The agricultural crop year in India is from July to June.

 The Indian cropping season is classified into two main seasons- (i) Kharif and (ii) Rabi based on
the monsoon.
 The kharif cropping season is from July –October during the south-west monsoon and the Rabi
cropping season is from October-March (winter).

Radha Mohan Singh is the current Agriculture Minister of India.

Also Know About the Constituencies of Cabinet Ministers
CROPPING SEASONS IN INDIA
India has many growing seasons due to prevalence of high temperature through a long period.
Different crop seasons are:
(a) Kharif: Crops are sown at the beginning of the south-west monsoon and harvested at the end
of the south-west monsoon.
 Sowing seasons – May to July
 Harvesting season – September to October
 Important crops: Jowar, bajra, rice, maize, cotton, groundnut, jute, hemp, sugarcane, tobacco,
ete.
(b) Rabi: Crops need relatively cool climate during the period of growth but warm climate during
the germination of their seed and maturation.
 Sowing season – October to December
 Harvesting season – February to April
 Important crops: wheat, barley, gram, linseed, mustard, masoor, pea~ and potatoes.
(c) Zaid: Besides the kharif and rabi crops, there are certain crops which are being raised
throughout the year due to artificial irrigation.
 Zaid kharif crops are sown in August-September and harvested in December-January.
 Important crops: rice, jowar, rapeseed, cotton, oilseeds.
 Zaid rabi crops are sown in February-March. Harvesting is in April-May.
 Important crops: watermelon, toris, cucumber, leafy and other vegetables.
KNOW EVERYTHING ABOUT TYPES OF SOILS IN INDIA
Fact about Indian Agriculture
 India ranks second in agricultural output and India is in top five positions for about 80 percent
of products produced from farm.
 The main food grain of India is rice. India ranks second worldwide in rice production. West
Bengal is the top state in rice production followed by Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab,
and Bihar. Central rice research institute is located in Cuttack, Odisha.
 India ranks fourth in wheat production. Uttar Pradesh is the highest wheat producing state of
India.
 Some of the millets produced in India are Bajra, Jowar, Ragi. Maharashtra is the highest Jowar
producer in India. In Bajra production Rajasthan and in Ragi production Karnataka ranks first.
 India is the second most tea producing country and in India Assam is the most tea producing
state. Karnataka is the highest coffee producing state.
 Sugarcane is one of the main crops produced by India. Uttar Pradesh is the key state in
producing sugarcane. Central research centre for sugarcane in located in Lucknow.
 Cotton and Jute are the main fiber crops produced in India. Maharashtra is the largest
producer of cotton and West Bengal is the largest producer of Jute.
 A leading program of Ministry of Agriculture is the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, which
was launched in 2007 on the recommendations of the National Development Council of
India. This program sought to improve the overall state of agriculture in India by providing
stronger planning, better co-ordination and greater funding to improve productivity and overall
output.
What is UNESCO?
Unesco World Heritage Sites in India-The United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN). UNESCO has
195 member states and nine associate members. Most of its field offices are “cluster” offices covering
three or more countries; national and regional offices also exist.
UNESCO’s AIM
UNESCO’s aim is “to contribute to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable
development and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication
and information“.
A World Heritage Site is a landmark which has been officially recognized by the United Nations,
specifically by the UNESCO. Sites are selected on the basis of having cultural, historical, scientific or
some other form of significance, and they are legally protected by international treaties.

