the following roles.
 Acquisition of all sound sources
 Mixture of tributary signals

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 Correcting the signals

 Send the signals to the broadcasting center through the center of distribution and
modulation (FM)
 TV Production Studio
The TV production center is also another important area of TV broadcasting, video editing, sound
and video synchronization. The signals generated from the TV studio are sent directly to Mballa
II in Yaounde through optic fiber link provided by Camtel. The programs are diffused analogically.
Programs from different sources such as, FM 98.6, FM 88.8 and telephone lines enter the CDM
which serves as the junction of this arriving signals.
The signals from the various production studios of CRTV Buea are transported by optic fiber to
the main radio booth or by specialized links (LS) up to Bimbia to be transported by microwave.
However the signals from the TV of postproduction are transported directly by optic fiber to
MBALLA II production center. Camtel provided dedicated lines to CRTV Buea. Only 2 pairs are
dedicated to transmitting radio signals from Bokwango (production center) to CRTV at Mballa II.
One pair for FM 94.5 and the other Mount Cameroon (FM 98.6).

2.2.2: Routines
CRTV Buea has a series of programs which it broadcast over the air. As the engineer on the sound
console I had the responsibility of producing and making sure the broadcast is properly done.
Below is the daily routine for CRTV Buea from Monday to Friday which were the days I was at
work.

Monday
Time Activity
05H 00 Station Identification
05H 01 South West Morning show
05H 03 Morning Meditation
05H 15 National Languages
05H 20 Animation
06H 00 Network News in French
06H 10 Radio Tit bits Formatted: Do not check spelling or grammar
06H 30 Cameroon this Morning
07H 00 Regional news
07H 15 Promos + Announcements
07H 30 Start of Call in

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08H 00 La Gazette Regional

08H 15 Promos/Sports
08H 16 Voices of Women
09H 00 Network News (Sports)
09H 15 Calls – ins continue
09H 30 Guest of the day
09H 59 End of South West Morning Show
10H 00 New summary
10H 05 Canal dix/onze Formatted: Do not check spelling or grammar
11H 00 La Carnet Regional
11H 30 Cameroon Magazine 1
13H 00 Le Journal
13H 30 Cameroon Magazine 2
14H 00 Luncheon date part 1
15H 00 Networks News
15H 30 Luncheon date part 2
16H 00 National Languages
17H 00 Le Journal
17H 30 Evening Shift
17H 35 Radio Tit bits
18H 00 Regional News
18H 15 The Baptist Voice
18H 30 Scholarsticus
09H 00 Network news
19H 25 Antenne du soir
19H 30 Economic Forum
21H 00 National Languages (rebroadcast)
22H 00 Network news
22H 15 Voice of women (rebroadcast)
23H 00 Focus on the Family
23H 30 Bed time melodies
24H 00 End of Broadcast

Tuesday

Time Activity
05H 00 Station Identification
05H 01 South West Morning show
05H 03 Morning Meditation
05H 15 National Languages
05H 20 Animation
06H 00 Network News in French
06H 10 Radio Tit bits
06H 30 Cameroon this Morning

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07H 00 Regional news

07H 15 Promos + Announcements
07H 30 Start of Call in
08H 00 La Gazette Regional
08H 15 Promos/Sports
08H 16 Voices of Women
09H 00 Network News (Sports)
09H 15 Calls – ins continue
09H 30 Guest of the day
09H 59 End of South West Morning Show
10H 00 New summary
10H 05 Canal dix/onze Formatted: Do not check spelling or grammar
11H 00 La Carnet Regional
11H 30 Cameroon Magazine 1
13H 00 Le Journal
13H 30 Cameroon Magazine 2
14H 00 Luncheon date part 1
15H 00 Networks News
15H 30 Luncheon date part 2
16H 00 National Languages
17H 00 Le Journal
17H 30 Evening Shift
17H 35 Radio Tit bits
18H 00 Regional News
18H 15 The Baptist Voice
18H 30 Scholarsticus
09H 00 Network news
19H 25 Antenne du soir
19H 30 Economic Forum
21H 00 National Languages (rebroadcast)
22H 00 Network news
22H 15 Voice of women (rebroadcast)
23H 00 Focus on the Family
23H 30 Bed time melodies
24H 00 End of Broadcast

Wednesday

Time Activity
05H 00 Station Identification
05H 01 South West Morning show
05H 03 Morning Meditation
05H 15 National Languages
05H 20 Animation

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06H 00 Network News in French

06H 10 Radio Tit bits
06H 30 Cameroon this Morning
07H 00 Regional news
07H 15 Promos + Announcements
07H 30 Start of Call in
07H 45 Moment of Recognition
08H 00 La Gazette Regional
08H 15 Promos
08H 16 Calls in continue
08H 30 Sport beats
08H 35 Calls in continue
09H 00 Network News (Sports)
09H 15 Calls – ins continue
09H 30 Guest of the day
09H 59 End of South West Morning Show
10H 00 New summary
10H 05 Canal dix/onze Formatted: Do not check spelling or grammar
11H 00 La Carnet Regional
11H 30 Cameroon Magazine 1
13H 00 Le Journal
13H 30 Cameroon Magazine 2
14H 00 Luncheon date part 1
15H 00 Networks News
15H 30 Luncheon date part 2
16H 00 Cameroon Education Today
17H 00 Le Journal
17H 30 Evening Shift
17H 35 Radio Tit bits
18H 00 Regional News
18H 30 Agriculture our live wire
09H 00 Network news
19H 25 Antenne du soir
19H 30 Economic Forum
21H 00 Planet watch
21H 30 Pull me back (Rebroadcast)
22H 00 Network news
22H 30 Cameroon education today (rebroadcast)
23H 30 Bed time melodies
24H 00 End of Broadcast

Thursday
Time Activity

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05H 00 Station Identification

