READ ALOUD:

1. Northcote Parkinson, a British writer, formulated Parkinson's rule: "Work expands to

fill the time allotted to it; or, conversely, the amount of work completed is in inverse
proportion to the number of people employed." Simply said: If you have an hour to do a
5-minute job, it will take an hour to do it. A large number of people accomplish less work
than a smaller number of people.

2. Fence, humanly erected barrier between two divisions of land, used to mark a legal or
other boundary, to keep animals or people in or out, and sometimes as an ornament. In
newly settled lands fences are usually made of materials at hand, e.g., stone, earth, or
wood.

3. The provision of accurate and authoritative statistical information strengthens modern

societies. It provides a basis for decisions to be made on such things as where to open
schools and hospitals, how much money to spend on welfare payments and even which
football players to replace at half-time.

4. Australians do speak English, however, for some tourists and travellers, it can be
difficult to understand the slang. Also, the links between Australian and American English
were seen to be very tenuous. At least some colloquialisms in Australian English does not
exist in other types of English.

5. Competence in mathematics was another trouble spot. More than half said that their
real task school's graduates are deficient in mathematics, more than 10% of respondents
said college's graduates are deficient in the subject, while 70% said they are adequate.

6. Few things in the world produce such amazement as one's first of clippers of the
Grand Canyon; it took around more than 2 billion years to create this vast wonder - in
some places. 17 miles wide, largely through the relentless force of Colorado River, which
runs 277 miles along its length, a mile beneath its towering rims.

7. Scientists know little about how exactly it works, especially when it comes to complex
functions like memory formation. Research is more advanced in animals, but
experiments on humans are hard. Yet, even today, some parts of the brain, like the
motor cortex, are better understood. Nor is complete knowledge always needed. Machine
learning can recognize patterns of neural activity; the brain itself gets the hang of
controlling BCIS with extraordinary ease. And neuro technology will reveal more of the
brain's secrets.

8. It seems that when it comes to love, men and women are designed to misconstrue
misread and misunderstand one another and themselves. You discover that in fact they
make good sense. Being a deluded romantic is often the best way to make a good-
biologically successful-choice about a potential partner on the basis.

9. The grid-based infrastructure enables large-scale scientific applications to be run on

distributed resources. However, in practice, grid resources are not very easy to use for
the end-users who have to learn how to generate security credentials. There is an
imminent need to provide transparent access to these resources so that the end-users
are shielded from the complicated details.
10. Before European explorers had reached Australia, it was believed that all swans
were white. Dutch mariner, Antoine Caen, was the first to be amazed at the sight of
Australia's Black swans on the Shark Bay in 1636. Explorer Willem de Vlamingh captured
two of these creatures on Australia's Swan River and returned with them to Europe to
prove their existence. From that point on, black swans and Australia have been closely
linked.

11. Long isolated from Western Europe, Russia grew up without participating in the
development like the Reformation that many Russians taking pride in their unique
culture, find dubious value. Russia is, as a result, the most unusual member of European
family, if indeed it is European at all. The question is still open to debate, particularly
among Russians themselves.

12. For diplomacy the starting point must be that globalization requires bridges and
removes barriers. A policy of containment is a difficult strategy in the age of the fibre-
optic cable, the jumbo jet and the satellite dish. There will always be the exception, such
as the murderous regime in Iraq where the only safe strategy is to keep it in the
isolation ward until it accepts the norms of international behavior, or the military
dictatorship in Burma which has persistently failed to respond to dialogue. It takes two to
critically engage.

13. Since its inception, the UN system has been working to ensure adequate food for all
through sustainable agriculture. The majority of the worlds poorest people live in rural
areas of developing countries. They depend on agriculture and related activities for their
livelihoods. This makes them particularly vulnerable to man-made and natural influences
that reduce agricultural production.

14. By this time, however, paleontological momentum had moved to England. In 1812,
at Lyme Regis on the Dorset coast, an extraordinary child named Mary Anning -aged 11,
12 or 13, depending on whose account you read-found a strange fossilized sea monster,
17 feet long and now known as the ichthyosaurus, embedded in the steep and 17
dangerous cliffs along the English Channel.

15. Clementson wanted to see if claims of question dodging actually held up,
historically-not necessarily in the unique case of Trump. So Clementon analysed the
transcripts of 14 presidential debates, from 1996 to 2012. Overall, he found 51
accusations of question dodging - 26 by Dems, 25 by Republicans.

16. Electronic discourse is one form of interactive electronic communication. In this

study, we reserve the term for the two-directional texts in which one person using a
keyboard writes language that appears on the sender’s monitor and is transmitted to the
monitor of a recipient, who responds by keyboard.

17. As we progress into the 21st century, communications are becoming faster and
faster Think of millions of different media images you are bombarded with every day. It
is as important now to be able to read and make sense of those images, as it has been
to be able to read ordinary text.

18. In comparing material with non-material culture - the first being the objects and
technologies we create, and the second our customs, beliefs and attitudes - the speaker
gives greater emphasis to the material culture. He gives the example of the development
of genetic science and the benefits it has brought to mankind, despite a fair amount of
opposition.

19. Where there are effects, there are often side effects. The car is a boon to mobility,
but can lead to obesity, deaths and pollution. Burning fossil fuel may keep economies
goings but wrecks the climate in the long run. In a similar way, there are side effects to
information technology in education setting - from childcare to the classroom to the
lecture hall and beyond.

20. The elephant is the largest living land mammal. During evolution, its skeleton has
greatly altered from the usual mammal, design for two main reasons. One is to cope with
the great weight of huge grinding cheek teeth and elongated tusk, making the skull
particularly massive. The other is to support the enormous bulk of such a huge body.

21. The next wave of leaders in industrial manufacturing will build an ecosystem that
capitalizes on the promise of analytics and connectivity to maximize efficiency for
themselves and their customers. They will map out their strategies and prioritize
measures that will bring the most value to their business, starting now with pilot
projects, and building greater strengths in data analytics with cross-functional teams of
experts.

22. Business school admissions officers said the new drive to attract younger students
was in part the result of a realization that they had inadvertently limited their applicant
pool by requiring several years' work experience. Talented students who might otherwise
have gone to business school instead opted for a law or policy degree because they were
intimidated by the expectation of work experience.

23. A Hazard Assessment should be performed for work involving distillations of organic
liquids and should thoroughly address issues relating to residual water and possible
decomposition of the solvent in question, as well as the physical placement of the
distillation apparatus and heating equipment to be employed.

24. Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to 60 days: now they
try to move them into grow-out ponds in less than 30 days. This reduces stress on the
animals and dramatically increases survivals in the grow-out ponds. Many farms that
abandoned nursery ponds have gone back to them, and the results have been
surprisingly positive. They're using the old, uncovered, earthen, nursery ponds.

25. The preparation of abstract is an intellectual effort requiring generally familiar with
the subject to bring out the points of an author's argument course for skills and
experience. Consequently, a considerable amount of qualified manpower that could be
used to advantage in other ways must be diverted to task of facilitating or to
information.

26. Although Botswana's economic outlook remains strong, the devastation that AIDS
has caused threatens to destroy the country's future. In 2001, Botswana has the highest
rate of HIV infection in the world. With the help of international donors, it launched an
ambitious national campaign that provided free antiviral drugs to anyone who needed
them, and by March 2004, Botswana's infection rate has dropped significantly.

27. Public demand for education has remained strong, reflecting the importance of
education as a means of social progress. Aware of the added value of education to the
world of work, the government continues to innovate and update the education system
in order to produce a qualified and competent workforce.

28. Training to become an actor is an intensive process which requires curiosity,

courage and commitment. You'll learn how to prepare for rehearsal, how to rehearse and
how to use independent and proactive processes to achieve your best work possible for
stage and screen.

29. Globalization has affected what we eat in ways. We are only beginning to
understand. More and more food production no longer related to our biological needs,
but is indirectly conflict with them. The relationship between diet and our fertility, our
cancer, heart diseases and mental illness is becoming clear, yet much of our food is
nutritionally bankrupt.

30. Traditional divisions of domestic work are understood to persist, because of the
strong association of the home with humanity and with masculinity to challenge that
home is arguably equivalent to challenge what it is to beat a woman or a man.

31. Perhaps the most memorable benefit of the program has been the opportunity to me
in small groups, something that is difficult to arrange such a desperate organization.
Many officers would have to work together for thirty years but would not know other's
strength and weakness.

32. The department determines whether or not the candidate has passed the
examination. In cases where an appearance for the final public oral examination would
constitute a substantial financial hardship for the candidate, the director of graduate
studies may recommend to the dean of the Graduate School that the examination be
waived.

33. Companies will want to be known not just for the financial results they generate, but
equally for the imprint they leave on society as a whole. First, ensuring that their
products contribute positively. Second. operating in a way that approaches a "net-
neutral" impact to the natural environment. And third, cherishing their people.

34. When we recycle, used materials are converted into new products, reducing the
need to consume natural resources. If used materials are not recycled, new products are
made by extracting fresh, raw material from the Earth, through mining and forestry.
Recycling helps conserve important raw materials and protects natural habitats for the
future.

35. Orientalists. like many other nineteenth-century thinkers, conceive of humanity

either in large collective terms or in abstract generalities. Orientalists are neither
interested in nor capable of discussing individuals; instead, artificial entities
predominate. Similarly, the age-old distinction between "Europe" and "Asia" or
"Occident" and "Orient" herds beneath very wide labels every possible variety of human
plurality, reducing it in the process to one or two terminal collective realities.

36. In the past, Naming English as a separate subject seemed relatively easy. The
textbook selected and graded items of language which were put into content and then
practiced intensively. New items were carefully controlled so that the student could cope
quite easily. Now that English is used as a medium of instruction.
37. Business school admissions officers said the new drive to attract younger students
was in part the result of a realization that they had inadvertently limited their applicant
pool by requiring several years' work experience. Talented students who might otherwise
have gone to business school instead opted for a law or policy degree because they were
intimidated by the expectation of work experience.

38. Weakness in electronics, auto and gas station sales dragged down overall retail
sales last month, but excluding those three categories, retailers enjoyed healthy
increases across the board, according to government figures released Wednesday.
Moreover, December sales numbers were also revised higher.

39. Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to 60 days; now they
try to move them into grow-out ponds in less than 30 days. This reduces stress on the
animals and dramatically increases survivals in the grow-out ponds. Many farms that
abandoned nursery ponds have gone back to them, and the results have been
surprisingly positive. They're using the old, uncovered, earthen, nursery ponds.
REPEAT SENTENCES:

1. Being a vegan means not eating any other meat.

2. Meeting with mentors can be scheduled for students who require additional support.

3. But they haven’t come to widespread use yet.

4. Higher fees cause the student to look more critically at what universities offer.

5. Making profits and protecting environment shouldn’t be serpentine

6. We are changing classrooms because this one is too small.

7. Let’s see if technology is going to cooperate this presentation.

8. Today we are going to discuss the role of government in preventing the injustice.

9. Transportation will be provided only in the exceptional circumstances.

10. In your introduction, show you understood the question in no more than four
sentences.

11. General biology text is located in the north wing of the library stair

12. The investigate aims to establish the extent of the problem.

13. Art is influenced by the political events and ideas of its time period.

14. This dichotomy was evident after giving the test of prospective hindsight.

15. The search for universal explanations plays an important role in the development of
archaeological theory.

16. The aim of the work, presented could be formulated as follows.

17. Some methods for clinical applications have been presented as well.

18. We developed a method for evaluation of dynamic changes.

19. Quantitative and temporal parameters of food consumptions were used.

20. Proteins constitute at least thirty percent of the total mass of all living organism.

21. The current and conventional method has many disadvantages including the side
effects.

22. Most of the strategies are in a preclinical state.

23. There has been a rapid growth in the commercial market.

24. Cellular engineering strategies are highly desirable.

25. Genetic and biochemical analyses have generated a detailed portfolios of

mechanisms.
26. This process has enabled the rational identification of core machinery.

27. A key feature in drug development is examination of the pharmacological effects.

28. A science based approach is vital for effective advancements.

29. This essay examined the used of computer in the science classroom.

30. Diagnosis is not a discrete or limited process.

31. The website interface represents the stimulus that influence consumers’ decision
making.

32. Participants were not performing an acutal purchase.

33. In market, short time thought often lead to diaster.

34. The gap between the rich and the poor was not decreased rapidly as expected.

35. The professor will be the last speaker this evening.

36. Could you please pass the handouts to the students that are in your row?

37. You should raise your concern with the head of school.

38. Number the beakers and put them away until tomorrow

39. The contest includes both the land history and the human history

40. On this project, you will be asked to work as a group of three.

41. This year, we are applying to use a different type of assessment on this module

42. We would like the first draft of the assignment by Monday

43. Just wait a minute, I will be with you shortly

44. I think the university’s main campus is closed

45. There are lot of people competing for the places in computer courses.

46. This can be used as a starting point for my discussion today

47. The office said Dr. Smith will arrive later today.

48. The library will be closed for three days over the bank holiday

49. The information on the internet becomes more reliable.

50. The development was mainly included in chapter nine.

51. The current compliance evidence indicates the need for further research

52. She used to be everywhere but today she is missing

53. Farmers do not always price for agriculture goods.

54. It’s time to fertilize the work before the Wednesday seminar

55. I will check again but I’m pretty sure we are assumed to read chapter two.

56. Doing this research makes me think of the purpose of science

57. The professor has promised to put his lecture notes online.

58. The results of the study underscored the discoveries from early detection.

59. Your enrolment information, results and fees will be available online.

60. I don’t like cheese and tomato sandwiches on white bread with orange juice.

61. Please finish all the reading chapters before the field trip

62. All field assignments should have a full list of bibliography

63. All students must participate in the exercise

64. There is an urgent need for people to help clean up the environment.

65. How much time did you spend on doing research before you started writing?

66. Tom doesn’t watch TV except on Saturdays.

67. I know how to solve the problem, but I've been asked not to tell you.

68. She sold all of her furniture, so she could afford to feed herself and her dog.

69. After I graduated from college, I spent two years traveling around the world

70. Please write your name on essay cover sheet.

71. To understand its xx, we need to go back to its origin.

72. In English, the month of the year is always capitalized.

73. We divide our class into two groups. You come with me, the rest should stay here.

74. The bookshop is located at the north of main campus.

75. Every year, students pass biology course easily.

76. That country’s economy is primarily based on tourism.

77. Applicants for the course preferably have a preference over English or journalism.

78. You can find a lot more information on the university website.

79. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.

80. This lecture was meant to start at 10.

81. I need more quotations to back up my argument.

82. You need to finish the reporting of the chapter before going to the field trip.
83. Interpreters are not readily available in this department.

84. Scientists are getting closer to the answers of this questions.

85. In spite the cold temperature, the sky is clear and blue.

86. This ?? session is not supported by documentation.

87. The tutor is there to help. So do ask if you don’t understand anything.

88. Many health workers think that pensioners are too old to understand.

89. Several copies must be supplied to the university department to fulfil the
requirement.

90. The opposition has so far been unresponsive to our proposal.

91. Most animals have triangular vocal cords, but the lion’s mighty pipes are square.

92. Spiritualism is defined as a system of belief or religious practice.

93. Student loans are now available for international students.

94. Companies need to satisfy customers’ needs if they want to be successful.

95. There will be ample opportunities to ask questions about the presentation.

96. Elephant is the largest land living mammal.

97. All students are encouraged to vote in the forthcoming elections.

98. Newspapers around the world are reporting stories of presidents.

99. Interpreters are not readily available in this department.

100. The clear evidence between brain events and behavioral events is fascinating.

101. Please register your student email account at your earliest convenience.

102. No crop responds more readily to care for husbandry and skillful cultivation.

103. On behalf of our department, I would like to thank you for your participation.

104. Parent should provide guidance and examples to children’s values.

105. Physiology is the study of internal and external structure of the body.

106. Portfolio is due to the internal review office no later than Tuesday

107. Residents hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time in the semester.

108. Sport is the cause of traumatic brain injuries in the United States.

109. All students and staff have the access to printers and scanners.

110. Environmentalism is a category in which universities are competing

111. Allergy problems do run in the family, but we don’t understand why.

112. Any text or references you make should be cited appropriately

113. Anyone who has a problem with their accommodation should speak to the welfare
officer.

114. As for me, it is a strategy to go to judicial review.

115. Biographical information should be removed before the publication of the results.

116. Conferences are always scheduled on the third Wednesday of the month.

117. Conservation is the survival of future generation.

118. Does the government in your country help families that need help?

119. Meteorology is a detailed study of earth’s atmosphere.

120. Modern poetry often tests the convention of language and rhythm.

121. It’s within that framework that we’re making our survey.

122. What distinguished him from others is his dramatic use of black and white
photography.

123. When demand for the course rose, university authorities took on additional
academic staff.

124. Our university has strong partnership with industry as well as collaborative
relationship with government bodies.

125. Many students are so scared of writing essays, because they never learned how.

126. Eating too much can lead to many healthy problems.

127. The cafeteria closes soon but the snack machine is accessible throughout the
night.

128. No more than four people can be in the lab at once.

129. There will be a guest lecturer visiting this department next month.

130. Students are not allowed to take journals out of the library.

131. There will be no classes scheduled during the exam week.

132. People with active lifestyle are less likely to die early or to have major illness.

133. The author is currently the Professor at the Cambridge university.

134. The new timetable will be posted on the website before class starts.

135. The development in the information technology has greatly change the way people
work.
136. Biographic information should be removed before the publication of the results.

137. It isn’t easy when comes to the definition of this word.

138. Our log books make up five per cent of our total marks.

139. There is no entrance fee for tonight’s lecture.

140. In this library, reserve collection books can be borrowed for up to three hours.

141. In Europe, the political pressure is similar regarding globalisation.

142. Students are not allowed to take journals out of the library.

143. The study of archaeology requires extensive international field work.

144. There will be ample opportunities to ask questions about the presentation.

145. Leading scientists speculate that numerous planets could support life forms.

146. In consultation with your supervisor, your thesis is approved by the faculty
committee.

147. A thorough bibliography is needed at the end of every assignment.

148. To receive the reimbursement, you must keep the original receipts.

149. There are no scheduled classes during the final exam weeks.

150. Meeting with tutors could be arranged for students who need additional help.

151. He’s almost never in his office.

152. The new English classes will start next Monday morning.

153. There will be open book exams on Monday the 28th.

154. A full bibliography is needed at the end of all assignments.

155. The program depends entirely on private funding.

156. If she doesn’t speak the language, she’s not going to sit around a week for
translator

157. The verdict depends on which side was more convincing to the jury.

158. The library is located at the other side of the campus behind the student center.

159. Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic selectives clash on my timetable.

160. One of hardest things about starting University is finding your way around.

161. Lecture theatre one is located on the ground floor of pack (of) building.

162. Current statistical evidence indicates that further research is required.

163. The first person in space was from the Soviet Union.
164. Chapter one provides the historical background to the topic.

165. She doesn’t care about anything but what is honest and true.

166. You need to be careful when quoting internet sources.

167. Meetings with mentors can be scheduled for students who require additional
support

168. Is hypothesis on black hole as rendered moot as explanation of explanations.

169. Previous students pass the biology exam easily

170. The United States has become coffee culture recent years

171. We must hand in our assignments by end of the week

172. He was constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture together

173. A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry.

174. You can pay using cash or credit card.

175. The agriculture sector in the country is heavily subsidized.

176. It really depends on somebody’s personal situation.

177. It’s good for the environment and it’s good for your electric bill.

178. A limited amount of department funding is available to qualified students.

179. The methodology was criticized for inaccurate analysis of the data.

180. A renowned economist is slate to speak this evening at eight.

181. Put the knife and fork next to the spoon on the edge of the table.

182. The small India state is a land of forest valleys and smelly highlands.

183. It can be effectively providing information to consumers.

184. Once more under the pressure of economic necessity, practice outstrips theory.

185. The opposition has so far been unresponsive to our proposal.

186. Most animals have triangular vocal cords, but the lion’s mighty pipes are square.

187. Spiritualism is defined as a system of belief or religious practice.

188. Student loans are now available for international students.

189. Companies need to satisfy customers’ needs if they want to be successful.

DESCRIBE IMAGES:

1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

6.
7.

8.

9.
10.

11.

12.
13.

14.

15.
16.

17.
18.

19.

20.
21.

22.