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN INDIA

1. NATURAL WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN INDIA
S Natural World Year of Area (In
No. Heritage Site State Notification Km2)

Kaziranga National
1 Park Assam 1985 429.96

Keoladeo Ghana
2 National Park Rajasthan 1985 28.73

Manas Wildlife
3 Sanctuary Assam 1985 391.00

Nanda Devi National

Park and Valley of 1982 630.00
4 Flowers Uttarakhand 2005 87.50

Sunderbans National
5 Park West Bengal 1984 1,330.10

Maharashtra,
Goa,
Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu
and
6 Western Ghats Kerala 2012 1,60,000.00

Great Himalayan Himachal

7 National Park Pradesh 2014 905.4

2. CULTURAL WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN INDIA

Name of Cultural World Year of
S No. Heritage Site State Notification
1 Agra Fort Uttar Pradesh 1983

2 Ajanta Caves Maharashtra 1983

3 Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Madhya Pradesh 1989

Champaner-Pavagadh
4 Archaeological Park Gujarat 2004

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus

5 (Formerly Victoria Terminus) Maharashtra 2004

6 Churches and Convents of Goa Goa 1986

7 Elephanta Caves Maharashtra 1987

8 Ellora Caves Maharashtra 1983

9 Fatehpur Sikri Uttar Pradesh 1986

10 Great Living Chola Temples Tamil Nadu 1987

11 Group of Monuments at Hampi Karnataka 1986

Group of Monuments at
12 Mahabalipuram Tamil Nadu 1984

Group of Monuments at
13 Pattadakal Karnataka 1987

Rajasthan
(Chittorgarh,
Kumbhalgarh,
Ranthambhore,
Amber Sub-Cluster,
14 Hill Forts of Rajasthan Jaisalmer, Gagnon) 2013

15 Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi Delhi 1993

Khajuraho Group of
16 Monuments Madhya Pradesh 1986

Mahabodhi Temple Complex at

17 Bodh Gaya Bihar 2002

18 Mountain Railways of India Tamil Nadu 1999

 Qutb Minar and its
19 Monuments, Delhi Delhi 1993

Rani-Ki-Van (the Queen’s

20 Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat Gujarat 2014

21 Red Fort Complex Delhi 2007

22 Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Madhya Pradesh 2003

23 Sun Temple, Konarak Orissa 1984

24 Taj Mahal Uttar Pradesh 1983

25 The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur Rajasthan 2010

Archaeological Site of Nalanda

Mahavihara (Nalanda
26 University) at Nalanda Bihar 2016

The Architectural Work of Le

Corbusier, an Outstanding
Contribution to the Modern
27 Movement Chandigarh 2016

Gothic and Art Deco

28 architecture Mumbai 2018

3. MIXED WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN INDIA

Name of Mixed World Year of
S No. Heritage Site State Notification

Khangchendzonga National
1 Park Sikkim 2016

Major ports in India

Name of the Sea Port Coast State

Kandla Western Coast Gujarat

Mumbai Western Coast Maharashtra

 Jawaharlal Nehru Western Coast Maharashtra

Marmugoa Western Coast Goa

Mangalore Western Coast Karnataka

Cochin Western Coast Kerala

Haldia Eastern Coast West Bengal

Paradip Eastern Coast Odisha

Vishakapatnam Eastern Coast Andhra Pradesh

Chennai Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu

Ennore Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu

Tuticorin Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu

Interesting Facts about Major Ports of India

 Kandla Port is located on the Gulf of Kutch. It is the largest port of India by volume of cargo
handled.
 Mormugao Port is the leading iron ore exporting port of India with an annual throughput of
around 27.33 million tonnes of iron ore traffic.
 Panambur is the site of seaport called New Mangalore Port.
 Paradip Port is an artificial and deep-water port.
 Ennore Port officially renamed Kamarajar Port Limited, is the only corporatized major port
and is registered as a company.
 Jawaharlal Nehru Port is the largest container port in India. It was formerly known as Nhava
Sheva port.
 New Mangalore Port is a deep-water all-weather port and the only major port of Karnataka.
 Tuticorin Port is an artificial deep-sea harbour of India.
 Madras Port is the one of the oldest port in India and the second largest port in the country.
 Mumbai Port handles one-fifth of India’s foreign trade with predominance in dry cargo and
mineral oil from the Gulf countries.
 Tuticorin Port is officially known as VO Chidambaranar Port.

There are Five Inland Waterways in India.