05H 01 South West Morning show
05H 03 Morning Meditation
05H 15 National Languages
05H 20 Animation
06H 00 Network News in French
06H 10 Radio Tit bits Formatted: Do not check spelling or grammar
06H 30 Cameroon this Morning
07H 00 Regional news
07H 15 Promos + Announcements
07H 30 Start of Call in
08H 00 La Gazette Regional
08H 15 Promos/Sports
08H 16 Voices of Women
09H 00 Network News (Sports)
09H 15 Calls – ins continue
09H 30 Guest of the day
09H 59 End of South West Morning Show
10H 00 New summary
10H 05 Canal dix/onze
11H 00 La Carnet Regional
11H 30 Cameroon Magazine 1
13H 00 Le Journal
13H 30 Cameroon Magazine 2
14H 00 Luncheon date part 1
15H 00 Networks News
15H 30 Luncheon date part 2
16H 00 National Languages
17H 00 Le Journal
17H 30 Evening Shift
17H 35 Radio Tit bits
18H 00 Regional News
18H 15 The Baptist Voice
18H 30 Scholarsticus
09H 00 Network news
19H 25 Antenne du soir
19H 30 Economic Forum
21H 00 National Languages (rebroadcast)
22H 00 Network news
22H 15 Voice of women (rebroadcast)
23H 00 Focus on the Family
23H 30 Bed time melodies
24H 00 End of Broadcast

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Friday

Time Activity
05H 00 Station Identification
05H 01 South West Morning show
05H 03 Morning Meditation
05H 15 National Languages
05H 20 Animation
06H 00 Network News in French
06H 10 Radio Tit bits Formatted: Do not check spelling or grammar
06H 30 Cameroon this Morning
07H 00 Regional news
07H 15 Multiplex
09H 00 Sporama
09H 30 Planet watch
10H 00 News summary
10H 05 Canal dix/onze
11H 00 Santé magazine
11H 30 Cameroon Magazine 1
13H 00 Le Journal
13H 30 Cameroon Magazine 2
14H 00 Luncheon date part 1
15H 00 Networks News
15H 30 Luncheon date part 2
16H 00 National Languages
16H 30 Muslim meditation
17H 00 Le Journal
17H 30 Evening Shift
17H 35 Radio Tit bits Formatted: Do not check spelling or grammar
18H 00 Regional News
18H 15 Catholic panorama
18H 30 You and the law
09H 00 Network news
19H 25 Antenne du soir
19H 30 La gazette Regional
20H 00 Le Journal
20H 30 Mothers, Fathers and Children
21H 00 Diversity spectrum (rebroadcast)
22H 00 Network news
22H 30 Round table conference (rebroadcast)
23H 00 Focus on the Family
23H 30 Bed time melodies
24H 00 End of Broadcast

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2.3: Work Piece

During this training course I had the chance ofin taking part in various missions and activities
which enabled me to learn the various tasks carried out by the technical department. The technical
department intervenes in the breakdown services of the equipment, the transmission of the radio
signal, TV and the diffusion of the radio operator signal and TV in the area of Buea and its
surroundings.
Thus within the framework of my training course I took an active part in the post- production
center, the radio cabin, retransmission (OUT BROADCAST) of signals. But my field of
specialization was the Radio cabin(studio) where we carried out several daily operations and
control for programs which are directly broadcasted (on air) and needs constant attention and
focus. Programs such as morning news, traditional talks, music and relaying to the national station.
The main equipment for analog audio broadcasting which is the core of the studio devices is the
broadcast console which has many purposes and we used the rAmi RP2000S.

2.3.1: Problem Statement

CRTV Buea faces a problem of transmissions of the FM analog radio waves to areas behind large
obstacles like mount Cameroon and tall buildings. Also the distance from the radio station to a
receiver determines the power received by the receiver. Since the radio station is located at the
foot of Mmount Cameroon, areas like Idenau, behind the mountain face difficulties receiving the
signals.
Throughout my internship period, I worked with the technical department of CRTV Buea.
The particular project I was assigned to is designing repeater stations for the enhancement of the
transmitted radio signal strength in the Ssouth- west region with a case study in Kumba.
The reason for my choice of project is because the radio signals generated at the station do not
cover the entire region with full signal strength hence there is poor coverage.

2.3.2: Communication system

A radio communication system sends signals by radio waves. Types of radio communication
systems deployed depend on technology, standards, regulations, radio spectrum allocation, user
requirements, service positioning, and investment.

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The radio equipment involved in communication systems includes a transmitter and a receiver,
each having an antenna and appropriate terminal equipment such as a microphone at the transmitter
and a loudspeaker at the receiver in the case of a voice -communication system. The power
consumed in a transmitting station varies depending on the distance of communication and the
transmission conditions. The power received at the receiving station is usually only a tiny fraction
of the transmitter's output, since communication depends on receiving the information, not the
energy that was transmitted.
Classical radio communications systems use frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) as a
strategy to split up and share the available radio-frequency bandwidth for use by different parties’
communications concurrently. Modern radio communication systems include those that divide up
a radio-frequency band by time-division multiplexing (TDM) and code -division multiplexing
(CDM) as alternatives to the classical FDM strategy. These systems offer different tradeoffs in
supporting multiple users, beyond the FDM strategy that was ideal for broadcast radio but less so
for applications such as mobile telephony.

A radio communication system may send information only one way. For example, in analog FM
radio broadcasting, a single transmitter sends signals to many receivers. Two stations may take
turns sending and receiving, using a single radio frequency; this is called "simplex." By using two
radio frequencies, two stations may continuously and concurrently send and receive signals - this
is called "duplex" operation.

2.3.3: Background Concept of FM

Figure 2: Message signal (black), Amplitude modulated signal (red), and Frequency modulated
signal.

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AM (Amplitude Modulation) and FM (Frequency Modulation) are types of modulation (coding).

The electrical signal from program material (mixer), usually coming from a station studio, is mixed
with a carrier wave of a specific frequency, then broadcasted. In the case of AM, this mixing
(modulation) is done by altering the amplitude of the carrier wave with time, according to the
original signal. In the case of FM, it is the frequency of the carrier wave that is varied. A radio
receiver (a "radio") contains a demodulator that extracts the original program material from the
broadcast wave.

