Thapa dynasty

Thapa dynasty or Thapa noble family (Nepali: थापा वंश/थापा काजी खलक [t ̪ʰ āpā bəmsə]) was a Kshatriya (Rajput-Chhetri)
Thapa dynasty
political family[4] that handled Nepali administration affairs between 1806 and 1837 A.D. and 1843 to 1845 A.D.[5] as Mukhtiyar
थापा वं श/थापा काजी खलक
(Prime Minister). This was one of the four noble families to be involved in the active politics of the Kingdom of Nepal, along with
Thapas of Borlang (Gorkha)
the Shah dynasty, Basnyat family, and the Pande dynasty before the rise of the Rana dynasty.[4] At the end of 18th century, Thapas
had extreme dominance over Nepalese Darbar politics alternatively contesting for central power against the Pandes.[6] Bir Bhadra Noble house
Thapa was a Thapa of Chhetri group[3] and leading Bharadar during Unification of Nepal.[2] His grandson Bhimsen Thapa became Country Kingdom of Nepal
Mukhtiyar of Nepal[2] and established Thapa dynasty to the dominating position of central court politics of Nepal.[7] Gorkha Kingdom
Founded 18th century
The Thapa family gave rise to the Rana dynasty of Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana whose father Bal Narsingh Kunwar was the son-in-
law of Kaji Nain Singh Thapa. Similarly, this dynasty was connected to the Pande aristocratic family through Nain Singh Thapa Founder Birbhadra Thapa
who was the son-in-law of once Mulkaji Ranajit Pande[8] Current currently as pretender
head
Final ruler Mathabarsingh Thapa
Contents Titles Title of Kaji

Ethnic and political background Style(s) Kaaji Saheb

The rise of Thapas Thapa Kaji
Thapas on power Estate(s) Bhimsen Tower
The downfall of Thapas Bag Durbar
The final chapter of Thapas Thapathali Durbar
The resurrection of Thapa Chhauni Durbar
End of Thapas
Deposition 17 May 1845 (by
Family palaces
murder of Mathabar
Thapa family members Singh Thapa)
Family Tree of Bir Bhadra Thapa
The family were members of Bagale
Other Thapa nobles
Thapa clan[1][2] and Chhetri caste.[3].
Allies and opponents
Works
Present day descendants
Gallery
References
Notes
Sources
See also
External Links

Ethnic and political background

The Thapa dynasty comes from the family of Kaji Bir Bhadra Thapa, commander of Unification of Nepal who belonged to the
Bagale Thapa clan. He had three sons: Jeevan Thapa (died at the Battle of Kirtipur), Bangsha Raj Thapa, and Amar Singh Thapa
(Sardar).[2] The eldest son of Amar Singh Thapa (Sardar) was Bhimsen Thapa who later became an essential ruler in Nepalese
history.[9]

The rise of Thapas Mathabar Singh Thapa, crowned

Mukhtiyar (1843 to 1845 A.D.) of
The family became prominent during the rule of King Prithvi Narayan Shah and were established as a dominant faction during the noble Chhetri Thapa dynasty.
reign of King Rana Bahadur Shah.[10] After the assassination of King Rana Bahadur Shah, Bhimsen Thapa rose to the event killing
all enemies and proving the strength and presence of the Thapa family in the Royal Court of Nepal.[11] He went on to become the
second Prime Minister of Nepal[2] and thus founded the Thapa family in the political context of Nepal.[12] Afterwards, the Thapas took the stronghold of the military power with an
absolute order, which leads to a rivalry among other nobles.[13]

Thapas on power
Tripurasundari was the daughter of Bhimsen's brother, Kazi Nain Singh Thapa.[14] After the chaos that followed King Rana Bahadur's murder, Bhimsen became the Mukhtiyar and
his niece Tripurasundari was given the title Lalita Tripurasundari and declared regent and Queen Mother of Nepal.[15] The Thapa family remained in power continuously even after
the death of King Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah and even after the peace deal (sugauli shandi) with the British East India Company done between the then ruling prime minister
Bhimsen Thapa representative of Nepal and British .[16] The modernization of the Nepalese Army was done to keep things in control[17] while convincing the suspicious British of
no intention to use. Bhimsen increased his family members in court and military and also transferred other aristocratic families away from the capital.[18] Bhimsen instated his
youngest brother, General Ranabir Singh Thapa, in the royal palace as chief palace authority.[19] Any meetings between the royal family and commoners or Bhardars were done
under his permission and observation.[19]
The downfall of Thapas
Bhimsen had committed atrocities against the Pande family by being involved in the execution of Nepalese Chief Kazi Damodar Pande. Rana
Jang Pande, the youngest son of Damodar Pande, was a supporter of Senior Queen Samrajya Laxmi and had planned for the downfall of the
thirty-one year Thapa rule.[20] In the Nepalese court, the rivalry between the two queens rose where the Senior Queen supported the Pandes,
while the Junior Queen supported the Thapas.[21] Bhimsen went to his ancestral home in Gorkha for some time making Ranabir Singh Thapa
as Acting Mukhtiyar.[22] Rana Jang Pande, the leading member of Pande aristocratic family and his brother, Ranadal Pande, was elevated in
the Nepal Darbar.[23]

