Assignment

WORLD LITERATURE

ERNEST HEMINGWAY (WINNER OF NOBEL PRIZE IN 1954)

THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA

BY

GROUP 3

MUH. IZHA ASHARI N1D2 16 116

DARMAN N1D2 16 016

HILMA YUNNINGSIH SAMINA N1D2 16 032

MUSYAFAR MALIK N1D2 16 046

YAHYA RAMADHAN N1D2 16 088

SALMAN AL FARIZI N1D2 16 146

WD VITRIA DITA N1D2 16 132

RISKA ATISYA BALQIS N1D2 16 064

GLEIDHIS AYU ANJANI N1D2 16 098

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTEMENT OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
HALUOLEO UNIVERSITY
KENDARI
2019
 PREFACE

Thanks to the Almighty God who has given us bless and healthy. So we can finished
this paper on time. This paper contained material of and short information about the Winner
of Nobel Prize of Literature in 1954, Ernest Hemingway. Which is one of the topic that had
been giving to our group.

This paper aims to share knowledge to the reader, so the reader will know more about
Ernest Hemingway and his works especially The Old Man and the Sea. We realized this
assignment is not perfect. But we hope it can be useful for us. Critics and suggestion is
needed here to make this assignment be better.

Kendari, May 11th , 2019

Compiler
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Ernest Hemingway was an American journalist, novelist, short-story writer, and noted
sportsman. His economical and understated style—which he termed the iceberg theory—had
a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous lifestyle and his public
image brought him admiration from later generations. Hemingway produced most of his
work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in
1954. He published seven novels, six short-story collections, and two non-fiction works.
Three of his novels, four short-story collections, and three non-fiction works were published
posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.

In 1954, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Even at this peak of his literary career,
though, the burly Hemingway's body and mind were beginning to betray him. Recovering
from various old injuries in Cuba, Hemingway suffered from depression and was treated for
numerous conditions such as high blood pressure and liver disease. He wrote A Moveable
Feast, a memoir of his years in Paris, and retired permanently to Idaho. There he continued to
battle with deteriorating mental and physical health. Early on the morning of July 2, 1961,
Ernest Hemingway committed suicide in his Ketchum home.
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

1. BIOGRAPHY

ERNEST MILLER HEMINGWAY born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park,

Illinois., U.S.- died on July 2, 1961, Ketchum, Idaho.

The first son of Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, a doctor, and Grace Hall
Hemingway, Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in a suburb of Chicago. He was
educated in the public schools and began to write in high school, where he was active
and outstanding, but the parts of his boyhood that mattered most were summers spent
with his family on Walloon Lake in upper Michigan. On graduation from high school
in 1917, impatient for a less sheltered environment, he did not enter college but went
to Kansas City, where he was employed as a reporter for the Star. He was repeatedly
rejected for military service because of a defective eye, but he managed to enter
World War I as an ambulance driver for the American Red Cross. On July 8, 1918,
not yet 19 years old, he was injured on the Austro-Italian front at Fossalta di Piave.
Decorated for heroism and hospitalized in Milan, he fell in love with a Red Cross
nurse, Agnes von Kurowsky, who declined to marry him. These were experiences he
was never to forget.

After recuperating at home, Hemingway renewed his efforts at writing, for a

while worked at odd jobs in Chicago, and sailed for France as a foreign correspondent
for the Toronto Star. Advised and encouraged by other American writers in Paris--F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound--he began to see his nonjournalistic
work appear in print there, and in 1923 his first important book, a collection of stories
called In Our Time, was published in New York City. In 1926 he published The Sun
Also Rises, a novel with which he scored his first solid success. A pessimistic but
sparkling book, it deals with a group of aimless expatriates in France and Spain--
members of the postwar "lost generation," a phrase that Hemingway scorned while
making it famous. This work also introduced him to the limelight, which he both
craved and resented for the rest of his life. Hemingway's The Torrents of Spring, a
parody of the American writer Sherwood Anderson's book Dark Laughter, also
appeared in 1926.

The writing of books occupied him for most of the postwar years. He
remained based in Paris, but he traveled widely for the skiing, bullfighting, fishing, or
hunting that by then had become part of his life and formed the background for much
of his writing. His position as a master of short fiction had been advanced by Men
Without Women in 1927 and thoroughly established with the stories in Winner Take
Nothing in 1933. Among his finest stories are "The Killers," "The Short Happy Life
of Francis Macomber," and "The Snows of Kilimanjaro." At least in the public view,
however, the novel A Farewell to Arms (1929) overshadowed such works. Reaching
back to his experience as a young soldier in Italy, Hemingway developed a grim but
lyrical novel of great power, fusing love story with war story. While serving with the
Italian ambulance service during World War I, the American lieutenant Frederic
Henry falls in love with the English nurse Catherine Barkley, who tends him during
his recuperation after being wounded. She becomes pregnant by him, but he must
return to his post. Henry deserts during the Italians' disastrous retreat after the Battle
of Caporetto, and the reunited couple flee Italy by crossing the border into
Switzerland. There, however, Catherine and her baby die during childbirth, leaving
Henry desolate at the loss of the great love of his life.