23.
24.

25.

26.
27.

28.

29.
30.

31

32.
33.

34.
35.

36.

37.
38.

39.

40.
41.

42.

43.
44.

45.

46.
47.

48.

49.
50.

51.

52.
53.

54.
55.

56.
57.

58.

59.
60.

61.

62.
63.

64.

65.
66.

67.
68.
RETELL LECTURES:

1. Hand measuring food portion

Transcript: I'm a dietitian and I work in clinical weight-loss recently. Accurately

estimating portion size is critical in research or real-world settings. For example, if you're
trying to watch your weight and you're out to dinner and you're presented with a bowl of
food, there's no really good way to actually estimate how much you're eating unless
you're gonna whip some scales out of your bag. So we wanted to find a more objective
way for people to quantify what they're eating when they're out and about. I came up
with a more hands-on approach. We got people to measure the dimensions of the food
using the width of their fingers and remembering back to primary school math. We use
the geometric volume formulas to estimate the weight of the food. To show you how this
works, I've ordered a piece of lasagne and that's my box, a glass of wine and that's my
cylinder. And I'm feeling pretty healthy, so I order some watermelon for dessert. And
that's my wedge.

So this lasagne, it is seven by five, by four fingers. in the future, I see this method be
incorporated into smartphone applications. So you put your fingers width in, along with
your height and your weight. And the app will do all of the calculations for you. And then
you've got a more accurate way to estimate the portion size.

Answer: There is an objective way for people to measure the food portion when they're
eating out, as the researcher believes that people can measure the dimension of food
using their fingers. Moreover, the method should be incorporated into smartphone
applications in the future, where people can enter their finger width measurements, as
well as their height and weight so applications will do calculation to estimate appropriate
food portion sizes.

2. File a patent:
Significantly focusing on the fact which is mentioned is filing a patent and it comprises
that two scenarios in which people describe their items in different manner. The speaker
uses a clicker as an example, on one of the spectrums, if people who intend to file a
patent describe it in one word as clicker, there would be 0% chance of getting the patent
despite the fact that it will bring an enormous value. On the other end of the spectrum is
to use a million words to describe every single thing about the item, there will be 100%
chance of getting it through the patent office, but the value of that patent would be close
to zero.

3. Type of questionnaires
Answer: Significantly focusing on the fact which is mentioned is the categories of
questionnaires and it comprises that nominal, ordinal, continuous type are three levels of
measurement in the form of questionnaires. Additionally, it also denotes that nominal
questions allows participants to select from a list of categories for their response.
Considering the most substantial insights which are specified here, it can be stated that
ordinal type questions depict the order of variables, whereas continuous question is an
open-ended question that can be answered by a number.

4. Ecological Footprint
• According to the data collected by WWF, more than 1/3 of resources on the earth have
been consumed by people during the past three decades.

• Ecological footprint is to calculate how much land does each resident need.

• An average of 1.8 global hectares is needed by an individual, which means a total of

11.8 billion global hectares is required.

• If everyone on the earth consumes resources like in Australia, by 2050, we will need at
least two planets for resources.

5. Bipolar Effect
• The lecture talks about the bipolar effect of technology on human society.

• The researcher has found that if we let workers stay at the production line constantly
and keep doing the same job, it will shorten the whole working time.

• However, while the advance in technology is increasing efficiency and productivity,

technology also poses a huge threat on unemployment.

6. Innovation and invention

Transcript: He says innovation equals invention. Let me just stop here. Innovation
equals invention often people mistake these two things for the same thing. Innovation
equals invention, they are not. Innovation is something that generates value for the
world. It makes something faster, better, cheaper. It gives someone some great
satisfaction. An invention is an idea, a technology, a patent. In and of itself, it does not
generate value. So these two are not the same thing. And sometimes you see them
interchange. And that's not correct. So innovation equals invention times
commercialization. So and when we look at this equation of innovation something of
value, it requires a new idea and then it requires someone or some organization that is
going to commercialize that idea. And to make it a value to the world.

Answer: Significantly focusing on the fact which is mentioned is innovation and

invention, and it comprises that innovation is not the same as invention. Additionally, it
also denotes that innovation generates value for the world, whereas invention is an idea
or patent that does not generate value. Considering the most substantial insights which
are specified here, it requires both new idea and some organization that is going to
commercialize that idea to create a value to the world.

7. Discovering the Port of Roman London

Transcript: But what we are going to discuss today is how the port of London was
discovered and what we discovered about it. Now if you look at the historical records of
Roman London, there is only about 14 actual references to London in antiquity I
contemporary references. And all those only one is in the first century, there are none at
all at the second or third century. There is only one in the late third century and there is
four in the fourth century. So if you are a historian trying to write the history of Rome in
London, it's really difficult. You don't really have much data, you're going to depend on
the archaeological evidence, the material evidence of the port and indeed the town to
have any understanding of what happened then. And so, what we're looking at here is
how did we discover about the port of London, there is no historical documentations, no
customs books, no terrorists, no idea of the taxes. We have to understand the port
entirely from the archaeological evidence. So that's what we are going to do today.

Answer: Significantly focusing on the fact which is mentioned is Port of Roman London
and it comprises that there are only 14 references about Roman London. Additionally,
archaeological evidence can be taken as a reference due to a lack of data. Considering
the most substantial aspects, it can be stated that, there is no historical documentations
or books regarding how the port of London was discovered and researchers have to
understand the port entirely from the archaeological evidence.

8. Newton and gravity

Transcript: We've all heard the story. A young Isaac Newton is sitting beneath an apple
tree contemplating the mysterious universe. Suddenly — boink! - an apple hits him on
the head. In a flash he understands that the very same force that brought the apple
crashing toward the ground also keeps the moon falling toward the Earth and the Earth
falling toward the sun: gravity. Or something like that. The apocryphal story is one of the
most famous in the history of science and now you can see for yourself what Newton
actually said. Squirreled away in the archives of London's Royal Society was a
manuscript containing the truth about the apple. So it turns out the apple story is true —
for the most part. The apple may not have hit Newton in the head, but I'll still picture it
that way. Meanwhile, three and a half centuries and an Albert Einstein later, physicists
still don't really understand gravity. We're gonna need a bigger apple.

Answer: Significantly focusing on the fact which is mentioned is Newton and gravity and
it comprises that a falling apple caused him to speculate upon the nature of gravitation.
Additionally, it also denotes that Newton discovered gravity and understood that the
same force that brought the apple crashing toward the ground also kept the moon falling
toward the Earth and the Earth falling toward the sun.

9. Melk
Transcript: The Melk is not typical of all monasteries for many reasons. Firstly, it is very
grand which most especially later foundations aren't. Secondly, it was founded in the
countryside, whereas in 17th and 18th centuries, a good proportion of foundations were
made in Towns. Thirdly, it still owns substantial amount of land, because fourthly it lies
in the Austrian Republic, the only European country where grand old monasteries have
been in continuous existence, since they were founded 900,1000, even in one case 1200
years ago.

Answer: Significantly focusing on the fact which is mentioned is that Melk is a unique
monastery for a number of different reasons, and it comprises that it is quite grand and
founded in countryside where as the majority of foundations back in 17'h and 18th
century was made in towns. Additionally, it occupies a substantial amount of land and
lies in the Austrian Republic, which is the only European country where grand old
monasteries have been in continuous existence.

10. Former civilization

Transcript: The first thing I want to argue is that the former civilization is running into
pretty profound crisis in its relationships to the rest of nature, which we do and what we
have depended on for survival and for flourishing. And this is the most widely and well-
recognized in relation to climate change, CO2 emissions, greenhouse gas emissions. But
I want to argue the certain dangers in the way that has been presented as the central
question that we have to address. Because it's interlocked with a number of other crises
that is most noticeably as the crisis in access to fresh water, crisis in access to food,
biodiversity loss on a huge scale, and associated problems of human in equality not just
in a common world, but actually in the kinds of environmental resources, and pleasures
that I can enjoy. So all those together, have to be looked at as an interconnected set of
really deep profound crisis.

Answer: Significantly focusing on the fact which is mentioned is former civilization, and
it comprises that there is crisis between former civilization and nature. Additionally,
former civilization is interlocked with a number of other noticeably crises including the
crisis in access to fresh water and food, natural resource allocation as well as biodiversity
loss on a huge scale etc. Considering the most substantial insights which are specified
here, it can be stated that all of aforementioned factors need to be considered while
looking into the issue.

11. Politics and international relations

Transcript: This course provides students with an in-depth understanding of the
exciting disciplines of politics and international relations. Students will learn about the
workings of political institutions in countries around the world and explore the complex
field of relations between nations. Topics in governance, public policy, public
administration, national security, and border control ensure that students receive a
broad and current education in the range of issues which are covered under the label of
politics and international relations.

Students will undertake four compulsory units and two majors, one in politics and
international relations and the other in governance and policy. They will also choose an
elective major from a wide choice of options including political communication,
international studies, international business and national security studies.

In addition to acquiring specialist knowledge and competencies in Politics and

International Relations and Commerce, students will graduate with a range of generic
skills such as critical thinking, enhanced communication abilities, problem solving and
strong capacities to work with others. They will also develop ethically based and socially
responsible attitudes and behaviours.

Answer: Significantly focusing on the fact which is mentioned is the course of politics
and international relations, and it comprises that in this course students will learn about
the political realm around the world. Additionally, students will receive a broad education
associated with politics and international relations, and they need to undertake four
compulsory units and two majors. Considering the most substantial insights which are
specified here, it can be stated that students will graduate with a range of generic skills
and a sense of social responsibility.

12. Anti-HIV Program

Sample answer: This is an anti-HIV program carried out in India. There are quarterly
meetings to provide training and consultation to people in the program. They would
know the service and how to prevent catching the diseases. The training is provided by
professionals in hospital and weekly meetings are held to follow up and give
consultation. The risks include contagious diseases such as HIV which is quite difficult to
control. Training is essential for workers to understand the precaution knowledge.

13. Loggerhead turtle

The lecture talks about loggerhead turtle, one of the largest turtles in the world, and
almost distinct in the USA. They have big heads and short necks.

In September，1986，scientists put a tracker on a turtle’s shell, and use satellites to

track and locate the migration route of the turtle.

They reach different localities in different time.

The migration takes three months, from the south Florida to the north.