2.3.4: Analog Radio

Ocean waves carry energy by making the water move up and down. In much the same way, radio
waves carry energy as an invisible, up-and-down movement of electricity and magnetism. This
carries program signals from huge transmitter antennas, which are connected to the radio station,
to the smaller antenna on your radio set. A program is transmitted by adding it to a radio wave
called a carrier. This process is called modulation. Sometimes a radio program is added to the
carrier in such a way that the program signal causes fluctuations in the carrier's frequency. This is
called frequency modulation (FM). Another way of sending a radio signal is to make the peaks of
the carrier wave bigger or smaller. Since the size of a wave is called its amplitude, this process is
known as amplitude modulation (AM). Frequency modulation is how FM radio is broadcast;
amplitude modulation is the technique used by AM radio stations.

2.3.5: Transmission and Modulation

In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device

which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio
frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating
current, the antenna radiates radio waves. In addition to their use in broadcasting, transmitters are
necessary component parts of many electronic devices that communicate by radio, such as cell
phones, wireless computer networks, Bluetooth enabled devices, garage door openers, and two-
way radios in aircraft, ships, spacecraft, radar sets and navigational beacons. The term transmitter
is usually limited to equipment that generates radio waves for communication purposes; or
radiolocation, such as radar and navigational transmitters. Generators of radio waves for heating
or industrial purposes, such as microwave ovens or diathermy equipment, are not usually called
transmitters even though they often have similar circuits.
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The term is popularly used more specifically to refer to a broadcast transmitter, a transmitter used
in broadcasting, as in FM radio transmitter or television transmitter. This usage typically includes
both the transmitter proper, the antenna, and often the building it is housed in.An unrelated use of
the term is in industrial process control, where a "transmitter" is a telemetry device which converts
measurements from a sensor into a signal, and sends it, usually via wires, to be received by some
display or control device located a distance away.

Each system contains a transmitter, this consists of a source of electrical energy, producing
alternating current of a desired frequency of oscillation. The transmitter contains a system to
modulate (change) some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This modulation
might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle properties such as
amplitude, frequency, phase, or combinations of these properties. The transmitter sends the
modulated electrical energy to a tuned resonant antenna; this structure converts the rapidly
changing alternating current into an electromagnetic wave that can move through free space.

Figure 3: Amplitude, Phase and Frequency modulated wave

Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works by varying the strength of the transmitted signal
in proportion to the information being sent. For example, changes in the signal strength can be
used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker, or to specify the light intensity of

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television pixels. It was the method used for the first audio radio transmissions, and remains in use
today. "AM" is often used to refer to the medium wave broadcast band, but it is used in various
radiotelephone services such as the Citizen Band, amateur radio and especially in aviation, due to
its ability to be received under very weak signal conditions and its immunity to capture effect,
allowing more than one signal to be heard simultaneously.

Angle modulation alters the instantaneous phase of the carrier wave to transmit a signal. It may
be either FM or phase modulation (PM).

Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier. The instantaneous frequency of the
carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. FM has the "capture
effect" whereby a receiver only receives the strongest signal, even when others are present. Digital
data can be sent by shifting the carrier's frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique
known as frequency-shift keying. FM is commonly used at Very high frequency (VHF) radio
frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music and speech. Analog TV sound is also broadcast
using FM.
FM broadcasting is a VHF broadcasting technology, pioneered by Edwin Howard Armstrong,
which uses frequency modulation (FM) to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. The
term "FM band" describes the frequency band of 87MHz – 107MHz, which is dedicated to FM
broadcasting. This term is slightly misleading, as it equates a modulation method with a range of
frequencies.

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2.3.6: Antenna

Figure 4: Dipole antenna for Radio Broadcasting

An antenna (or aerial) is an electrical device which converts electric currents into radio waves,
and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio
transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. high- frequency AC) to
the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic
waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic
wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, which is applied to a receiver to be
amplified. Some antennas can be used for both transmitting and receiving, even simultaneously,
depending on the connected equipment. {5}

2.3.7: Other Processes and Terms involved

1-Propagation: Once generated, electromagnetic waves travel through space either directly, or
have their path altered by reflection, refraction or diffraction. The intensity of the waves
diminishes due to geometric dispersion (the inverse-square law); some energy may also be
absorbed by the intervening medium in some cases. Noise will generally alter the desired signal;
this electromagnetic interference comes from natural sources, as well as from artificial sources
such as other transmitters and accidental radiators. Noise is also produced at every step due to
the inherent properties of the devices used. If the magnitude of the noise is large enough, the

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desired signal will no longer be discernible; the signal-to-noise ratio is the fundamental limit to
the range of radio communications. {5}

2-Resonance and Tuning: Electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual
stations to be selected. A resonant circuit will respond strongly to a particular frequency, and
much less so to differing frequencies this is known as tuning. Tuning allows the radio receiver to
discriminate between multiple signals differing in frequency.

Figure 5: Tuning Circuit

A tuning circuit is an LC resonant circuit in which the capacitor is connected in parallel to the
inductor which is earthed. Used to select the wanted signal (frequency) from the aerial and then
rejects all other frequencies.
Incoming A.M radio waves are received by the aerial or antenna. All theseis waves are radio
waves and produce alternating currents in the aerial at the same time but of different frequencies.
The resultant current is passed in to the turned circuit.
From

1
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶

The inductive reactance 𝑋𝐿 of the inductor increases as the frequency increases. But the
capacitive reactance 𝑋𝐶 of the capacitor decreases.

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At resonance, the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance hence,

𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑋𝐿

1
= 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
2𝜋𝑓𝐶

𝟏
Hence, resonant frequency, 𝒇𝟎 = 𝟐𝝅√𝑳𝑪

At resonance, the tuning circuit is purely resistive so a large Pd is produced across the circuit. By
adjusting the capacitance of the variable capacitor, the resonant frequency is varied and when it
matches or equals the carrier frequency of a broadcasting station, a loud sound is heard and that
station is said to have been selected. [6]

3-Radio Band: Radio frequencies occupy the range from a 3 kHz to 300 GHz, although
commercially important uses of radio use only a small part of this spectrum. Other types of
electromagnetic radiation, with frequencies above the RF range, are infrared, visible light,
ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. Since the energy of an individual photon of radio frequency
is too low to remove an electron from an atom, radio waves are classified as non-ionizing radiation.
[5]

4-Broadcast Bands: Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of
the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion thereof, with few
exceptions:

 In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc countries, the older 65 - 74 MHz
band is also used. Assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred
to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries. In those countries the 87.5 -
108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR band.