Hemingway's love of Spain and his passion for bullfighting resulted in Death
in the Afternoon (1932), a learned study of a spectacle he saw more as tragic
ceremony than as sport. Similarly, a safari he took in 1933-34 in the big-game region
of Tanganyika resulted in The Green Hills of Africa (1935), an account of big-game
hunting. Mostly for the fishing, he bought a house in Key West, Fla., and bought his
own fishing boat. A minor novel of 1937 called To Have and Have Not is about a
Caribbean desperado and is set against a background of lower-class violence and
upper-class decadence in Key West during the Great Depression.

By now Spain was in the midst of civil war. Still deeply attached to that
country, Hemingway made four trips there, once more a correspondent. He raised
money for the Republicans in their struggle against the Nationalists under General
Francisco Franco, and he wrote a play called The Fifth Column (1938), which is set in
besieged Madrid. As in many of his books, the protagonist of the play is based on the
author. Following his last visit to the Spanish war he purchased Finca Vigía
("Lookout Farm"), an unpretentious estate outside Havana, Cuba, and went to cover
another war--the Japanese invasion of China.

The harvest of Hemingway's considerable experience of Spain in war and

peace was the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), a substantial and impressive
work that some critics consider his finest novel, in preference to A Farewell to Arms.
It was also the most successful of all his books as measured in sales. Set during the
Spanish Civil War, it tells of Robert Jordan, an American volunteer who is sent to join
a guerrilla band behind the Nationalist lines in the Guadarrama Mountains. Most of
the novel concerns Jordan's relations with the varied personalities of the band,
including the girl Maria, with whom he falls in love. Through dialogue, flashbacks,
and stories, Hemingway offers telling and vivid profiles of the Spanish character and
unsparingly depicts the cruelty and inhumanity stirred up by the civil war. Jordan's
mission is to blow up a strategic bridge near Segovia in order to aid a coming
Republican attack, which he realizes is doomed to fail. In an atmosphere of
impending disaster, he blows up the bridge but is wounded and makes his retreating
comrades leave him behind, where he prepares a last-minute resistance to his
Nationalist pursuers.

All of his life Hemingway was fascinated by war--in A Farewell to Arms he

focused on its pointlessness, in For Whom the Bell Tolls on the comradeship it
creates--and as World War II progressed he made his way to London as a journalist.
He flew several missions with the Royal Air Force and crossed the English Channel
with American troops on D-Day (June 6, 1944). Attaching himself to the 22nd
Regiment of the 4th Infantry Division, he saw a good deal of action in Normandy and
in the Battle of the Bulge. He also participated in the liberation of Paris and, although
ostensibly a journalist, he impressed professional soldiers not only as a man of
courage in battle but also as a real expert in military matters, guerrilla activities, and
intelligence collection.

Following the war in Europe, Hemingway returned to his home in Cuba and
began to work seriously again. He also traveled widely, and on a trip to Africa he was
injured in a plane crash. Soon after (in 1953), he received the Pulitzer Prize in fiction
for The Old Man and the Sea (1952), a short, heroic novel about an old Cuban
fisherman who, after an extended struggle, hooks and boats a giant marlin only to
have it eaten by voracious sharks during the long voyage home. This book, which
played a role in gaining for Hemingway the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954, was as
enthusiastically praised as his previous novel, Across the River and into the Trees
(1950), the story of a professional army officer who dies while on leave in Venice,
had been damned.

By 1960 Fidel Castro's revolution had driven Hemingway from Cuba. He

settled in Ketchum, Idaho, and tried to lead his life and do his work as before. For a
while he succeeded, but, anxiety-ridden and depressed, he was twice hospitalized at
the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., where he received electroshock treatments. Two
days after his return to the house in Ketchum, he took his life with a shotgun.
Hemingway had married four times and fathered three sons.

He left behind a substantial amount of manuscript, some which has been

published. A Moveable Feast, an entertaining memoir of his years in Paris (1921-26)
before he was famous, was issued in 1964. Islands in the Stream, three closely related
novellas growing directly out of his peacetime memories of the Caribbean island of
Bimini, of Havana during World War II, and of searching for U-boats off Cuba,
appeared in 1970.