14. Nelson Mandela

The lecture talks about how to lead people and the speaker was in South Africa doing her
research.

Nelson Mandela is famous for his autobiography.

Creating the context to allow talented people to flourish is important.

Lead from behind and let others believe they are in front.

The best way to be a leader is to create the appropriate context.

15. CO2 Pollution

The topic is the correlation between greenhouse gase and temperature.

It does not prove one causes the other, but correlation exists.

CO2 is a lot worse than we thought, but we don’t know how to reduce the amount.

Developing sustainable energy resources is important to conserve the energy we have.

16. Character Education

The lecture is about a research on young people aged from 3 to 25 years old to see how
they participate in their communities and how they form values, as well as their
character education. The outcome involves parents, friends, and school. We try to figure
out which one is the most important.

17. Soot Emission

Soot is also called black carbon.

Soot emission contributes to climate warming.

Soot does not accumulate in the atmosphere like CO2 (carbon dioxide). Reduction in
soot has immediate but not long-term effects on global warming. If we want to stabilize
the climate system, we need to focus on greenhouse gases such as CO2.

18. Rural Poverty

The topic is the poverty in rural and urban areas.

Firstly, the poverty rates in rural areas are much higher than those in urban areas,
because most of the poor live in rural areas.

Rural areas also have high infant mortality rate and low education level.

It is important to make sure the population in rural areas have access to sanitation and
education.
The poverty in urban areas is caused by the migration from rural areas.

19. Silk Road

The silk road is not like what we thought it would be.

People traveled in groups to other countries through the silk road, exchanged things, and
then came back.

There were also some side groups who went to other countries such as India, which was
called the ‘Amber Route’.

At that time, there was also gift changing happened on the silk road.

20. Pyramids
Pyramid is often used to show age structure.

The bottom has the largest portion, indicating newly-born babies and teenagers.

The oldest people has the least number.

Then the lecture compare the age structure in 1976 to the age structure now.

21. Presentation Skill

If people feel nervous and speak quickly, audience would not understand what you said.

Another part is about how to overcome it.

Don't give too much information, just only mention 3 points in 15 minutes.

22. Visual Culture

This topic is described as the visual culture in science fiction.

The visual culture in science fiction involves drama, culture, technology, and most
importantly, logical and visual effects.

This was minor and sub-cultural until a big change occurred since the introduction of the
movie Star War.

The story of the movie is stupid and aggressive, but the speaker still likes it because of
the well-designed visual logic.

Fiction is now a part of the visual culture.

23. Chloe sunglasses

This lecture is about real and fake sunglasses. The real Chloe sunglasses are worth of
300 dollars, whereas the fake ones are only 30 dollars. Researchers gave the real Chloe
sunglasses to a group of people, and they found that those who wore fake ones are
doing more cheating when they were filling the questionnaires. But wearing real ones
can increase people's confidence.

24. The lecture talks about the differences between language learning and other
cognitive skills’ learning. The use of language is universal used, and all developing
children learn to speak as least one language, even more than one. Not everyone
becomes proficient at other cognitive skills, such as mathematical reasoning, painting or
carrying a tune. The universal use of language makes it capable of learning simply.
Language is one of the most complex human cognitive skills.

25. Sample answer: Thermodynamics is simply defined as the branch of physics that
deals with the conversion of different forms of energy. Kinetics deals with the actions of
forces that cause various motions (also known as dynamics). Thermal energy is defined
as the total of all kinetic energies within a given system. Kinetic energy may be best
understood by examples that demonstrate how it is transformed to and from other forms
of energy.

26. The Shuttle

The shuttle was designed to be a space truck; it's a multi-purpose vehicle. We've done a
tremendous number of different things with it. It's the most versatile space vehicle that
has ever been built. We've used it to launch satellites. We've used it to repair satellites in
orbit and put them back into orbit. We've used it to capture satellites and bring them
back to Earth for repair. We've outfitted it with the space lab built by our European
partners and used it before the era of the space station to do scientific research. We
used it as part of our partnership with the Russians, which is still continuing, first as part
of the Mir space station, where we actually prolonged the useful life of Mir by several
years through logistical supply visits with the shuttle. And now, of course, we're using it
to build the new international space station, which is a huge international partnership.

Sample answer: The shuttle was designed to be a space truck，which is a multi-

purpose vehicle. It's the most versatile space vehicle that has ever been built. It is used
to launch, repair and capture satellites. It is used before the era of the space station to
do scientific research. It is part of partnership with Russians, which is continuing. Now,
we're using it to build the new international space station, which is a huge international
partnership.

27. Melatonin
I'm just going to take on the stuff where left off. The whole I want to now talk about it's
called melatonin. The synthesis is in the Pineal Gland, which is very small. It is the size
of a pea in your brain. The corpus is the site of the soul, and it is where melatonin is
made. And it has a rhythm as well. And in the sense, it is the opposite of the callosum. It
peaks at night. We call it as the darkness hormone. In every species that we studied,
melatonin occurs at night. And its hormone that prepares you for the things, that your
species, does at night. So, of course, in humans we sleep, but animals, like rodents, they
are awake. It's hormone that is related to darkness behavior.

28. Bee Language

Honey bees do a waggle dance to direct other bees to the source of nectar. The dancing
bees like this one can be halted by a headbutt from another bee. Now research has
found that this headbutt is actually a warning signal. A feeding station was set up in the
lab to mimic a source of nectar, then foraging bees were introduced to the dangers at
the station, such as competition from rival colonies. When foragers returned to the hive
they stopped bees dancing. Scientists think the behavior warns dancers of a dangerous
source of nectar.
Sample Answer: This lecture is about honey bees. Bees perform a strange ritual when
they encounter aggressive rival bees, for example, or predatory spiders hanging out at
favored foraging spots. When they return to the hive, they headbutt hive mates
performing the famous "waggle dance" that direct would-be foragers to rich sources of
nectar. By halting their hive mates mid-dance, the scouting bees save them from
previous excursion

29. Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Protons are finally transferred to the LHC (both in a clockwise and an anticlockwise
direction) where they are accelerated for 20 minutes to 6.5 TeV. Beams circulate for
many hours inside the LHC beam pipes under normal operating conditions.

For each collision, the physicist's goal is to count, track and characterize all the different
particles.

The charge of the particle, for instance, is obvious since particles with positive electric
charge bend one way and those with negative charge bend the opposite way. Also the
momentum of the particle can be determined.

Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator lies in a tunnel.
The LHC is a ring roughly 28km around that accelerates protons almost to the speed of
light before colliding them head-on. Protons are particles found in the atomic nucleus,
roughly one thousand-million-millionth of a meter in size. The LHC starts with a bottle of
hydrogen gas, which is sent through an electric field to strip away the electrons, leaving
just the protons Electric and magnetic fields are the key to a particle accelerator.

30. Vitamin D
Vitamin D refers to a group of fat--soluble secosteroids responsible for enhancing
intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc. In humans, the
most important compounds in this group are vitamin D3 and vitamin D2 Cholecalciferol
and ergocalciferol can be ingested from the diet and from supplements. [1][2][3] Very
few foods contain vitamin D; synthesis of vitamin D (specifically cholecalciferol) in the
skin is the major natural source of the vitamin. Dermal synthesis of vitamin D from
cholesterol is dependent on sun exposure Vitamin D from the diet or dermal synthesis
from sunlight is biologically inactive; activation requires enzymatic conversion
(hydroxylation) in the liver and kidney. Evidence indicates the synthesis of vitamin D
from sun exposure is regulated by a negative feedback loop that prevents toxicity, but
because of uncertainty about the cancer risk from sunlight, no recommendations are
issued by the Institute of Medicine (US), for the amount of sun exposure required to
meet vitamin D requirements. Accordingly, the Dietary Reference Intake for vitamin D
assumes no synthesis occurs and all of a person's vitamin D is from food intake,
although that will rarely occur in practice. As vitamin D is synthesized in adequate
amounts by most mammals exposed to sunlight [citation needed], it is not strictly a
vitamin, and may be considered a hormone as its synthesis and activity occur in different
locations. Vitamin D has a significant role in calcium homeostasis and metabolism. Its
discovery was due to effort to find the dietary substance lacking in rickets.
31. Salary Types
Sample Answer: The lecture is introducing salary, commission and combination plans.
The salary plan is a type of structure that you pay your sales people fixed salary with no
bonus and commission. These plans are not very common because it is hard to motivate
high level salesperson. The commission plan is to pay your sales people in direct
proportion to sales and nothing else. These plans can attract top-performing and hardest
working sales professionals but bring negative effects to the other sales team members.
The combination plan is a salary plus commission plan offers both motivation and
stability to sales people. Though it can be more complex to administer, it is the most
common plan used today.

32. Animal behavior

We can ask 2 fundamental questions about animal behavior they referred to as
proximate and ultimate. Proximate questions are those concerned with the mechanisms
that bring about behavior. Ultimate questions are those concerned with the evolution of
behavior. We can divide the proximate and ultimate into 2 sub-questions. For proximate,
how does behavior develop and secondly what causes the behavior. For ultimate, you
can ask how did the behavior evolve and secondly what is the adaptive of significance of
the behavior. What’s its purpose? Together these comprise what are called Tinbergen’s 4
questions about animal behavior. Niko Tinbergen was one of the founding fathers of the
study of the animal behaviors. These questions represent different ways of studying
animal behavior and understanding the difference between those 4 questions are
fundamental to understanding behavior and indeed the whole of biology. How do we
study animal behavior? Well that depends on the type of question we’re hoping to
answer.

33. Human Behavior

Sample answer: This lecture is about determinants of human behavior. It is affected by
both internal and external factors. At the end of lecture, the speaker mentioned that
psychologists are interested in explaining human behavior. Generally, the personal
factors are considered to be internal and environmental factors are external. Personal
factors include people’s belief on certain things and their individual thinking about it,
while the environmental factors include temperature, air pressure and the others’
thinking about them. In conclusion, human behavior is affected by both himself and the
environment.