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 In Japan, the band 76–90 MHz is used.

The frequency of an FM broadcast station (more strictly its assigned nominal center frequency) is
usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines and
the Caribbean, only odd multiples are used. In some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only
even multiples are used. In the UK odd or even are used. In Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used.
There are other unusual and obsolete standards in some countries, including 0.001, 0.01, 0.03,
0.074, 0.5, and 0.3MHz. However, to minimize cross-channel interference, stations operating from
the same or geographically close transmitters tend to keep to at least a 0.5 MHz frequency
separation even when closer spacing is technically permitted, with closer tunings reserved for more
distantly spaced transmitters as potentially interfering signals are already more attenuated and so
have less effect on neighboring frequencies. RCA stereo models use multiples of 0.2 MHz, starting
at 87.50 and ending at 107.90. [5]

2.4: Procedures used to perform task

2.4.1: Equipment

2.4.1.1: Modular Broadcast Console (rAmi RP2000S):

RP2000S is a modular console specially designed for broadcast. The three words (modular
broadcast console) sum up the RP2000S perfectly. This French made, top quality sound mixer is
the result of years of development and experience which is recognized today by the professional
broadcasting industry. Its strong points are, first of all, its top audio quality and then, its total
modularity. Each module (front panel and connector) can be taken apart separately. The RP2000S
achieves perfection by using the most up to date technology. All input modules include a VCA
(Voltage Control Amplifier), the sound does not go through the potentiometer nor the
switches! It adapts to all situations and to all requirements and is available for racks in units 11
and 14 and units of 15, 24 and 30 modules. Proof of its worth is the fact that most big French and
European Broadcasting Companies already use the RP2000S. An input module for digital source
in AES/EB or S/PDIF format, a digital output module in the AES/EBU and S/PDIF format
with Sync input/output. More flexibility. No more compromises, the RP2000S, half-way between
Digital and analogue, uses the best of both technologies.

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 There are two ways of using channels and controls Start machine:
With the key: the potentiometer set, by pressing the switch to open the channel.
With the fader: switch in on position, by setting the potentiometer (new function: fader turned
down, the switch lights up when half on. With a simple glance the operator can now control the
mode of all channels). They can, also, be operated by remote control to allow, for example, the
live broadcasting of an interview from a speak cabin.
 The microphone module allows two buses for “ON AIR” signal: 1, to the studio or speak cabinet
and 2, to the control room
 Cue of each module is remotable, it is possible to send order to the control room using the speak
microphone
 Interconnection of the module uses a flat wire, avoiding poor contacts in bottom rack connectors

Figure 6: Modular broadcast console RP2000S

THE BIG ADVANTAGE

The RP2000S is made up of 2 separate stereo main mix buses. Therefore, one can broadcast a
program at the same time as control a PGM2 recording (the pre-recording of a debate to be
broadcast in the future or a telephone conversation without reducing the presenter's channel
bandwidth).The RP2000S offers not only a multitude of functions but forms the heart your
equipment.{7}

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2.4.1.2: Dell Personal Computer

CRTV Buea uses a dell personal computers. Some of the computers are used to store information
in digital form, play music directly through the console, and record programs live as they are
being broadcasted. The computer is also used to do rebroadcast of recorded programs while
others are used to do post- production and editing of videos.

Figure 7: Dell personal computer

2.4.1.3: Telephone Hybrid-2

Telephone hybrids provide the interface between professional audio equipment and the public
telephone network. They provide protection for your equipment and the public telephone lines,
allowing for varying line signals and line conditions. Automatically cancelling out the unwanted
signal they also facilitate two-way communication down a single telephone line. Each hybrid has
a telephone line connection, a handset connection and separate connectors for audio input and
output from a broadcast mixer, or other professional audio source.

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Figure 8: RP hybrid Front view

Figure 9: RP hybrid Back view

A large proportion of D&R hybrids are used in radio and television broadcasting applications
allowing external callers to be connected to the studio mixing console. Most of the other units
are supplied to communication operations allowing extremely effective conversion between 4-
wire audio circuits and standard telephone lines Like CAMTEL telephone lines. CRTV uses the
D&R telephone hybrid.

Figure 10: RP Hybrid Front Ppanel Layout

BUTTON FUNCTION
CONNECT Line connect switch to connect and
BUTTON: disconnect calls from the telephone line.
(RING) It can be remotely driven by connecting a
switch to the GPIO sub D connector.
LC: Variable Low Cut filter to filter out
unwanted low- frequency noise.
HC: Variable High Cut filter to filter out
unwanted high- frequency noise.
Ducking Indicates when caller’s signal is reduced.

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RECEIVE: Level control for incoming signal from Formatted: Do not check spelling or grammar

caller.
SEND: Level control for outgoing signal to
caller.

Table 2: Front panel buttons for the Telephone Hybrid

Figure 11: RP hybrid Back panel layout

BUTTON FUNCTION
Power Mains power switch.
Power Cord The unit is powered by a removable IEC type power
cord. An internal switch is provided for 115/230V
selection.
LINE: RJ-12 connector to connect with the public
telephone network.
PHONE: RJ-12 connector to connect with a handset.
C-BALANCE: 8 pole mini-dip switch to select the optimum side
tone attenuation.
R-BALANCE Internal potentiometer to adjust for optimum side Formatted: Do not check spelling or grammar

tone attenuation.
GPI Jack connector for remote control. (1:1 for D&R’s
Scorpius console)
AUDIO + GPIO A combination of audio in/outputs and logic for
D&R’s Lyra console.
RECEIVE Male XLR to be connected to input of the mixer.
SEND Female XLR input to be connected to Mix
Minus/Clean feed (N-1) output of the mixer.

Table 3: Back panel buttons for the Telephone Hybrid

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 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION.

A large ring button enables you to pick up the line from the unit itself or from your mixer when
connected via its GPIO to the telephone Hybrid. When a call comes in it lights up green in the
rhythm of the ring. When the line is picked up by pushing the button it turns into red. When it
starts blinking red the line connection is lost. Both levels of receive and send can be adjusted to
suit your requirements. Incoming signals can be tailored by the variable high and low cut signal
while talking to people calling the station. A ducking system reduces the incoming signal while
talking to people calling the station to provide for an improved intelligibility.

