HAM RADIO
CERTIFICATE
This is Certified that Sumit Chauhan, Tanu Singh Kashyap & Sashesh Madaan
have carried out their project work presented in this report entitled “HAM RADIO”
for the award of Bachelor of Technology Degree from Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, Lucknow under my supervision. The project embodies result
of original work and studies carried out by students themselves and the contents of
this project do not form the basis for the award of any other degree of the candidate
or to anybody else.
PHOTO GRAPH OF ALL THE STUDENTS
WITH DEVELOPED PROJECT
Dr. Shelly Garg Mr. Shelly Garg
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Electronics & Communication Electronics & Communication
Engineering Engineering
Greater Noida Institute of Greater Noida Institute of
Technology, Greater Noida Technology, Greater Noida
Greater Noida Institute of Technology
HAM RADIO
DECLARATION
We, Sumit Chauhan, Tanu Singh Kashyap & Sashesh Madaan students of
Bachelor of Technology Degree (B.Tech) under the Department of Electronics
Communication Engineering of Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,
Lucknow, hereby declare that all the information furnished in this report is based on
our own intensive study work and is genuine.
This report does not, to the best of our knowledge, contain part of any work
which has been submitted for the award of degree either of this university or any
other university without proper citation.
Date: May, 2019
Sumit Chauhan (1513231184)
Tanu Singh Kashyap (1513231187)
Shashesh Madaan (1513231158)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project is done as a semester project known as “HOBBITUAL AMATEUR
RADIO”. We are really thankful to our guide Dr. Shelly Garg and whole
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Greater Noida Institute
of Technology, Greater Noida, for his invaluable guidance and assistance, without
which the accomplishment of the task would have never been possible. We also
thank him for giving this opportunity to explore into the real world and realize the
interrelation of Electronics and Communication without which a society can never
progress. In our present project we have chosen the topic “HOBBITUAL
AMATEUR RADIO” which aims at controlling a certain object with the help of the
movement of the palm. We believe in this technology which is aimed at helping the
mankind. In the end I will also like to thank Mrs. Shelly Garg who also helped us
in knowing the technicalities of the project. I will also like to thank my team
members for their effort of making the project.
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HAM RADIO
ABSTRACT
Throughout its history, amateur radio has made significant contributions to science,
industry, and the social services. The economic and social benefit derived from
amateur radio research has founded new industries, built economies, empowered
nations, and saved lives.
Amateur radio represents a unique research and development (R&D) environment
that cannot be duplicated in the labs or research parks of either industry or the
government. Existing at the intersection of the social, economic, cultural and
scientific spheres, amateur radio leverages this position to invent and innovate from
a unique perspective. Many now-commonplace communication technologies have
their genesis in amateur radio.
However, the amateur radio service, or more specifically, the portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum allocated to the activity, is under extreme pressure from
the telecommunications industry. Recent exponential growth in commercial wireless
communication systems has taxed existing commercial spectrum allocations, and
industry is eager for expansion. Amateur radio spectrum is threatened. Ironically,
many of the communication technologies used by these firms were initially
developed within the field of amateur radio.
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HAM RADIO
To justify their quest for additional spectrum, industry lobbyists portray amateur
radio as an anachronism, and characterize amateur bands, particularly in the UHF
and microwave region, as underutilized. On the contrary, innovative
communications research within the hobby is alive and well, and many of these new
amateur projects utilize the higher-frequency bands sought after by industry.
Therefore, amateur radio must be supported by government and the
telecommunications industry it helped create, so that it may continue to innovate
and serve as a source of creativity for both technological and social change as we
move forward into the twenty-first century.
Greater Noida Institute of Technology
HAM RADIO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE……………………….………………………………………………...i
DECLARATION…………………..…………………………………………………...ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………….iii
ABSTRACT………………….………………………………………………………iv-v
LIST OF FIGURES…………….……….…………………..................................viii
LIST OF SYMBOL………………..……………………………………………..…..ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……...………………………………………………x-xi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-12
1.1. Objective of project work 5-6
1.2. Methodology adopted for project work 7-10
1.3. Organization of the report 11-12
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 13-24
2.1 APRS 13-15
2.2 Digipeating 15
2.3 1-Wire 15-16
2.4 K3TU 16
2.5 What is Amateur Radio 17-19
2.6 Why Amateur Radio 20-21
2.7 The Electromagnetic Spectrum- A Finite Source 21-22
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2.8 Amateur Radio Spectrum 23
2.9 Motivation and Resources 24
CHAPTER 3 PROJECT DETAILS
3.1. Block Diagram 25
3.2. Circuit Diagram 26
3.3. Printed circuit diagram design along with specification 27
3.4. Linear Amplifier Assembly 28-43
CHAPTER 4 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
4.1. Exciter Board- Building a BITx 20 version3 44-70
4.2. Conclusion and Future scope 71
APPENDIX A 72-75
REFERENCES 76-78
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.5.1 Amateur radio population……………………………...16
Figure 2.7.1 The electromagnetic spectrum…………………………22
Figure 3.1 Block diagram………………………………………… 25
Figure 3.2 Circuit diagram…………………………………………26
Figure 3.3 PCB Layout…………………………………………… 27
Figure 3.4.1 BITX 20 Amplifier…………………………………… 28
Figure 3.4.2 Frequency Choke Inductor……………………………37
Figure 3.4.3 Jumper Board…………………………………………41
Figure 3.4.4 BITX 20 Version 3…………………………………. 42
Figure 3.4.5 Cicuit Flow Diagram ………………………………. 43
Figure 4.1.1 BFO/Modulation Section …………………………… 52
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
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LIST OF ABBREVIATION
Frequency
The number of complete oscillations per second of energy (as sound or
electromagnetic radiation) in the form of waves
Frequency Modulation
Modulation of the frequency of the carrier wave in accordance with speech or a
signal
Frequency Shift Keying
A type of modulation where the frequency of a carrier wave is shifted higher and
lower in frequency in direct correlation with the information which is to be
transmitted. At the receiver, the frequency of the carrier is tracked and used to
recover (or “demodulate”) the original information from the radio signal
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
A method of sharing the electromagnetic spectrum in which each radio signal, or
radio or television station, is assigned a specific frequency or channel on which to
operate. AM and FM radio are common examples of frequency division
multiplexing: each station remains at a unique and legally-assigned spot on the dial
FRS
See “Family Radio Service”
Greater Noida Institute of Technology
HAM RADIO
GHz
Gigahertz. A unit of frequency equal to one billion (109) hertz. Historically called a
“Gigacycle”
GUI
Graphical User Interface. An interface for issuing commands to a computer utilizing
a pointing device, such as a mouse, that manipulates and activates graphical images
on a monitor
Ham
A licensed amateur radio operator
Ham Shack
Colloquialism. The location from which the amateur radio enthusiast operates her
equipment.
Hertz
unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second
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