34. NGO Version 2

Sample Answer: This lecture mainly talks about the non-governmental organization.
NGOs may be funded by governments, foundations, businesses or private persons. The
number of NGOs in the US is 1.5 million and India has around 2 million in 2009. It is
difficult to define NGO as the activities are highly diverse, some may have charitable
status while others may be registered for tax exemption.
ANSWER SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. One map given and asked about which ocean is on west of it. [Pacific Ocean]

2. Three words spoken and asked which one is odd (Decrease, Increase and Decline)
[Increase]

3. One big table given with information related to export asked which country has max
export. [Atlanta.]

4. One flow diagram given and asked in which step Director takes action. [Step no 6]

5. A fish like puffer fish/Jelly fish was shown and they asked about its habitat?
[Sea/water/ocean. Rivers/lakes and floodplains]

6. What does tons, ounces. and pounds refer to? [Weights.]

7. Science concerned about study of earth materials and nutrients is geology or

geography? [Geology]

8. Below text will be on your screen.

A. King George was the ruler of Spain in 1993

B. King Russel ruled Spain in 1996

C. King Bernard ruled Spain in 2000

who was the predecessor for King Bernard? [King Russel]

9. What is a manmade river called? [Canal]

10. What do u call an individual musical sound [Solo]

11. Which is the best method of transportation. Bus? Plane or ship? [Bus]

12. Butterfly in the picture and asks what does it do with wings? Grasp? Flutter? And
other two? [Flutter]

13. Letter C was shown in image. What do u call the word in the book which is starting
with this letter? [Contents]

14. 2 girls were looking at laptop and laptop was on table. What are these girls doing?
[surfing internet on laptop]

15. How many hemispheres does equator divides earth into? [two]

16. An image was given with different colours and questions was asked which colour has
a major portion. [Black]

17. Circle formula to find radius was given and equation was also given. [pie r square]

18. Scientists believe in subjective knowledge or objective? [Objective]

19. The part of comp u can carry with u and has the same name as that of animal.
[Mouse]
20. What helps you go up in a 25 floor building? Ladder / Stairs I Elevator [Elevator]

21. What can vegetarians can eat? [Vegetables]

22. On compass, what is the opposite of northwest? [Southeast]

23. Ounces, kg are the measures of what? [Weight]

24. Algebra, statistics are branches of which field? [Mathematics]

26. What is the difference between wall clock and wrist watch? (a) colour (b) size (c)
features (d) technology [Size]

27. Plants that are grown in between rocks [Alpine plants OR Lithophytes]

28. Picture is given and ask whose prints are these? Polar Bear or Penguin? [Polar
Bear]

29. A picture was shown of some students and asked what day is it? [Graduation Day]

30. For killing bacteria drugs used are? [Antibiotics]

31. Some calendar start their week from Sunday. Which is other day we start our week?
[Monday]

32. Picture given which shows like spacecraft and person wearing spacesuit? What place
is shown in the picture? [Space]

33. Horse is an amphibious, mammal, or retptiles? [Mammal]

34. Image of Scientist doing experiment. What the person is wearing to protect eyes
from chemical. [Goggle]

35. Which one has radius and circumference [Circle]

36. Which kind of transportation involves human effort? Horse riding, cycling and?.
[Cycling]

37. In which subject can you see this globe [geography]

38. Which subject studies the past? [history]

39. What happened to the paper? [a gust of wind]

40. What's the man in the front doing? [Giving a presentation]

41. What does I suggest for the building's name? [Lincoln Hall]

41. How many subjects does the student take? [Four]

42. What do we use to launch space shuttle? [rocket boosters]

43. What do call someone who study about rocks? [Geologist]

44. Which is not a way of public transportation? train, Model car, airplane? [Model
car.]
45. In Mathematics, there are four basic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication
and what? [Division]

46. Where does camel normally appear? [Desert]

47. How many ECO2000 are there in a week? [Five]

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

am

12pm ECO2000 ECO2000 ECO2000 ECO2000 ECO2000

2pm

48. Gram. Kilogram and velocity. which one is used to measure the speed of butterfly
wings? [velocity]

49. Which subject is in the sphere of biology? Genetics, xx, and xxx? [genetics]

50. What does a student must do when he feels ill in the test? [report to invigilator]

51. Where does crocodiles live? In forest or swamp? [swamp]

SUMMARISE WRITEN TEXT

1. Research shows that when people work with a positive mind-set, performance on
nearly every level – productivity, creativity, engagement - improves. Yet happiness is
perhaps the most misunderstood driver of performance. For one, most people believe
that success precedes happiness. “Once I get a promotion, I'll be happy,” they think. Or,
“Once I hit my sales target, I'll feel great.” But because success is a moving target – as
soon as you hit your target, you raise it again, the happiness that results from success is
fleeting. In fact, it works the other way around: People who cultivate a positive mind-set
perform better in the face of challenge. I call this the "happiness advantage” – every
business outcome shows improvement when the brain is positive. I've observed this
effect in my role as a researcher and lecturer in 48 countries on the connection between
employee happiness and success. And I'm not alone: In a meta-analysis of 225 academic
studies, researchers Sonja Lyubomirsky, Laura King, and Ed Diener found strong
evidence of directional causality between life satisfaction and successful business
outcomes. Another common misconception is that our genetics, our environment, or a
combination of the two determines how happy we are. To be sure, both factors have an
impact. But one's general sense of well-being is surprisingly malleable. The habits you
cultivate, the way you interact with coworkers, how you think about stress – all these
can be managed to increase your happiness and your chances of success.

2. Ethics is a set of moral obligations that define right and wrong in our practices and
decisions. Many professions have a formalized system of ethical practices that help guide
professionals in the field. For example, doctors commonly take the Hippocratic Oath,
which, among other things, states that doctors "do no harm" to their patients. Engineers
follow an ethical guide that states that they "hold paramount the safety, health, and
welfare of the public." Within these professions, as well as within science, the principles
become so ingrained that practitioners rarely have to think about adhering to the ethic –
it's part of the way they practice. And a breach of ethics is considered very serious,
punishable at least within the profession (by revocation of a license, for example) and
sometimes by the law as well. Scientific ethics calls for honesty and integrity in all stages
of scientific practice, from reporting results regardless to properly attributing
collaborators. This system of ethics guides the practice of science, from data collection to
publication and beyond. As in other professions, the scientific ethic is deeply integrated
into the way scientists work, and they are aware that the reliability of their work and
scientific knowledge in general depends upon adhering to that ethic. Many of the ethical
principles in science relate to the production of unbiased scientific knowledge, which is
critical when others try to build upon or extend research findings. The open publication of
data, peer review, replication, and collaboration required by the scientific ethic all help to
keep science moving forward by validating research findings and confirming or raising
questions about results.

3. Working nine to five for a single employer bears little resemblance to the way a
substantial share of the workforce makes a living today. Millions of people assemble
various income streams and work independently, rather than in structured payroll jobs.
This is hardly a new phenomenon, yet it has never been well measured in official
statistics and the resulting data gaps prevent a clear view of a large share of labor-
market activity. To better understand the independent workforce and what motivates the
people who participate in it, the McKinsey Global Institute surveyed some 8,000
respondents across Europe and the United States. We asked about their income in the
past 12 months-encompassing primary work, as well as any other income-generating
activities, and about their professional satisfaction and aspirations for work in the future.
The resulting report, Independent work: Choice, necessity, and the gig economy, finds
that up to 162 million people in Europe and the United States-or 20 to 30 percent of the
working-age population - engage in some form of independent work. While
demographically diverse, independent workers largely fit into four segments (exhibit):
free agents, who actively choose independent work and derive their primary income from
it; casual earners, who use independent work for supplemental income and do so by
choice; reluctants, who make their primary living from independent work but would
prefer traditional jobs; and the financially strapped, who do supplemental independent
work out of necessity.

4. A day would come, Percy Shelley predicted in 1813, when "the monopolizing eater of
animal flesh would no longer destroy his constitution by eating an acre at a meal". He
explained: "The quantity of nutritious vegetable matter consumed in fattening the
carcass of an ox would afford 10 times the sustenance if gathered immediately from the
bosom of the earth." Two hundred years later, mainstream agronomists and dietitians
have caught up with the poet. A growing scientific consensus agrees that feeding cereals
and beans to animals is an inefficient and extravagant way to produce human food, that
there is a limited amount of grazing land, that the world will be hard-pressed to supply a
predicted population of 9 billion people with a diet as rich in meat as the industrialized
world currently enjoys, and that it's not a very healthy diet anyway. On top of this,
livestock contribute significantly towards global warming, generating 14.5% of all
manmade greenhouse gas emissions, according to one much-quoted estimate from the
United Nations. Now that the problem has been identified, the challenge is to persuade
people in wealthy countries to eat less meat. That might seem a tall order, but
governments have successfully persuaded people to quit smoking through a combination
of public information, regulation and taxation.

5. Ecology is the study of interactions of organisms among themselves and with their
environment. It seeks to understand patterns in nature (e.g., the spatial and temporal
distribution of organisms) and the processes governing those patterns. Climatology is the
study of the physical state of the atmosphere – its instantaneous state or weather, its
seasonal-to-interannual variability, its long-term average condition or climate, and how
climate changes over time. These two fields of scientific study are distinctly different.
Ecology is a discipline within the biological sciences and has as its core the principle of
natural selection. Climatology is a discipline within the geophysical sciences based on
applied physics and fluid dynamics. Both, however, share a common history.

The origin of these sciences is attributed to Aristotle and Theophrastus and their books
Meteorological and Enquiry into Plants, respectively, but their modern beginnings trace
back to natural history and plant geography. Seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth
century naturalists and geographers saw changes in vegetation as they explored new
regions and laid the foundation for the development of ecology and climatology as they
sought explanations for these geographic patterns. Alexander von Humboldt, in the early
1800s, observed that widely separated regions have structurally and functionally similar
vegetation if their climates are similar. Alphonse de Candolle hypothesized that
latitudinal zones of tropical, temperate, and arctic vegetation are caused by temperature
and in 1874 proposed formal vegetation zones with associated temperature limits.
6. Over the years, language teachers have alternated between favoring teaching
approaches that focus primarily on language use and those that focus on language forms
or analysis. The alternation has been due to a fundamental disagreement concerning
whether one learns to communicate in a second language by communicating in that
language (such as in an immersion experience) or whether one learns to communicate in
a second language by learning the lexicogrammar – the words and grammatical
structures – of the target language. In other words, the argument has been about two
different means of achieving the same end.