2.4.2.4: Transmitters

CRTV Buea uses two transmitters for broadcasting hence, broadcasting is done on two different
frequencies. A Helios FM 20/100 W and a Goliath FM 750W Transmitter. The Helios FM 20/100
W transmitter model has a frequency range of 87.5 MHz – 108 MHz, transmits at a power of 96W
and at a frequency of 107.3MHz. Since the transmitted power is very low, the radio frequency
wave produced has a very small area of coverage (it only covers the town of Buea and other nearby
towns like Mutengene, and Ekona. The Goliath Transmitter also has a frequency range of 87.5
MHz – 108 MHz, transmits at a power of 396W and at a frequency of 94.5MHz. With this high
transmission power, the signal has a very large area of coverage especially in towns with little or
no hills, and less tall buildings like Tiko, Mutengene and parts of Douala. The figure for the two
types of transmitters are shown below [10]

Figure 12: Transmitters

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2.4.1.5: Panasonic Fixed Phones

CRTV Buea uses Panasonic fixed phones, connected to the CAMTEL lines using twisted pairs.
These phones are used to connect to national network programs like Cameroon magazine and
luncheon dates.These phones are also used to call other CAMTEL numbers, as it can only be used
to call CAMTEL numbers.

Figure 13: Panasonic Fixed Phone

2.4.2: Softwares Used

CRTV Buea uses 2 softwares to accomplish its engineering task. They include Adobe auditioning
version 3 and BPM studio.

2.4.3: Usage of the Equipment

Sound waves in the studio is captured by microphones. The microphones convert the sound waves
to audio signals which are then sent to the broadcast console through audio cables. In the broadcast
console, there is low- frequency modulation, adjustment of the power of the audio signal, mixing
of the audio signals and adjustments of the quality of the audio signals. This low frequency
modulated signal is sent to the transmitter by means of audio cables. In the transmitter, there is
high- frequency modulation where the audio signal is added to the carrier frequency designated to
the radio station. CRTV Buea uses two transmitters hence, it broadcast on two frequencies which
are (107.3 MHz and 94.5MHz). The frequency modulated signal is then feed to the antenna using
coaxial cables for broadcasting. Audio signals can also come from the following sources.

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1. Sound waves can also be captured from a telephone input. Digital circuitry in the telephone
converts the sound wave to audio signals which then pass through the telephone hybrid to the
audio broadcast console, in the case where the programs being broadcasted has live interaction
with callers from outside the station.
2. Audio signals can come from the CD player to the broadcast console.
3. Audio signals also come from the PC to the broadcast console.

The Figure below shows the setup of the equipment at CRTV Buea.

Figure 14: Connections to Broadcast Console

CRTV Buea also has a TV broadcasting unit in Bimbia (Limbe 3 municipality). In this center,
there is a satellite receiver which captures the signals sent to the satellite from CRTV Mballa II

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Yaounde. This captured signal is feed to a VHF Transmitter, which uses coaxial cables to feed
the signals to a broadcast antenna. four dipole antennas are used in this station for TV
broadcasting.
To conclude, the choice of equipment and broadcast methods used by CRTV Buea in particular
brings about efficiency in the technical aspects of the company.

2.5: Performance in achieving task

2.5.1: Project Description
Frequency modulated waves are not properly transmitted in the presence of obstacles because they
exhibit little diffraction unlike amplitude modulated waves. Moreover, if the height of the tower
on which the antenna is mounted is small, the waves will be intercepted by obstacles like buildings
and hills.
The frequency modulated waves transmitted from CRTV Buea does not cover the entire region of
Ssouth west because of a number of reasons outlined below
1. The transmitted power of the FM radio waves from the two transmitters are very low.
2. The presence of large obstacles such as mount Cameroon, tall buildings and other hills
3. The height of the tower on which the antenna is mounted is very low (about 40 meters)
Areas in the South West Region with poor coverage include the regions behind mount Cameroon
such as Idenao, Kasse, Bamusso, Baku, Kita, and Mundemba. Other towns with low reception of
the transmitted signal include parts of Kumba, parts of Ekona, Mutengene, Tombel, Bangem just
to name a few
In this project, research is done to find better ways to boost the transmitted signal strength in the
above- mentioned towns so as to improve on the quality of the signal received.

Overview
When an information-bearing signal passes through a communication channel, it is progressively
degraded due to loss of power. For example, when a telephone call passes through a wire telephone
line, some of the power in the electric current which represents the audio signal is dissipated as
heat in the resistance of the copper wire. The longer the wire is, the more power is lost, and the
smaller the amplitude of the signal at the far end. So with a long enough wire the call will not be
audible at the other end. Similarly, the farther from a radio station a receiver is, the weaker the

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radio signal, and the poorer the reception. A repeater is an electronic device in a communication
channel that increases the power of a signal and retransmits it, allowing it to travel further. Since
it amplifies the signal, it requires a source of electric power.
The term "repeater" originated with telegraphy in the 19th century, and referred to an
electromechanical device (a relay) used to regenerate telegraph signals.
Radio repeater: This is used to extend the range of coverage of a radio signal. A radio repeater
usually consists of a radio receiver connected to a radio transmitter. The received signal is
amplified and retransmitted, often on another frequency, to provide coverage beyond the
obstruction.
Usage of a duplexer can allow the repeater to use one antenna for both receive and transmit at the
same time. There are various kinds of radio repeaters.

1. Microwave relay: This is a specialized point-to-point telecommunications link, consisting of

a microwave receiver that receives information over a beam of microwaves from another relay
station in the line-of-sight distance, and a microwave transmitter which passes the information
on to the next station over another beam of microwaves. Networks of microwave relay stations
transmit telephone calls, television programs, and computer data from one city to another over
continent-wide areas.
2. Passive repeater: This is a microwave relay that simply consists of a flat metal surface to
reflect the microwave beam in another direction. It is used to get microwave relay signals over
hills and mountains when it is not necessary to amplify the signal.
3. Cellular repeater: This is a radio repeater for boosting cell phone reception in a limited area.
The device functions like a small cellular base station, with a directional antenna to receive the
signal from the nearest cell tower, an amplifier, and a local antenna to rebroadcast the signal
to nearby cell phones. It is often used in downtown office buildings.
4. Digipeater: A repeater node in a packet radio network. It performs a store and forward
function, passing on packets of information from one node to another.
5. Broadcast relay station, rebroadcastor or translator: This is a repeater used to extend the
coverage of a radio or television broadcasting station. It consists of a secondary radio or
television transmitter. The signal from the main transmitter often comes over leased telephone
lines, radio wave relay or by microwave relay.