On 24 July 1837, King Rajendra Bikram Shah's infant son, Devendra Bikram Shah, died.[23][24] Bhimsen and members of the Thapa faction
were blamed and conspired against.[24][25][26] On this charge, Bhimsen and whole the Thapa family, the court physicians, Ekdev and Eksurya
Upadhyay, and his deputy Bhajuman Baidya, with relatives of the Thapas were incarcerated, proclaimed outcasts, and their properties PM Bhimsen Thapa, founder
of Thapa
confiscated.[24][25][27][28]

Fatte Jang Shah, Rangnath Poudel, and the Junior Queen Rajya Laxmi Devi, the anti-Pande faction, obtained from the King the liberation of
Bhimsen, Mathabar, and the rest of the party, about eight months after they were incarcerated for the poisoning case.[29][30][31] Confiscation
of some properties was pardoned. The pro-Thapa soldiers rallied to Bhimsen, Mathabar Singh, and Sherjung Thapa's houses.[32] Mathabar
Singh fled to India while pretending to go on a hunting trip; Ranbir Singh gave up all his property and became a sanyasi, titling himself
Swami Abhayananda; but Bhimsen Thapa preferred to remain in his old home in Gorkha.[31][33]

The final chapter of Thapas

The resurrection of Thapa Portrait of Queen

Tripurasundari of Nepal
Mathabarsingh Thapa fled to India when Bhimsen Thapa and Thapa courtiers were punished.[31][34] Sher Jung Thapa and other jailed Thapa
members were pardoned on the request of Junior Queen after the death of Senior Queen.[35] Mathabar, the most senior Thapa, was requested
to return to Nepal by then ruling Junior Queen Rajya Laxmi after six years of exile.[36] Mathabarsingh Thapa arrived in Kathmandu Valley on
17 April 1843 where he was greeted with state honors.[37] He then re-opened the murder case of his uncle and godfather Bhimsen Thapa, and
members of Pande faction and their supporters were executed.[38]

End of Thapas
The murder of Mathabar Singh on 17 May 1845 by his nephew, Janga Bahadur Kunwar, on the orders of King Rajendra Bikram Shah and his
Junior Queen, ended the Thapa family's rule in Nepal giving rise to Agnatic Rana dynasty.[39]

Portrait of King Rajendra

Family palaces Bikram Shah, a supporter of
The family resided at Thapathali Durbar and Bagh Durbar. Bagh Durbar was constructed by Bhimsen Thapa, who moved to reside near the anti-Thapa faction

Basantapur Palace. He initially moved from Gorkha district to Thapathali Durbar and eventually to Bagh Durbar.[40]

Bagh Durbar, which literally means The Tiger's Mansion, was built in 1805 A.D. by PM Bhimsen Thapa. It had a spacious Janarala
Bagh (General's Garden), a pond and many temples glorifying the Mukhtiyar General. When Thapa rule was revived, PM
Mathabarsingh Thapa recaptured the lost palace and resided there for two years.[41]

The National Museum of Nepal at Chhauni was once a residence to Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa. The building has collection of
bronze sculptures, paubha paintings, and weapons including the sword gifted by King of France Napoleon Bonaparte.[42]

Thapa family members

Portrait of Mathabar Singh Thapa in
National Museum of Nepal, Chhauni

Bagh Durbar (lit. Tiger's

mansion), Palace of ruling
Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa
 Years
No. Members Image Position Notes
ruled

Mukhtiyar (Prime
Bhimsen 1806 to
1 Minister) and
Thapa 1837 A.D. Thapathali Durbar from
Commander-in-Chief
opposite side of Bagmati
River