As with any enduring controversy, the matter is not easily resolved. For one thing, there
is evidence to support both points of view. It is not uncommon to find learners who, for
whatever reason, find themselves in a new country or a new region of their own country,
who need to learn a new language, and who do so without the benefit of formal
instruction. If they are postpubescent, they may well retain an accent of some kind, but
they can pick up enough language to satisfy their communicative needs. In fact, some
are natural acquirers who become highly proficient in this manner. In contrast, there are
learners whose entire exposure to the new language comes in the form of classroom
instruction in lexicogrammar. Yet they too achieve a measure of communicative
proficiency, and certain of these learners become highly proficient as well. What we can
infer from this is that humans are amazingly versatile learners and that some people
have a natural aptitude for acquiring languages and will succeed no matter what the
circumstances.

7. To bring fresh water to the city, his hydraulic engineer, Eugène Belgrand, built a new
aqueduct to bring clean water from the Vanne River in Champagne, and a new huge
reservoir near the future Parc Montsouris. These two works increased the water supply of
Paris from 87,000 to 400,000 cubic metres of water a day. He laid hundreds of
kilometres of pipes to distribute the water throughout the city, and built a second
network, using the less-clean water from the Ourq and the Seine, to wash the streets
and water the new park and gardens. The population of Paris had doubled since 1815,
with no increase in its area. To accommodate the growing population and those who
would be forced from the centre by the new boulevards and squares Napoleon III
planned to build, he issued a decree annexing eleven surrounding communes, and
increasing the number of arrondissements from twelve to twenty, which enlarged the city
to its modern boundaries. Beginning in 1854, in the centre of the city, Haussmann’s
workers tore down hundreds of old buildings and cut eighty kilometres of new avenues,
connecting the central points of the city. Buildings along these avenues were required to
be the same height and in a similar style, and to be faced with cream-coloured stone,
creating the signature look of Paris boulevards. Napoleon III also wanted to build new
parks and gardens for the recreation and relaxation of the Parisians, particularly those in
the new neighbourhoods of the expanding city,] Napoleon Ill's new parks were inspired
by his memories of the parks in London, especially Hyde Park, where he had strolled and
promenaded in a carriage while in exile; but he wanted to build on a much larger scale.
Working with Haussmann and Jean-Charles Alphand, the engineer who headed the new
Service of Promenades and Plantations, he laid out a plan for four major parks at the
cardinal points of the compass around the city. Thousands of workers and gardeners
began to dig lakes, build cascades, plant lawns, flowerbeds and trees, construct chalets
and grottoes. Napoleon III created the Bois de Boulogne (1852-1858) to the west of
Paris: The Bois de Vincennes (1860-1865) to the east; the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont
(1865-1867) to the north, and Parc Montsouris (1865-1878) to the south.
8. The worldwide population of wild giant pandas increased by 268 over the last decade
according to a new survey conducted by the government of China. The increase in
population brings the total number of wild giant pandas to 1864. The population increase
represents 16.8% rise compared to the last panda survey in 2003. Wild giant pandas, a
global symbol of wildlife conservation, are found only in China’s Sichuan, Shanxi and
Gansu provinces.

According to the report, formally known as the Fourth National Giant Panda Survey, the
geographic range of pandas throughout China also increased. The total area inhabited by
wild giant pandas in China now equals 2,577,000 hectares, an expansion of 11.8% since
2003.

"These results are a testament to the conservation achievements of the Chinese

government," said Xiaohai Liu, executive director of programs, WWF- China. "A lot of
good work is being done around wild giant panda conservation, and the government has
done well to integrate these efforts and partner with conversation organizations including
WWF.

The report, the fourth in a series of decadal (10- year) surveys conducted by the State
Forestry Administration of China, began in 2011 with financial and technical support from
WWF. Much of the success in increasing the panda population comes as a result of
conservation policies implemented by the Chinese government, including the Natural
Forest Protection Project and Grain for Green.

The report found that 1,246 wild giant pandas live within nature reserves, accounting for
66.8% of the total wild population, and the habitat within nature reserves accounts for
53.8% of the total habitat area. There are currently 67 panda nature reserves in China,
an increase of 27 since the last report.

9. In a study conducted in Tubingen, Germany, chess experts and novices were shown
geometric objects and chess positions and were later asked to identify each one of them.
Their reaction times and brain activity closely monitored with the use of functional MRI
scans. On the first part, which was recognizing the geometric objects, results reveal that
the subjects’ performance didn’t show any dissimilarities, which implied that the experts’
visualization skills are no better than the amateurs’. However, during the identification of
the chess position, the experts were seen to have performance significantly faster and
better.

As the researchers geared toward an element of a study previously conducted on pattern

and object recognition by the chess experts, they had anticipated to notice areas of the
left hemisphere of the experts’ brains (involved in object recognition) to be more
reactive when they performed the tasks. However, the reaction times of the subjects
were virtually identical. The very thing that sets the experts apart from the amateurs is
that the former’s right brain hemispheres (involved in pattern recognition) were to seen
to have also lit up during the activity. Therefore, both sides of the experts’ brains were
active, processing information in two places simultaneously. The researchers added that
when they showed the chess diagrams to the subjects, they observed that the amateur
relied on looking at the pieces intently to be able to recognize them, whereas the experts
merely relied on their peripheral vision and looked across the boards.
10. Scientists have worked for many years to unravel the complex workings of the
brain. Their research efforts have greatly improved our understanding of brain function.
During the past decade alone, scientific and technical progress in all fields of brain
research has been astonishing. Using new imaging techniques, scientists can visualize
the human brain in action. Images produced by these techniques have defined brain
regions responsible for attention, memory, and emotion. A series of discoveries (in
multiple fields of study) has displaced the long-standing assumption that brain cells are
stable and unchanging. Amazingly, new findings show that some adult brain cells can
divide and grow! In addition, advances in research are allowing scientists to analyse and
make progress toward understanding the causes of inherited brain disorders such as
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Taken together, these discoveries provide
hope for the recovery of nervous system function lost through injury or disease. Despite
these and other significant advances in the field of brain research, most of the processes
responsible for the integrated functioning of billions of brain cells remain a mystery.
Research on the brain in the new millennium is crucial to our effort to come to a
complete understanding of this fascinating organ. In turn, improved understanding
makes the development of new treatment options possible. Research continues to bring
new insights into how the brain is put together, how it works, and whether damage to
the brain can be reversed.

11. Their trade networks made the Phoenicians rich but also enabled cultural exchange
and transfer between East and West in an unprecedented way: the most significant was
the spread of the alphabetic script which was adopted all over the Mediterranean.

The Phoenician alphabet is a writing system consisting of only 22 signs representing

exactly one sound (phoneme) each. The term "alphabet" derives from the names of the
first two signs in the sequence, aleph ("cattle") and beit("house"): these names also
reflect the letters' shapes, each derived from the picture of an object whose name starts
with the relevant sound.

The alphabetic script is simple enough to learn quickly, without the years of dedicated
training required to master writing systems such as cuneiform or Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Specialised schooling was unnecessary, and literacy was therefore disengaged from the
institutional context of palaces and temples where the traditional scripts continued to be
used. The alphabet suited the needs of long-distance merchants who needed to be able
to record their business affairs on the go and who, for reasons of confidentiality and
money, often preferred to write themselves rather than employ a specialist scribe. As the
script could easily be used to record any language, it was, in the course of the first
millennium BC, adapted for Aramaic, Hebrew, Greek, Phrygian, Lydian, Etruscan and
Latin, to name but a few.

12. Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the 'coffee experience' has
become a staple of our modern life and culture. While the current body of research
related to the effects of coffee consumption on human health has been contradictory, a
study in the June issue of Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety,
which is published by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), found that the potential
benefits of moderate coffee drinking outweigh the risks in adult consumers for the
majority of major health outcomes considered. Researchers at Ulster University
systematically reviewed 1,277 studies from 1970 to-date on coffee's effect on human
health and found the general scientific consensus is that regular, moderate coffee
drinking (defined as 3-4 cups per day) essentially has a neutral effect on health, or can
be mildly beneficial. The authors noted causality of risks and benefits cannot be
established for either with the research currently available as they are largely based on
observational data. Further research is needed to quantify the risk-benefit balance for
coffee consumption, as well as identify which of coffee's many active ingredients, or
indeed the combination of such, that could be inducing these health benefits.

13. Life expediencies have been rising by up to three months a year since 1840, and
there is no sign of that flattening. Lynda Gratton and Andrew Scott draw on a 2009 study
to show that if the trend continues, more than half the babies born in wealthier countries
since 2000 may reach their 100th birthdays. With a few simple, devastating strokes,
Gratton and Scott show that under the current system it is almost certain you won’t be
able to save enough to fund several decades of decent retirement. For example, if your
life expectancy is 100, you want a pension that is 50percent of your final salary, and you
save 10 percent of your earnings each year, they calculate that you won’t be able to
retire till your 80s. People with 100-year life expediencies must recognize they are in for
the long haul, and make an early start arranging their lives accordingly. But how to go
about this? Gratton and Scott advance the idea of a multistage life, with repeated
changes of direction and attention. Material and intangible assets will need upkeep,
renewal or replacement. Skills will need updating, augmenting or discarding, as will
networks of friends and acquaintances. Earning will be interspersed with learning or self-
reflection. As the authors warn, recreation will have to become re-creation.

14. The English have the reputation of being a nation of tea drinkers, but this wasn't
always the case. By the end of the 17th century, the English were the biggest coffee
drinkers in the Western world, and coffee houses became the places to be seen. As well
as gossip, you could pick up talk of the latest intellectual developments in science,
politics, and so on, in this age of scientific discovery and progress. At first coffee houses
were very basic; a room with a bar at one end and a few plain tables and chairs.
Customers paid a penny for a bowl — not a cup — of coffee. A polite young woman was
usually in charge of the bar because it was thought her presence would ensure that the
customers didn't use bad language or cause any trouble. An added attraction was that
coffee houses provided free newspapers and journals.

But people didn't go to the coffee houses just to drink coffee. They went to talk. They
soon developed from simple cafes, where anyone with a penny could go for a drink and a
chat, into clubs. People started to go to coffee houses where they would find other
people who had the same jobs or who shared their interests and ideas, to talk and
conduct business.