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Repeaters can be divided into two types depending on the type of data they handle
 Analog repeater: This type is used in channels that transmit data in the form of an analog
signal in which the voltage or current is proportional to the amplitude of the signal, as in an
audio signal. They are also used in trunklines that transmit multiple signals using frequency
division multiplexing (FDM). Analog repeaters are composed of a linear amplifier, and may
include electronic filters to compensate for frequency and phase distortion in the line.
 Digital repeater: or Digipeater: this is used in channels that transmit data by binary digital
signals, in which the data is in the form of pulses with only two possible values, representing
the binary digits 1 and 0. A digital repeater amplifies the signal, and it also may retime,
resynchronize, and reshape the pulses. A repeater that performs the retiming or
resynchronizing functions may be called a regenerator. [11]

2.5.2 Description of methods used to carry out particular Project

In solving this problem a conceptual repeater was designed to be mounted on tall buildings, on
the mountain top, and on very tall towers at periodic distances from the station to boost the signal
strength during transmission. As mentioned above, in telecommunications, a repeater is an
electronic device in a communication channel that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher
level or higher power, onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer
distances as shown in the figure below. Since it amplifies the signal, it requires a source of electric
power. In its most basic terms, a radio repeater is a radio receiver and transmitter that retransmits
a radio signal.
Because the information-bearing signal passes through a communication channel, it is
progressively degraded due to loss of power. The farther from a radio station a receiver is, the
weaker the radio signal, and the poorer the reception.

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Figure 15: Positioning of a Repeater

2.5.3: Design Considerations

2.5.3.1: Site Selection

The choice of site is generally made to fulfil two main criteria. These are as follows:
a) coverage of the intended area should be as effective as possible; and
b) Frequency-planning constraints should comply with the site.
With respect to coverage, broadcasters and where applicable, regulators, will have a particular area
they intend to serve. The broadcaster will wish to maximize the number of people he can reach,
for a given set of transmission parameters. The regulator may on the other hand wish specifically
to exclude certain localities beyond the area originally intended.
Frequency planning will either be sponsored by a regulatory body, or proposals will be offered to
that body by the broadcaster for assessment. In either case there will normally be reference to a
national plan to ensure optimum utilization of the Band II spectrum.
Such utilization requires a compromise between achieving effective coverage at reasonable cost,
and avoiding the radiation of unnecessary energy outside of the intended area. The balance
between these two requirements will depend on user demand, and spectrum availability in the area
concerned which will be a function of services, present and planned, within a large radius
(hundreds of kilometreers) of that area.
Matching the site to the required coverage for a given frequency assignment may be an iterative
process.

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Approximate site location will normally be decided with some knowledge of the allowed ERP,
aerial pattern and height above sea level. This will tend to limit the number of practical options
available, but if the chosen site differs sufficiently from the original proposal it may be necessary
to adjust the radiation characteristics to suit. For example, it may only be possible to gain access
on a mast at a different height to that cleared, and this may dictate an adjustment to Effective
Radiated Power (ERP).

2.5.3.2: Propagation Analysis

Propagation analysis is necessary to decide on the suitability of an actual or proposed site. Given
details of the site parameters, any technique should also take account of terrain and clutter, e.g.
buildings and trees.
Propagation information may be obtained by several methods:
a) information from site operators based on the performance of existing installations;
b) manual calculations by an experienced propagation engineer based on map information;
c) computer field strength predictions generated by evaluating radio path loss from a database of
terrain height and feature data;
d) By radio survey of the measured performance of test transmissions from the proposed site.
To identify the areas of search for radio sites, manual calculations from maps are the most
appropriate.
These may also be adequate to check the suitability of an existing site when combined with the
past experience of other site users.
To decide the location for a new site, computer predictions are strongly advised. These are
available from a number of commercial organizations.
NOTE: Computer predictions are statistical in nature and may be based on differing computer
models. They will not always take account of ground clutter and those that do can never be fully
up-to-date.
The most reliable information is obtained from test transmissions using identical parameters to
those intended for final use. However, it is normally only permissible to transmit at lower ERP
levels for test purposes, this should give an accurate indication of the coverage to be expected
when transmitting at the full allocated ERP. This test transmission technique may only be available
under certain National regulatory systems.

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2.5.3.3: Environmental and Planning Considerations

Radio sites are prominent features of the landscape, and many building authorities pay particular
attention to applications for new sites or for redevelopment of existing ones. Objections may be
raised by many organizations, particularly where the site is located in a National park, area of
outstanding national beauty or area of high landscape value. Inadequate preparation may result in
a refusal that cannot be overturned.
The site should create the minimum impact on the environment. For example:
a) a small relocation may not affect performance but could radically reduce visual obtrusion;
b) antennas may be orientated neatly without sacrificing performance;
c) choice of structure, style, colour and material may be significant;
d) Landscaping with trees and shrubs could help.

2.5.3.4: Antennas and Feeders

1-Choice of transmitting antenna type: The principle which governs the choice and siting of
transmitting antennas is that only the minimum necessary ERP should be radiated in each desired
direction. Consideration of this should be made in both the azimuthal and the vertical planes. Even
where an omnidirectional horizontal radiation pattern (hrp), is required, generally the same will
not be true of the vertical radiation pattern (vrp).
Typical high power, Very High Frequency (VHF) broadcast antennas consist of several tiers of
dipoles, or crossed dipoles, arranged around a lattice steel mast. The outside of the mast may be
screened with metal bars or mesh. This increases the forward radiated power from the antenna,
and helps to protect climbers inside the mast. The antenna may be divided into two halves,
vertically, and fed by separate main feeders, to protect the service in the event of a fault. Individual
elements are fed by smaller branch feeders.
Low power VHF antennas generally comprise a number of dipoles or 4-element log periodic arrays
arranged around a mast or tower.