Hemingway's characters plainly embody his own values and view of life. The
main characters of The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, and For Whom the Bell
Tolls are young men whose strength and self-confidence nevertheless coexist with a
sensitivity that leaves them deeply scarred by their wartime experiences. War was for
Hemingway a potent symbol of the world, which he viewed as complex, filled with
 moral ambiguities, and offering almost unavoidable pain, hurt, and destruction. To
survive in such a world and perhaps emerge victorious, one must conduct oneself with
honour, courage, endurance, and dignity, a set of principles known as "the
Hemingway code." To behave well in the lonely, losing battle with life is to show
"grace under pressure" and constitutes in itself a kind of victory, a theme clearly
established in The Old Man and the Sea.

2. NOBEL PRIZE

In 1948, Hemingway and Mary traveled to Europe, staying in Venice for

several months. While there, Hemingway fell in love with the then 19-year-
old Adriana Ivancich. The platonic love affair inspired the novel Across the River and
into the Trees, written in Cuba during a time of strife with Mary, and published in
1950 to negative reviews. The following year, furious at the critical reception
of Across the River and Into the Trees, he wrote the draft of The Old Man and the
Sea in eight weeks, saying that it was "the best I can write ever for all of my life". The
Old Man and the Sea became a book-of-the-month selection, made Hemingway an
international celebrity, and won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952, a month before he left
for his second trip to Africa.

In October 1954, Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature. He

modestly told the press that Carl Sandburg, Isak Dinesen and Bernard
Berenson deserved the prize, but he gladly accepted the prize money. Mellow says
Hemingway "had coveted the Nobel Prize", but when he won it, months after his
plane accidents and the ensuing worldwide press coverage, "there must have been a
lingering suspicion in Hemingway's mind that his obituary notices had played a part
in the academy's decision." Because he was suffering pain from the African accidents,
he decided against traveling to Stockholm.

3. LIERATURE WORK (THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA)

Written in 1951, and published in 1952 , The Old Man and the Sea is
Hemingway's final full-length work published during his lifetime. The book,
dedicated to "Charlie Scribner" and to Hemingway's literary editor "Max
Perkins", was featured in Lifemagazine on September 1, 1952, and five million copies
of the magazine were sold in two days. The Old Man and the Sea became a Book of
the Month Club selection, and made Hemingway a celebrity. Published in book form
on September 1, 1952, the first edition print run was 50,000 copies. The illustrated
edition featured black and white pictures by Charles Tunnicliffe and Raymond
Sheppard. In May 1953, the novel received the Pulitzer Prize and was specifically
cited when in 1954 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature which he dedicated
to the Cuban people. The success of The Old Man and the Sea made Hemingway an
international celebrity. The Old Man and the Sea is taught at schools around the world
and continues to earn foreign royalties.

a. Theme

- The Honor in Struggle, Defeat & Death

From the very first paragraph, Santiago is characterized as someone struggling

against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish—he will soon
pass his own record of eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder of Santiago’s
struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles “the flag of permanent defeat.” But the old
man refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other
fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his
record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight, and he continues to ward
off sharks from stealing his prey, even though he knows the battle is useless.

b. Plot Overview

The Old Man and the Sea is the story of an epic struggle between an old,
seasoned fisherman and the greatest catch of his life. For eighty-four days,
Santiago, an aged Cuban fisherman, has set out to sea and returned empty-handed.
So conspicuously unlucky is he that the parents of his young, devoted apprentice
and friend, Manolin, have forced the boy to leave the old man in order to fish in a
more prosperous boat. Nevertheless, the boy continues to care for the old man
upon his return each night. He helps the old man tote his gear to his ramshackle
hut, secures food for him, and discusses the latest developments in American
baseball, especially the trials of the old man’s hero, Joe DiMaggio. Santiago is
confident that his unproductive streak will soon come to an end, and he resolves to
sail out farther than usual the following day.

On the eighty-fifth day of his unlucky streak, Santiago does as promised,

sailing his skiff far beyond the island’s shallow coastal waters and venturing into
the Gulf Stream. He prepares his lines and drops them. At noon, a big fish, which
he knows is a marlin, takes the bait that Santiago has placed one hundred fathoms
deep in the waters. The old man expertly hooks the fish, but he cannot pull it in.
Instead, the fish begins to pull the boat.

Unable to tie the line fast to the boat for fear the fish would snap a taut line,
the old man bears the strain of the line with his shoulders, back, and hands, ready
to give slack should the marlin make a run. The fish pulls the boat all through the
day, through the night, through another day, and through another night. It swims
steadily northwest until at last it tires and swims east with the current. The entire
 time, Santiago endures constant pain from the fishing line. Whenever the fish
lunges, leaps, or makes a dash for freedom, the cord cuts Santiago badly.
Although wounded and weary, the old man feels a deep empathy and admiration
for the marlin, his brother in suffering, strength, and resolve.