The great popularity of coffee houses lasted about a hundred years. In the later 18th
century, increased trade with other countries made such luxuries as coffee cheaper and
more easily available to the ordinary person. As a result, people started to drink it at
home. Also at this time more tea was imported from abroad, and the century of the
coffee house was replaced by the domestic tea-party as the typical English social
occasion.

15. For those political analysts whose main interest remains class divisions in society the
biggest split these days is that between those who control and work with informational
technology (IT) and those we might still call blue-collar workers. The old divisions of
class have become a lot more difficult to apply, if not completely outdated. There's no
escaping the enormous impact of information technology in the late 20th and, even
more, the early 21st centuries, both economically and socially.

During the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries, the spirit of experiment
was in the air, and those involved were practical people working to practical ends —
often on their own or with a small group of trusted friends. Secrecy was important as
there was money to be made in new inventions.

What interested them were results, not theories. Most modern technological advances,
however, were developed as theories first, and then made reality by large teams of
scientists and experts in the field. What we have now is that more and more of this type
of expertise is being used to analyse and find solutions to all kinds of business and social
problems, thus creating — in the eyes of the political analysts mentioned above — a
whole large new economic and social class.

16. As an art, architecture is essentially abstract and nonrepresentational and involves

the manipulation of the relationships of spaces, volumes, planes, masses, and voids.
Time is also an important factor in architecture, since a building is usually comprehended
in a succession of experiences rather than all at once. In most architecture there is no
one vantage point from which the whole structure can be understood. The use of light
and shadow, as well as surface decoration, can greatly enhance a structure.

The analysis of building types provides an insight into past cultures and eras. Behind
each of the greater styles lies not a casual trend nor a vogue, but a period of serious and
urgent experimentation directed toward answering the needs of a specific way of life.
Climate, methods of labor, available materials, and economy of means all impose their
dictates. Each of the greater styles has been aided by the discovery of new construction
methods. Once developed, a method survives tenaciously, giving way only when social
changes or new building techniques have reduced it. That evolutionary process is
exemplified by the history of modern architecture, which developed from the first uses of
structural iron and steel in the mid-19th cent.

17. The saying "The camera never lies." has been with us almost since the beginning of
photography — yet we all now know that it can, and does lie, and very convincingly. Yet
most of us still seem to trust the truth of a photographic image — especially in our
newspapers or on TV news reports — even though we may question its message. We
think of photographs as an accurate reflection of unaltered reality. We're convinced of
this when we take unposed snaps on our family holidays or of colleagues the worse for
wear at the office party. It is this property of photography that makes it hard to question
the evidence before our eyes.

Our holiday snaps, though, like photographs showing life ten, fifty, a hundred years ago,
tend only to bring about at most a feeling of nostalgia — not always a negative emotion.
Many people keep albums to relive the better moments of their lives — and their impact
is reduced by the fact that what they show is over, part of history. News photos, on the
other hand, in presenting moments of an event that is probably still going on
somewhere, must provoke a more vivid, emotional response.

18. A country's standard of living generally depends on the size of its national income.
Standards of living are measured by such things as the number of cars, televisions,
telephones, computers, washing machines, and so on, for every one thousand people.
There is, however, no standard international index, which is why national income figures
are used as a substitute. But the use of these figures to compare the standard of living
between countries needs to be done carefully, because they are, at best, only a rough
guide which can be misleading. The main problem here is that it is necessary to have a
common unit of measurement if any sort of comparison is to be made at all. It has
become the custom to use the dollar, and each country's currency is converted at its
official exchange rate into a national income figure in dollars. Now, since the exchange
rate is often set at an artificial level in relation to dollars, you are likely to end up with a
figure that is useless for your purposes.

19. Many people have problems with irony, both in their everyday lives and as it is used
or deployed in literature. We learn early on at school about "dramatic irony", that is, we
are told, when the audience of a play is aware of some situation or circumstance, or has
information that one or more characters in the play do not. If you like, you are sharing a
secret with the writer — you are in the know. Perhaps, as you go about your daily
business, irony is not so clear-cut.

Here's an example: your neighbour draws your attention to how lovely the dandelions
and daisies growing in your lawn are. Now, to someone not familiar with the care and
attention many English people give to their gardens, this might need a bit of explanation.
Lawns are grass, and are cut and rolled regularly so that a professional golfer could
practice his putting on it. Daisies and dandelions are weeds. For a moment — but just for
a moment — you wonder how serious your neighbour is being. Does he really think the
weeds are lovely or is he telling you — in a rather superior way — that you're a lousy
gardener?

Irony, however, usually needs an audience; and not only does it need some people to
get the point, it also very much needs there to be people who don't. There is, it has to
be said, a rather undemocratic air of superiority about it.

Irony is slippery, sometimes difficult to get a firm hold on, and can easily backfire, like a
joke that falls flat. It wasn't until the 19th century that Britain had a police force as we
know it today. In medieval times, the maintenance of law and order was in the hands of
local nobles and lords who were expected to keep the peace in their own land, and they
would often appoint "constables" to police it. For a long time, policing remained an
unpaid activity or was paid for privately, either by individuals or organizations. There
were also people who made a living as "thief takers". They were not paid wages, but
were rewarded by a proportion of the value of the stolen possessions they recovered.
Later, in London, where the population was rapidly increasing crime was rising, night-
watchmen — the first paid law enforcement body — were created and worked alongside
the unpaid, part-time constables.

Britain, then, was slower to create and develop a police force than the rest of Europe:
France had one long before — indeed, the word police is taken from the French. This fact
was not unimportant, as the very idea of a police force was seen as foreign — that is,
French — and particularly undesirable, and was generally regarded as a form of
oppression.

It was not until Robert Peel set up his "new police" as a separate force in 1829 that
policemen began to replace the old part-time constables. Sir Robert "Bobby" Peel's own
name provided two common nicknames for the new force: "Peelers" or "Bobbies". These
names seem mild, if not affectionate, and are possibly an interesting gauge of how the
police were viewed by people at the time, in contrast with the kind of names they get
called these days.

Why throw everything you say into doubt? Besides, there's an unpleasant air of
intellectual snobbery about it, and that sort of thing doesn't go down well any more.

20. Current research into the nature of the relationship between participation in physical
activity/sport and educational performance has produced mixed, inconsistent and often
non-comparable results. For example, some cross-sectional studies illustrate a positive
correlation between participation in sport and physical activity and academic success
(e.g. maths, reading, acuity, reaction times). However, critics point to a general failure
to solve the issue of direction of cause — whether intelligence leads to success in sport,
whether involvement in sport enhances academic performance, or whether a third factor
(e.g. personality traits) explains both.

Longitudinal studies also generally support the suggestion that academic performance is
enhanced, or at least maintained, by increased habitual physical activity. Yet such
studies are criticized for not being definitive because some do not use randomised
allocation of pupils to experimental and control groups (to control for pre-existing
differences), others tend to use (subjective) teacher-assigned grades to assess academic
achievement, rather than standardised and comparable tests; and some programmes
include parallel interventions, making it difficult to isolate specific effects.

More generically, one key piece of research illustrates that both acute exercise and
chronic training programmes have small, but beneficial, positive impacts on cognitive
performance. However, this study concludes that as experimental rigour decreased,
effect size increased. Further, generalisation is limited because effect size is influenced
by the nature and type of exercise, the type of participants, the nature of the cognitive
tests and the methodological quality of the study.

21. Is the purpose of history to promote a strong national identity and support national
myths? Certainly, it has been used in this way for centuries, and this is often reflected in
the history curriculum. We can all remember history at school as being a matter of
learning lots of facts and dates, and long lists of kings and queens - a grand narrative of
how we got from a· not so civilized past to the great nation we are today. Putting aside
the fact that national identity is a complex and divisive question - especially in countries
like the UK, which is comprised of several nationalities - this approach to history
emphasizes a broad understanding, rather than a detailed understanding.

Yet history is, or should be, a critical, skeptical discipline: some historians see their work
as disproving myths, demolishing orthodoxies. and exposing politically-motivated
narratives which claim to be objective. What students need to develop are more critical
and analytical skills; in other words, to think for themselves. They can do this by
studying certain historical problems in depth. This involves being critical of the narratives
presented by historians and skeptical of the myths preserved in the national memory.

22. How do we measure efficiency? To economists - or to a certain type of economist - it

is simply a question of profitability, even when it concerns what most people consider a
social provision such as public transport. What is lost when railway lines and bus routes
to small, out-of-the-way communities are cut in the name of efficiency? After all, if a line
or a route is only used occasionally by a few people,it would be much cheaper to rip up
the lines and let everyone use their cars.

For many governments, the way to turn inefficient national services into profitable
businesses has been to sell off these services - and their responsibilities - to private
enterprises. Cost, in terms of profit and loss, is of course an important factor, but other
factors need to be considered when dealing with the livelihoods of whole communities,
however small. Among these are the social, environmental, human and cultural costs
incurred by cutting off more remote communities from greater opportunities, including
economic activities that benefit society as a whole.

Taking away such links - the usual result of privatization - may well lead to economic
benefits in the short term, but, as the last twenty to thirty years have shown, also leads
to long-term social and cultural damage. Of course, no business with its eye on profits is
going to "waste" money supporting underused services. Only large collective bodies such
as national and local governments can do that. These services are, after all, a social
provision, not businesses.

23. Humans have been cultivating chilies as food for 6,000 years, but we are still
learning new things about the science behind their heat and how it reacts with our body.
In the late 1900's, scientists identified the pain nerves that detect capsaicin: the
chemical in chillies responsible for most of the burning sensation in our mouth. But it's
only during the last few years that scientists have also learnt why chilies evolved to be
spicy in the first place, and they have managed to cultivate new varieties that are up to
300 times hotter than the common Jalapeno.

The hottest part of a chilli is not the seeds, as many people think, but the white flesh
that houses the seeds, known as the placenta. But why did chillies evolve to be hot in
the first place? Most scientists believe capsaicin acts mainly as a deterrent against
would-be mamma l predato rs such as rodents. But recent research suggests this may
not be the whole story. US scientists working in Bolivia have studied how hot and mild
chillies differ in their susceptibility to a certain harmful fungus. It turns out that the
hotter the chilli, the better its defences against the fungus, leading the researchers to
propose that heat may have evolved to help chillies deal with harmful microbes, as well
as hungry mammals.