Acting Mukhtiyar
Ranabir Singh 1837 A.D.
2 (Acting Prime
Thapa (briefly)
Minister)[22]

Mathabarsingh Prime Minister and 1843 to

3
Thapa Commander-in-Chief 1845 A.D.
Dharahara tower, Ram
Chandra Temple and Bag
Darbar
Queen Queen Consort and
1805 to
4 Tripurasundari Mother Regent of
1832 A.D.
of Nepal Nepal

He is the male patriarch of this dynasty and the

Bir Bhadra Jetha Buda and
5 senior Bharadar (politician) of the Gorkha
Thapa Bhardar
Kingdom
Distinguished from Commander of Western
Sanukaji Amar
6 Governor and Sardar forces Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa by terms
Singh Thapa
Bada (Senior) and Sanu (Junior)

National Museum of Nepal

Nain Singh General and Minister at Chhauni, Former
7 Residence of Thapa
Thapa (Kaji)
Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa

Ujir Singh Governor and

8 son of Nain Singh Thapa[43]
Thapa Colonel

Bhaktabar
9 Colonel Brother of Bhimsen
Singh Thapa
Sher Jung
10 Colonel Nephew and adopted son of Bhimsen
Thapa

Amrit Singh Brother of Bhimsen, involved in bringing back

11 Kaji
Thapa Balbhadra Kunwar at Dehradun[44]
Ranzawar
12 Step-brother of Bhimsen
Thapa
Ranabam
13 Step-brother of Bhimsen
(Bhotu) Thapa
Tilak (Tri)
Known popularly as Kaji Mama by Shamsher
14 Bikram Singh Kaji
Ranas; son of Bhaktawar Singh
Thapa
Ranojjwal
15 Son of Mathabarsingh Singh
Singh Thapa
Bikram Singh
16 Colonel Son of Mathabarsingh Singh
Thapa

[9] [45] [46]

Family Tree of Bir Bhadra Thapa

Bir Bhadra
Thapa

Bangsha Raj Satyarupa Amar Singh

Jiwan Thapa ?
Thapa Maya Thapa (sanu)

Bhimsen Nain Singh Bhaktawar Amrit Singh Ranabir Ranbam Ranzawar

Thapa Thapa Singh Thapa Thapa Singh Thapa Thapa Thapa
 ? (son died Lalita Devi Janak Dirgha
young) Pande Kumari Kumari
Pande Pande
Separate Family tree of Kazi Nain Singh Thapa:

}}

Rana Kumari
Nain Singh Thapa
Pande

Ganesh Queen Ujir Singh Mathabarsingh

Kumari Tripurasundari of Thapa (born Thapa (born
Kunwar Nepal (born 1794) 1796) 1798)

Ganesh
Ranojjwal Bikram Singh Amar Singh
Bahadur
Singh Thapa Thapa Thapa II
Thapa

Other Thapa nobles

The unrelated family of Amar Singh Thapa was also included in broader Thapa caucus.[7]

Other Years
No. Image Position Notes
Members active

Badakaji Amar 1759- Distinguished from father of Bhimsen Thapa and Palpa Administrator
1 Kaji and General of Nepal
Singh Thapa 1816 AD Sanukaji Amar Singh Thapa by terms Bada (Senior) and Sanu (Junior)

died 1815 No blood relations to both Bhimsen Thapa and Badakaji Amar Singh
2 Bhakti Thapa Sardar of Nepal Army
AD Thapa

Ranadhoj retired on
3 Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal eldest son of Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa[49]
Thapa 1831
Ranajor Singh
4 Kaji and Colonel of Nepal youngest son of Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa[49]
Thapa
Kaji (later Captain only) and
Surath Singh appointed
5 Joint-Chief signatory of grandson of Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa
Thapa on 1832
Darbar[50]
Bhaktabir retired on
6 Captain and later Kaji second son of Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa[49]
Thapa 1839
Narsingh appointed
7 Captain and Kaji alternatively third son of Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa[49]
Thapa on 1818

Allies and opponents

List of Allies during Transition Phase (1837–1846)

No. Name Type Noted

1 Ranganath Paudel Mostly allied Known strong supporter of Bhimsen Thapa.
Junior Queen Rajya Laxmi of Mostly allied but later switched
2 Lastly, she supported attack on Thapas in 1845.[39]
Nepal alliance

3 Fateh Jung Shah Mildly allied Supported the release of Thapas in 1837.[29]
Known supporter and relatives of Thapa faction through Nain Singh
4 Gora Pande faction Mild supporter
Thapa.