 Inland
Waterway Stretch Rivers Length

Ganges-
National Allahabad – Bhagirathi-
Waterway – 1 Haldia Stretch Hooghly River 1620 Km

National Sadiya Dhubri Brahmaputra

Waterway – 2 Stretch River 891 Km

West Coast Canal

Kollam- and Champakara
National Kottapuram and Udyogmandal
Waterway – 3 Stretch canals 205 Km

Kakinada –
National Pondicherry Godavari and
Waterway – 4 Stretch Krishna 1095 Km

National Talcher – Dhamra Matai and

Waterway – 5 Stretch Mahanadi 623 Km
National Waterway 6 is the proposed waterway in Assam state and will connect Lakhimpur to
Bhangra in river Barak. The 121 km long waterway will help in trading between the town of Silchar
to Mizoram State.

Advantages of Inland Waterways

 Least transport cost for heavy and bulky cargos.
 The risks of accidents and breakdowns, in this form of transport, are minimum as compared to
any other form of transport.
 The capability of transporting a large number of cargos in one time from one destination to
another.
 A fuel efficient and environmentally friendly mode of transportation.
 It provides much more flexible service than railways and can be adjusted to individual
requirements.
 No need of huge investment for the infrastructure like other modes of transport and less annual
cost for maintenance of river channels.
 The cheapest means of transporting raw materials and finished goods of various industries
along the river banks.
 Attracts Tourists and also generated income for local people.
 Huge potential for the employment of a large number of people.

List of International Airports in India

Name of the Airport City State
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
International Airport Kolkata West Bengal

Lal Bahadur Shastri International

Airport Varanasi Uttar Pradesh

Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport Lucknow Uttar Pradesh

Tiruchirapalli International Airport Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu

Civil Aerodrome Coimbatore Tamil Nadu

Chennai International Airport Chennai Tamil Nadu

Jaipur International Airport Jaipur Rajasthan

Zaruki International Airport Shillong Meghalaya

Pune Airport Pune Maharashtra

Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar International

Airport Nagpur Maharashtra

Chhatrapati Shivaji International

Airport Mumbai Maharashtra

Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport Indore Madhya Pradesh

Raja Bhoj Airport Bhopal Madhya Pradesh

Trivandrum International Airport Thiruvananthapuram Kerala

Calicut International Airport Kozhikode Kerala

Cochin International Airport Kochi Kerala

Mangalore Airport Mangalore Karnataka

Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru Karnataka

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International

Airport Ahmedabad Gujarat

Andaman and the Nicobar

Veer Savarkar International Airport Port Blair Islands

Indira Gandhi International Airport New Delhi Delhi

Gaya Airport Gaya Bihar

Biju Patnaik International Airport Bhubaneshwar Odisha

Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi

International Airport Guwahati Assam

Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International

Airport Amritsar Punjab

Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad Telangana

Indian Cities and Their Nicknames

City State Nickname/Nicknames

Agra Uttar Pradesh Taj Nagari

Ahmedabad Gujarat  Boston of India

 Manchester of India

 Abode of the God

Allahabad Uttar Pradesh  Sangam City
 City of Prime Ministers
 City State Nickname/Nicknames

Amritsar Punjab Golden City

Asansol West Bengal Land of Black Diamond

 Electronic City of India

 Garden City of India
 Silicon Valley of India
 Pensioners Paradise
 Space City
Bengaluru Karnataka  Science city of India
 IT Capital of India

Bhagalpur Bihar The Silk City of India

Bhopal Madhya Pradesh City of Lakes

Indore Madhya Pradesh Mini Mumbai

Bhubaneswar Odisha Temple City of India

Chandigarh Chandigarh The City Beautiful

 Gateway of South India

 Detroit of Asia
Chennai Tamil Nadu  Auto Hub of India
 Health Capital of India

 Textile City of India

Coimbatore Tamil Nadu  Manchester of South India
 The Pump City

Coorg Karnataka Scotland of India

Darjeeling West Bengal The Queen of the Hills

Dhanbad Jharkhand The Coal Capital of India

 City State Nickname/Nicknames

Shillong Meghalaya Scotland of East

Dibrugarh Assam Tea City of India

Durgapur West Bengal Ruhr of India

Gandhinagar Gujarat Green city

Guwahati Assam Gateway of North East India

Nilgiri Tamil Nadu Blue Mountains

 City of Pearls
 City of Nizams
Hyderabad Telangana  World Capital of Biryani
 HITECH City