2-Transmitting Antenna System Specification: The following parameters should be considered

when procuring or selecting antennas:
Gain:

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 Specified either in dB relative to an isotropic radiator (dBi) or dB relative to a half-wave dipole

(dBd).

VSWR:
 The maximum value compatible with the system being considered. For a transmission line to
deliver power efficiently to a load, it is necessary for the system to be matched, i.e. for the load
to behave as a pure resistance, equal in value to the characteristic impedance of the line.
Impedance discontinuities cause Radio Frequency (RF) power to be reflected back from the
discontinuity, towards the input of the line;
 Reflections upset the uniform distribution of RF voltage and current on the line. Standing
waves are established which cause voltage and current maxima and minima to exist at intervals
along the length of line. In severe cases, these standing waves, may cause the failure of system
components, or a transmitter shutdown;
 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), return loss and voltage reflection coefficient are all
parameters which are used to describe the match.

Polarization:
 This may be horizontal, vertical, mixed or circular.

Radiation pattern:
 A convenient method of specifying the required pattern is to define a template showing the
horizontal and vertical field components necessary. This may include details of the maximum
permissible ERP in some directions, and the minimum permissible ERP in other directions.
Also included may be arcs over which the ERP should not vary by more than a specified value.
NOTE: Any null filling required, may be achieved by phase perturbation to the individual element
inputs.
Input power:
 The radiating elements, transformers, distribution and main feeders of the antenna system
should be capable of continuously and simultaneously handling the required power. This
should include a suitable safety factor (e.g. 1,5) for both mean power and peak volts at an
appropriately high ambient temperature;

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 the required safety factors should be met after due allowance for standing waves in the feeder
system, but systems offering higher safety factors in the distribution system, with a view to
limiting the extent of damage which might result from an open or short-circuited feeder are to
be preferred.

Bandwidth:
 The frequency bandwidth over which the antenna is to be used and over which all the
parameters specified should be met.

Feeders and connectors:

 it is necessary to ensure that there is adequate screening between adjacent cables and feeders
and minimal coupling between items of equipment;
 The direct and shortest route is always the best for minimum radiation and minimum insertion
loss. However, it is important that transmitter cables and receiver cables should be installed as
far apart as possible. It is advisable that when they cross, they should cross at right angles;
 where feeders undergo bends, it is important to ensure that no "ovality", "necking" or other
objectionable deformations occur;
 all feeders should be clearly and permanently marked at both ends so that easy identification
of their length and position in the system may be made;
 in the antenna aperture, all distribution feeders should be of the non-braided outer type;
 the fixing of feeders in the antenna aperture by toothed clamps is inadvisable as damage to the
structure may result;
 It is recommended that high- quality connectors be used. For example standard International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC);
 it is advisable that all flanges and bolts be treated with protective paste and waterproofed with
polyisobutylene (PIB) self-amalgamating tape;
 if air spaced feeders are used, the antenna system should be pressurized by a dehydrator and
air distribution system;
 In cases where the mast is exposed and there is a possibility of moisture gathering at the outer
jacket of the copper case of the incoming cables, it is wise to remove the outer insulating jacket
at a point well inside the equipment room where it may be inspected for traces of moisture.

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2.5.3.5: Receiving Antenna Systems

The receivers on a relay site should be protected from the output of co-sited transmitters because
a receiver may be overloaded, resulting in mixing products which may fall within the pass band of
the IF.The transmitters will also radiate wideband phase noise which will fall within the pass band
of the receivers. Both of these effects degrade the Signal/Noise (S/N) ratio of the wanted signal.
Design of the antenna system can reduce these problems by maximizing the path loss between the
transmit and receive antennas.
Positioning of the antennas has the greatest effect. Care should be taken to avoid mounting the
antennas in each other’s beamwidth. If possible the antennas should be orientated so their
polarizations do not couple. In practice the receive antennas polarization should be finely adjusted
to take local reflections into account.
The use of high gain antennas may be advantageous as the beamwidth becomes narrower.
However, sidelobes outside the main lobe become unpredictable as the antenna gain is increased.
Coupling of sidelobes becomes difficult to avoid as their number increases and their angular
spacing decreases.The receiving antenna's primary purpose is to provide an adequate signal level
for the receiver. The gain and height above the ground should be chosen with regard to the wanted
field strength in the area.The antenna's gain may also be used to discriminate against unwanted
transmissions on similar frequencies but different bearings. For example, a half-wave horizontal
dipole can achieve 30 dB discrimination between transmitters which are spaced 90 degrees apart
with reference to the receive site.Multiple antennas may be used to increase the receive level by
increasing the effective aerial aperture.
More useful is the ability to reject unwanted transmissions on bearings which would normally lie
within the beamwidth of a single antenna.The two (or more) antennas are positioned so they
receive the wanted signal in phase by aligning them on bearing for the wanted transmitter. The
horizontal spacing is then set so the unwanted signal arrives with a 180 degree phase difference
between the antennas. When the signals of both antennas are added the wanted signal will sum
whilst the unwanted signal will cancel. This system may be used successfully with single unwanted
frequencies but is less effective when several unwanted frequencies are to be rejected.

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2.5.4: CASE STUDY: INSTALLATION OF A REPEATER STATION IN KUMBA

Kumba is a city with so many tall building and hills which block the transmitted signals from being
received properly by radio receivers. Three methods were used by the company to install this
repeater. They include surveying or site selection, installation, and coupling

1-Survey or site selection:

In a quest to install a repeater station in Kumba, we did a survey of the city to determine the area
with the greatest signal strength. This survey was done with the help of an equipment called
GOLDENEAGLE FM. It is a powerful and professional solution for FM monitoring at the
transmitter site or in the coverage area. It measures transmitted power at that point. For this
project, we measured the power from the transmitter transmitting at 94.5MHz.The unit
sequentially monitors a set list of stations and continuously ensures that your FM network
complies with both legislation and your expectations.

After sampling a series of locations like the amusement park, Ssaint Francis college premises, up
station (Divisional Officer’s office) Buea road, we had the highest signal power from the radio
station at up station, because of its elevation.