List of Opponents during Transition Phase (1837–1846)

 No. Name Type Noted
1 Kala Pande faction Strong opponent Known strong opponent of Thapa faction.
Rajendra Bikram Shah and Senior Queen
2 Strong opponent Known strong opponent of Thapa faction.
Samrajya Laxmi
3 Basnyat family Mild Favoured Pandes over Thapas due to previous marital ties.
Former Alliance grew strong
4 Kunwar family (Later Rana dynasty) Nephew Jung Bahadur Rana ended Thapa hegemony.[39]
opponent.

5 Chautariya Pushkar Shah Mild Favoured Pandes[51] over Thapas.

Strong opponent but later Known strong opponent of Bhimsen Thapa but later sympathized
6 Brian Hodgson
sympathized. Bhimsen.[52]

Works
Dharahara tower was built by Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa.[53] Dharahara is said to be built for Queen Tripurasundari of Nepal, who
was the niece of Bhimsen Thapa.[54]

Present day descendants

The Thapa dynasty under Bhimsen Thapa fell after the murder of Mathabarsingh Thapa by his nephew, Jung Bahadur Rana.
Colonel Bikram Singh Thapa was the son of Mathabarsingh and the only remaining Thapa member in the Nepalese court till the
coup-de-Etat of 1885. After his death, his properties were confiscated, and his descendants were termed outcasts.[55] some other
few descendents of Bhimsen Thapa migrated to Awadh and other parts of India after the murder of Mathabarsingh Thapa .
The first Dharahara before the 1934
earthquake
Since Bhimsen did not have a male heir, the male descendants of his brothers are the pretenders of this dynasty. Few descendants of
Mathabarsingh have adopted the middle name Barsingh as a patronymic name derived from their ancestor while others have
common Kshatriya titles Bikram and Singh. Former Secretary of the Education Ministry, Dipendra Bikram Thapa is the sixth descendant of Mathabarsingh Thapa who went on to
become the first person to pass the examination of Joint-Secretary from the open category.[55] Other descendants of Mathabarsingh include another Senior Official, Sharada Bikram
Thapa, Former Acting Dean of TU Prof. Sita Maiya Singh Thapa and NGO worker Minu Maiya Singh[55] Similarly, DIG of Nepal Police Sushil Barsingh Thapa and Lt.Col. Rajeev
Barsingh Thapa is the sixth descendants of Mathabarsingh Thapa.[55] Sushil Barsingh went on to retire as AIG of Nepal Police.[56] Brother of Sushil Barsingh, Dr. Suman Thapa is a
Medical Doctor at Shukraraj Tropical Hospital, and the youngest brother Manoj Barsingh Thapa is a police officer at the intelligence department of Police while his nephew Nishil
Barsingh Thapa is a military officer.[55]

Gallery

Clothes worn by Clothes worn by Picture of Bhimsen PM Mathabar Singh Portrait of Mukhtiyar
Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa standing beside a Thapa in crown General Bhimsen Thapa
Thapa Thapa horse

Portrait of first titled Statue of Queen Portrait of Mukhtiyar Portrait of Colonel Portrait of Mathabar
Prime Minister Mathabar Tripurasundari General Bhimsen Thapa Mathabar Singh Thapa Singh Thapa
Singh Thapa from 1831
Bhimsen Thapa and two Mathabar Simha Thapa Portrait of Ranabir Singh Portrait of Ujir Singh Portrait of Ranabir Singh
wives in Panjabi court Thapa Thapa Thapa as Swami
Abhayananda

Bhimsen Thapa, General Ranabir Singh Letter sent to PM Letter sent to PM

Thapa's letter signed by Bhimsen Thapa and Kazi Bhimsen Thapa and Kazi
his private black seal Ranadhoj Thapa by (Pvt. Ranadhoj Thapa by then
sent to Mukhtiyar (PM) seal L to R) Bakhat Colonel Mathabar Singh
Bhimsen Thapa and 2nd Singh Sardar, Thapa
Kazi (Deputy PM) Dalbhanjan Pande
Ranadhoj Thapa (Pande Kazi), Ranabir
Singh Thapa, Kaji
Narsingh Thapa (Elder
Amar Singh Thapa's
another son) and sundry
captains