 Pink City
Jaipur Rajasthan  Paris of India
 City of Palaces

Jaisalmer Rajasthan Golden City of India

Jamshedpur Jharkhand  Steel City of India

 Pittsburgh of India

Kanpur Uttar Pradesh  Leather City of the World

 Manchester of North India

Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir Switzerland of India

Kochi Kerala  Gateway to Kerala

 Queen of the Arabian Sea

 City of Joy
Kolkata West Bengal  City of Palaces
 Cultural Capital of India
 City State Nickname/Nicknames

 Gateway of Eastern India

 Heaven of the Aged

Kolhapur Maharashtra City of Wrestlers

 Prince of Arabian sea

Kollam Kerala  Cashew Capital of the World
 Gateway to Backwaters

 Shiraz-e-Hind
 Constantinople of the East
Lucknow Uttar Pradesh  The Golden City of India
 City of Nawabs

 Athens of the East

 City of Festivals
 City of Four Junctions
Madurai Tamil Nadu  Temple city
 Sleepless City

Malda West Bengal Mango City

 Rome of the East

Mangalore Karnataka  Cradle of Indian Banking
 Gateway of Karnataka

 City of Seven Islands

 Financial Capital of India
 Maya Nagari
 City of Dreams
 Gateway of India
Mumbai Maharashtra  Hollywood of India
 Maximum City

Mundi Madhya Pradesh Power Hub City

Mussoorie Uttarakhand Queen of the Mountains

Mysore Karnataka  Heritage City

 Green City
 City State Nickname/Nicknames

Nagpur Maharashtra Orange City

Nainital Uttarakhand City of Lakes

New Delhi Delhi City of Rallies

Patiala Punjab Royal City

Panipat Haryana  City of Weavers

 City of Handloom

Pondicherry Puducherry Paris of the East

Prayag Uttar Pradesh Abode of the God

Pune Maharashtra Queen of Deccan

Purulia West Bengal Manbhum City

Rishikesh Uttrakhand  City of Sages

 Yoga City

Siliguri West Bengal  Gateway to the Dooars

 City of Hospitality

Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir City of lakes

Tezpur Assam City of Blood

Thane Maharashtra City of Lakes

 Rock Fort City

Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu  Energy equipment and
fabrication capital of India
 City State Nickname/Nicknames

 Tucker Trichy

 City of Paddy fields

Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu  Oxford city of South India
 Halwa city of India

 White City
Udaipur Rajasthan  City of Lakes
 Venice of the East

 Spiritual capital of India

 Religious capital of India
 City of Lights
 City of Temples
 City of Learning
Varanasi Uttar Pradesh  Oldest living city on Earth
 Holy City

Jodhpur Rajasthan  Blue City

 Sun City

 Wine capital of India

Nasik Maharashtra  Grape city of India
 California of India

 Diamond City Of India

Surat Gujarat  City Of Diamonds
 Textile city Of India

 Cultural City Of India

 Sayaji Nagari
Vadodara Gujarat  Banyan City
 World Capital Of Garba

Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh City Of Destiny

Kakinada Andhra Pradesh  Pensioners Paradise

 City of Kaja

Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh The Place of Victory

Bhimavaram Andhra Pradesh  Second Bardoli of India

 City of Prawns
 City State Nickname/Nicknames

Rajahmundry Andhra Pradesh Cultural City

Guntur Andhra Pradesh City of Chillies

Vaniyambadi Tamil Nadu Leather city of South India

 City of Lakes
Warangal Telangana  City of Temples
 Second city of Nizam

Zunheboto Nagaland Land Of Warriors

Download – All the Nicknames of Indian Cities Indian Cities and Nick Names

Also Read – Complete List of Old and New Names of Cities and Countries