On the third day the fish tires, and Santiago, sleep-deprived, aching, and
nearly delirious, manages to pull the marlin in close enough to kill it with a
harpoon thrust. Dead beside the skiff, the marlin is the largest Santiago has ever
seen. He lashes it to his boat, raises the small mast, and sets sail for home. While
Santiago is excited by the price that the marlin will bring at market, he is more
concerned that the people who will eat the fish are unworthy of its greatness.

As Santiago sails on with the fish, the marlin’s blood leaves a trail in the water
and attracts sharks. The first to attack is a great mako shark, which Santiago
manages to slay with the harpoon. In the struggle, the old man loses the harpoon
and lengths of valuable rope, which leaves him vulnerable to other shark attacks.
The old man fights off the successive vicious predators as best he can, stabbing at
them with a crude spear he makes by lashing a knife to an oar, and even clubbing
them with the boat’s tiller. Although he kills several sharks, more and more
appear, and by the time night falls, Santiago’s continued fight against the
scavengers is useless. They devour the marlin’s precious meat, leaving only
skeleton, head, and tail. Santiago chastises himself for going “out too far,” and for
sacrificing his great and worthy opponent. He arrives home before daybreak,
stumbles back to his shack, and sleeps very deeply.

The next morning, a crowd of amazed fishermen gathers around the skeletal
carcass of the fish, which is still lashed to the boat. Knowing nothing of the old
man’s struggle, tourists at a nearby café observe the remains of the giant marlin
and mistake it for a shark. Manolin, who has been worried sick over the old man’s
absence, is moved to tears when he finds Santiago safe in his bed. The boy fetches
the old man some coffee and the daily papers with the baseball scores, and
watches him sleep. When the old man wakes, the two agree to fish as partners
once more. The old man returns to sleep and dreams his usual dream of lions at
play on the beaches of Africa.

c. Setting

This short novel, as the title suggests, is mainly set on the sea over a period of
three days. The protagonist, Santiago, is a fisherman by profession and lives in a
small village in Cuba. Geographically, Cuba is an island in the Caribbean, whose
main industry is fishing; Hemingway himself had lived in Cuba for a few years
before the Fidel Castro revolution, obtaining an intimate knowledge of the places
that are described in The Old Man and the Sea.
 Havana is the capital of Cuba and forms a distant background to Santiago’s
journey; he uses the lights of the city to find his way back home at night. A more
important town in the novel is the little fishing village in which Santiago lives and
where Spanish is spoken. Hemingway seems to have based the village on a real
one called Kojimar. The warm waters of the Gulf Stream flow very close to this
village, bringing the giant marlin in the months of September and October.
Santiago sets out on his momentous journey in the early fall, probably in
September. During the course of the novel, the setting becomes symbolic; the sea
represents the total universe against which humanity (represented by Santiago) is
pitted and in which, everybody has to take a chance.

d. Characters

- Santiago
An old Cuban who is the protagonist of the book. He is a skilled fisherman by
profession and Hemingway’s Code Hero who always maintains grace under
pressure.

- Manolin
A young boy of about fourteen years of age. He is Santiago’s student and closest
friend. He also cares for the old man, emotionally and physically.

- The Giant Marlin

Santiago’s large catch that battles with the fisherman for three days and nights,
proving his strength, power, patience, and determination. The giant fish fully
challenges Santiago, who sees the fish as stronger and nobler than he is. He
succeeds in mastering the fish only because he has more intelligence than this
giant creature of the deep.

- The Sharks
The evil elements of the sea. Attracted by its blood, they attack and devour the
giant fish. Santiago takes great pleasure in killing or wounding these scavengers,
the deadliest creatures in the deep. They are a sharp contrast to the majestic and
noble fish.

- Joe DiMaggio
A famous American baseball player. Although he is never seen in the novel, he is
often mentioned and serves as an inspiration to Santiago.

- John J. McGraw
The coach and manager of the American baseball team. He often comes to The
Terrace, a restaurant in Santiago’s village.
- Pedrico
Another fisherman in Santiago’s village. He makes hooks and fish traps for other
fisherman.

- Martin
The owner of the Terrace Restaurant.

- Rogelio
A young boy who helps Santiago with his fishnets.
 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

Ernest Hemingway was an American writer who won The Nobel Prize in Literature
1954 "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and
the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style."
 REFERENCES

https://www.biography.com/writer/ernest-hemingway

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1954/summary/

https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oldman/section1/page/2/