References

Notes
1. Whelpton 1991, p. 21.
2. Pradhan 2012, p. 22.
3. Regmi, M.C. (1995). Kings and political leaders of the Gorkhali Empire, 1768-1814 (https://books.google.com.np/books?id=gnJuAAAAMAAJ). Orient Longman.
ISBN 9788125005117. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
4. Joshi & Rose 1966, p. 23.
5. Joshi & Rose 1966, p. 25.
6. Pradhan 2012, p. 9.
7. Pradhan 2012, p. 26.
8. JBR, PurushottamShamsher (1990). Shree Teen Haruko Tathya Britanta (in Nepali). Bhotahity, Kathmandu: Vidarthi Pustak Bhandar. ISBN 99933-39-91-1.
9. Pradhan 2012, pp. 22-23.
10. Pradhan 2012, pp. 21-22.
11. Pradhan 2012, p. 16.
12. Pradhan 2012, p. 16.
13. Adhikari 2015, p. 120.
14. Acharya 2012, p. 3.
15. Acharya 2012, p. 71.
16. Acharya 2012, pp. 74–75.
17. Acharya 2012, p. 76.
18. Acharya 2012, p. 77.
19. Acharya 2012, p. 148.
20. Acharya 2012, p. 155.
21. Nepal 2007, p. 108.
22. Acharya 2012, p. 157.
23. Acharya 2012, p. 158.
24. Nepal 2007, p. 105.
25. Acharya 2012, p. 159.
26. Whelpton 2004, pp. 28–29.
27. Acharya 1971, p. 13.
28. Oldfield 1880, p. 310.
29. Oldfield 1880, p. 311.
30. Nepal 2007, p. 109.
31. Acharya 2012, p. 161.
32. Pradhan 2012, p. 164.
33. Nepal 2007, p. 110.
34. Oldfield 1880, p. 316.
35. Acharya 2012, pp. 172-174.
36. Acharya 2012, p. 177-178.
37. Sharma, Balchandra (1976). Nepal ko Aitehasik Rooprekha. Varanasi: Krishna Kumari Devi. p. 295.
38. Acharya 2012, pp. 179-181.
39. Acharya 2012, pp. 11-12.
40. JBR, PurushottamShamsher (2007). Ranakalin Pramukh Atihasik Darbarharu (https://www.amazon.com/Ranakalin-Pramukh-Atihasik-Darbarharu-Historical/dp/
B00CWSP1U2/ref=asap_bc?ie=UTF8) [Chief Historical Palaces of the Rana Era] (in Nepali). Vidarthi Pustak Bhandar. ISBN 978-9994611027. Retrieved
12 May 2017.
41. "Baghdurbar – The Tiger Palace | The Tara Nights" (http://www.thetaranights.com/baghdurbar-the-tiger-palace/). thetaranights.com. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
42. "Kathmandu Valley | Places of Interest, Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Patan City Tour, Typical City Tour , Unesco World heritage Sites Tour: Fishtail Tours & Travels
Pvt. Ltd" (http://www.fishtail.org/index.php?option=com_page&task=view&id=371). fishtail.org. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
43. Hamal 1995, p. 206.
44. Pant 1978, p. 191.
45. Joshi & Rose 1966.
46. "History of the Nepalese Army" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171115064246/https://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=two). nepalarmy.mil.np.
Archived from the original (http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=two) on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
47. Pradhan 2012, p. 23.
48. Acharya 2012, pp. 152-153.
49. Pradhan 2012, p. 195.
50. Pradhan 2012, p. 148.
51. Oldfield 1880, p. 313.
52. Whelpton 2004, pp. 29-30.
53. "Too tall for comfort" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152025/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-216450496.html). The Kathmandu Post. 11 January
2010. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-216450496.html) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
54. Melissah Yang (25 April 2015). "Nepal Earthquake Destroys Dharahara Tower, A Significant Tourist Attraction In The Heart Of Kathmandu" (http://www.bustle.co
m/articles/78886-nepal-earthquake-destroys-dharahara-tower-a-significant-tourist-attraction-in-the-heart-of-kathmandu). Retrieved 25 April 2015.
55. "ampnews/2013-12-15/6239" (https://nepal.ekantipur.com/ampnews/2013-12-15/6239.html). nepal.ekantipur.com. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
56. "Dr Dinesh Chandra Pokhrel is Nepal Police's Acting Chief" (https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/govt-appoints-dr-dinesh-chandra-pokhrel-as-acting-chief-of-n
epal-police/). thehimalayantimes.com. Retrieved 11 June 2017.

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See also
Basnyat family
Rana dynasty
Shah dynasty

External Links
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