1. Installation: A tower was built at the site, an FM receiver installed and tuned to the frequency
of the transmitter transmitting at 94.5MHz. An analog FM radio repeater was installed to aid in
the rebroadcast of the signal. This repeater received its input from the output of the FM receiver,
and broadcasted at a frequency of 107.3 MHz, making use of CRTV Buea’s second frequency of
broadcast, to avoid interfering with other radio stations, and at a power of 400Watts. This repeater
and other equipment are powered by the electricity company called eneo. There is also a standby
generator to power up the equipment in case of electricity failure.
2. Coupling: After installing the repeater, coaxial cables were used to connect the repeater to four
dipole antennas, to convert the radio frequency signal to radio frequency waves. The coupling
was done by special connectors

2.5.5: Discussion of Results obtained

As earlier mentioned, GOLDENEAGLE FM measures transmitted power at the point of

measurement. During surveying, three power measurements were made and the following results
were taken down as shown in the table below.
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Location Value
Saint Francis college premises 20W
Buea road park 25.9W
Up station 40W
Table 4:Results obtained during measurements

At up station, the power measurement was maximum because of its elevation, hence it served as a
better place to install the repeater station.

After the repeater station was installed, measurements were done again around the town of Kumba
to ensure that the transmitted radio wave was at full power. The radio waves from the repeater
stations did not just cover the town of Kumba, it also covered towns like Mbonge, Mamfe, Konye,
Nguti, Eboni, Teke and Etam.

2.6: Challenges Faced During my Internship

During my period of internship, I faced a lot of challenges. I had a lot of problems blending my
school knowledge with that of the technical field, and thus a great problem for me to meet up
especially with the limited time of training.

 English being my first language, I didn’t have a good mastery of French which was the
prior language spoken by mist of the staffs and technicians, so communication wasn’t
easy for me.
 We spent most of the time in the radio studio and didn’t have a enough field experience.
 Major problems wereas faced in accomplishing my task, some of which are;

2.7: Measures Taken Against those Challenges

 By communicating often with other francophone staffs and interns, asking aid in
translation when necessary hence solving the problem of language.
 We had to ask our boss for more field work and surveys which he considered later on
towards the end of our internship period.
 The technical Director had to issue us some past and reference documents which enabled
me to assemble my report and better my understanding of the entire work.

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 By constant going to the field and by doing much practical in the company solved the
problem of technical knowledge.
 Developing safety measures in accomplishing my project some of which are;

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CHAPTER 3: OVERALL BENNEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP

3.2: Improving Practical Skills

This internship session helped greatly in improving my practical skills in telecommunications
systems engineering. From my work done in chapter two it’s a clear evidence of exhibiting
practical skills acquired during my training in;
 Manipulating and understanding the functioning behind a mixer (Broadcast Console).
 Knowing the length of coverage of an FM signal and how it can be improved upon.
 Having a background knowledge on studio recording and TV production
 How to use adobe audio auditioning version 3 and BPM studio

3.2: Upgrading of Theoretical knowledge

My theoretical knowledge was greatly improved as I tend to understand and physically witness
more concept on telecommunications engineering which I was lacking
3.3: Upgrading of Interpersonal communication skill
Cameroon isbeing a bilingual country and English my first language, I had to work in a bilingual
milieu (CRTV Buea) and so with time I picked up the French language and was able to interact
with colleagues and Crtv staffs thus smoothing my internship.
3.4: Improvement in team playing skills
Due to the fact that I wasn’t the only intern gave me a vital role in team skills and also working
with some technicians really did improve my team playing skills ability.
3.5: Improvement ofin Leadership skills
Upon arrival at CRTV I was made to understand broadcasting relevant information and checking
a program before sending it on air was our sole priority. So this boosts up my leadership skills as
my decision was dependent on me.
3.6: Issues related to Work ethics
My ethical behaviour was greatly improved in the company some of which are;
 Respect for hierarchy
 Dressing properly
 Punctuality and respect of closure time
 Obedience before complaint to other staffs and maximum collaboration
3.7: EIntrepreneurship skills
My period in CRTV Buea gave me skills on starting my own startup and challenges involved.

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CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER SCOPE OF STUDY

To conclude, generally the internship experience was very good and educative. I learned so much
about analog FM radio systems. The installation process took place for a period of two weeks.
Though very tedious, the installation process was very educative, as it caused me to study the
processes involved in installing repeater stations for analog FM radio systems.
Generally, I have the following recommendations for CRTV Buea after spending close to four
months with the company.
 Due to the enormous advantages that digital broadcasting has over analog broadcasting of
information, I strongly recommend CRTV Buea to switch from analog to digital broadcasting.
 The height of the tower on which the antennas are mounted should be increased to about 80
meters. This is because FM radio waves have very little diffraction when they meet obstacles.
 The company should invest in building more repeater stations at places with high elevations.
Examples of such points include the summit of Mmount Cameroon, Ashu hill in Nguti, the
summit at mount Kupe, the high hill in Bimbia where the TV unit is located.
 The CRTV national station should allocate dedicated telephone channels for the individual
regional stations, CRTV Buea inclusive. This will reduce the congestion experienced when
calling the single telephone line by all the regional stations during network programs like
Cameroon Magazine.
 I recommend CRTV Buea to install an Omni directional antenna so as to improve in the range of
the broadcasted signal.

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References
[1]: Wikipedia. Cameroon Radio Television, last modified on 1 August 2013, at 18:34.
[2]: Tony Rogers. (January 2012), Brief history of shortwave broadcasting in Cameroon.
[3]: Wikipedia. Telecommunications, last modified on 19 January 2016, at 20:40
[4]: Wikipedia. FM broadcasting, last modified on 20 January 2016, at 00:39
[5]: Wikipedia. Radio waves, last modified on 20 January 2016, at 00:39
[6]: Kimal Honour. (2010), New look Advanced level physics, page 1184.
[7]: Modular Broadcast Console Rp2000s user manual
[8]: Professional MP3/CD Player CDX-1210 user manual
[9]: TELEPHONE HYBRID-2 User Manual
[10]: Helios FM 20/100 W and Goliath FM 750W User manual
[11] Wikipedia. Repeaters, last modified on 20 January 2016, at 00:39
[12]: Radio Broadcast Systems ETR 132: August 1994

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