24. We know that Shakespeare took whole chunks of Plutarch word for word to use in
his Roman plays — though, of course, in doing so he turned them into great poetry.
Does this make Shakespeare a plagiarist? Was he a word thief?

In its legal definition, plagiarism includes "both the theft or misrepresentation of

intellectual property and the substantial textual copying of another's work". But it is also
considered to be a factor of a particular culture or time — that is, in some cultures and in
some periods the idea was undefined — which makes it harder to identify precisely.
However, the main problem these days is plagiarism in academic writing, which is
becoming increasingly common, due to the vast amount of material that has been
published which can be accessed via the Internet. This easy access, coupled with the
increasing pressure put on students, has led to a rapid rise in incidents of plagiarism. It
comes down to who owns the intellectual property in question, and with the advent of
the Internet this has become less clearly defined.
25. By far the most popular and most consumed drink in the world is water, but it may
come as no surprise that the second most popular beverage is tea. Although tea was
originally grown only in certain parts of Asia – in countries such as China, Burma and
India – it is now a key export product in more than 50 countries around the globe.
Countries that grow tea, however, need to have the right tropical climate, which includes
up to 200 centimeters of rainfall per year to encourage fast growth, and temperatures
that range from ten to 35 degrees centigrade. They also need to have quite specific
geographical features, such as high altitudes to promote the flavor and taste of the tea,
and land that can offer plenty of shade in the form of other trees and vegetation to keep
the plants cool and fresh. Together these conditions contribute to the production of the
wide range of high-quality teas that are in such huge demand among the world’s
consumers. There is green tea, jasmine tea, earl grey tea, pepper mint tea, tea to help
you sleep, tea to promote healing and tea to relieve stress; but above all, tea is a social
drink that seems to suit the palates and consumption habits of human beings in general.

26. A company in the USA is paying its employees to sleep more. Staff at the insurance
company Aetna will get $300 a year added to their salary if they get at least seven hours
of sleep a night. That works out to just over an extra dollar for each night the employee
sleeps over seven hours. The idea behind this scheme is employee performance. Human
resources officials say employees will work better if they have slept well. They add that a
workforce that is more awake and alert will mean the company will perform better. Staff
can either record their sleep automatically using a wrist monitor that connects to Aetna's
computers, or manually record how long they have slept every night.

There are a number of studies that warn that not sleeping enough can affect our ability
to do our job. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine said that the average worker in
the USA loses 11.3 working days of productivity a year because of not getting enough
sleep. This costs companies about $2,280 for one worker. It estimates that the US
economy loses $63.2 billion a year because workers do not sleep more than seven hours
a night. A 2015 study in Europe by the Rand Corporation found that staff who slept less
than seven hours per night were far less productive than workers who had eight or more
hours of sleep. The staff at Aetna also receive extra cash if they do exercise.

27. Twin studies have been very useful in giving us information about whether our
genes or our environment makes us who we are. A surprising result is the way that
genes influence our work. At a basic level, our genes affect how we look and so they
influence whether we can become a basketball player or a supermodel, for example.
However, there is evidence that genes influence our job choice in much greater ways.

Research shows that identical twins choose more similar jobs than non-identical twins. In
fact, identical twins who have grown up apart choose more similar jobs than non-
identical twins who have grown up together. Studies also show that identical twins
suggest that our genes affect both the satisfaction that comes from doing a job and
satisfaction that comes from working conditions such as a person's pay or their manager.

So what does this mean? It means that from birth, you are more likely to prefer one
occupation to another and find certain jobs more satisfying than others. However, genes
are not the only factor. Other things in your life, such as family background and
education, will also be influential in your career choices.
28. A large new study has found that people who regularly took a siesta were
significantly less likely to die of heart disease.

"Taking a nap could turn out to be an important weapon in the fight against coronary
mortality," said DimitriosTrichopoulos of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston,
who led the study published yesterday in the Archives of Internal Medicine.

The study of more than 23,000 Greek adults -- the biggest and best examination of the
subject to date found that those who regularly took a midday siesta were more than 30
percent less likely to die of heart disease.

Other experts said the results are intriguing. Heart disease kills more than 650,000
Americans each year, making it the nation's No. 1 cause of death.

"It's interesting. A little siesta, a little snooze may be beneficial," said Gerald Fletcher, a
cardiologist at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Fla., speaking on behalf of the American
Heart Association. "It's simple, but it has a lot of promise."

While more research is needed to confirm and explore the findings, there are several
ways napping could reduce the risk of heart attacks, experts said.

"Napping may help deal with the stress of daily living," said Michael Twery, who directs
the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's National Center on Sleep Disorders
Research. "Another possibility is that it is part of the normal biological rhythm of daily
living. The biological clock that drives sleep and wakefulness has two cycles each day,
and one of them dips usually in the early afternoon. It's possible that not engaging in
napping for some people might disrupt these processes."

Researchers have long known that countries such as Greece, Italy and Spain, where
people commonly take siestas, have lower rates of heart disease than would be
expected. But previous studies that attempted to study the relationship between naps
and heart disease have produced mixed results. The new study is first to try to fully
account for factors that might confuse the findings, such as physical activity, diet and
other illnesses.

"This study has a number of advantages," Trichopoulos said. He and colleagues at the
University of Athens examined 23,681 Greek men and women ages 20 to 86 who had no
history of heart disease or any other serious health problem when they enrolled in the
study between 1994 and 1999. The researchers asked the participants whether they took
midday naps and, if so, how often and for how long. They also asked detailed questions
about their health and lifestyles, such as whether they had any illnesses that might make
them sleep more, how much exercise they got and what they ate.

After an average of more than six years of follow-up, 792 of the study subjects died,
including 133 who died of heart disease. Of that group, 94 were nappers. After the
researchers accounted for factors that could confuse the issue, they found that those
who took naps frequently were 34 percent less likely to die of heart disease than those
who did not. The biggest nappers-79 people who took a siesta for 30 minutes or more at
least three times a week-had a 37 percent lower risk.

Naps appeared to offer the most protection to working men: Those who took midday
siestas either occasionally or systematically had a 64 percent lower risk of death from
heart disease. Non-working men had a 36 percent reduction in risk. A similar analysis
could not be done in women because too few died of heart disease.

29. Getting to know fellow academics, especially more senior ones, can be very
daunting. Lecturers and researchers are used to spending a lot of time in isolation
working independently. The thought of going public and ‘selling yourself' does not seem
enticing. However, it is easier than you think to begin to develop your own career-
enhancing networks. Your PhD supervisor and examiners or if you are already in post,
your mentor, are a great place to start. They will have been chosen to guide you because
they are more experienced and in most cases they will work close to your field of
interest. Ask their advice for ways of building up your own network of contacts. Also it is
easier to approach someone unknown to you if you can mention the name of a mutual
acquaintance.

If you are a postgraduate who is serious about a career in academia, or a more senior
scholar wanting to develop one, you will surely be attending conferences on a fairly
regular basis. There is no right or wrong number of these, some scholars stick to one or
two a year, others seem to attend one a month! Conferences are the main way that
academics network with each other, so do not miss out on these opportunities. If you are
presenting a paper it gives others a chance to see what you are working on, and the
informal sections of the programme (such as food and drink breaks) encourage mingling
and further discussion.

30. An international team of scientists is set to go to Arctic to investigate the Greenland

shark longevity mystery. The shark is known to be the longest living vertebrate animal
on the planet Earth. One of the members is Dr. Holy Shiels, a physiologist and senior
lecturer in the Faculty of Life Sciences at the University of Manchester. She will be the
only British scientist in the team to study Greenland shark, which is believed to be the
vertebrate animals and mammals with the longest living. The shark is reported to have
lived for more than 200 years, and possibly close to or more than 400 years. The shark
is both hunter and a scavenger, that feed on seals and other animals including polar
bears and whales. It is also known as one of the largest sharks, reaching to five and a
half meters (1 8 feet), very close to the size of a great white. The research team is
commissioned by the Greenland government and will conduct the research on board the
multi-purpose research vessel Sanna, operated by the Greenland Institute of Natural
Resources. A Greenland shark is estimated to be able to live for 400 years according to
Science Magazine. Professor Shiels expects to gather sufficient data of Greenland shark,
a top predator in the Arctic sea. She wanted to find a clue of how Greenland shark is able
to survive in the deep sea of the Arctic sea, by examining how its heart and circulation
work in its normal habitat, as she specializes in the cardiovascular function. "Greenland
sharks are classified as data deficient," Shiels said. "This means that we don't know
enough to put measures in place to protect them from over-fishing, pollution or climate
change."

31. It’s important to realise that the brain doesn't see the world around it simply as
though the scene was projected onto a cinema screen on the inside of your skull. Before
a scene can be observed "in your head" it has to be broken down into a number of
different components for processing, and these components then have to be recombined
into the meaningful form that we call "an image". Amongst other things, the scene is
broken down into its different colours — red, green and blue — in a way that's analogous
to the manner in which a television image or magazine photograph is broken down into
tiny dots of primary colours (which are too small to be noticed individually when we look
at them, but which when seen collectively give the impression of a continuous full colour
image). However, unlike and magazine images, the image that we see with our eyes is
broken down not only into separate colour components but into other components too. It
is, rather incredibly, deconstructed into component parts such as horizontal lines, vertical
lines, circles and so on. Each of these component parts is sent to a separate area of the
brain for processing, with the different components of the scene only merging again
when they are unified into what you perceive as the image.

32. The shipping container is one of the mainstays of international trade. The globalised
modern economy depends on the rapid and efficient movement of goods that
containerisation allows. In many ways it was the advent of the container that allowed
this globalised economy to develop.

Invented during World War two as an efficient method of moving equipment to the front
lines, there are now at any one time up to 15 million containers being used to transport
goods on land and sea or waiting to be filled at factories and ports. They are vital in the
supply chain and have allowed the added efficiency of "just in time" inventory
management, where companies no longer keep large warehouses of stock or parts, but
rely on the ability to quickly order what they want from their suppliers. It is estimated
that since the 1980s the ratio of inventory to GDP in American business has fallen from
25% to 15%. Altogether total business inventory in the US is estimated at $1.5 trillion,
without "just in time" management methods this might be as much as $2.5 trillion.

This means that companies rely more and more on the prompt delivery of parts from
their suppliers to fulfill orders. This is particularly true of industries such as computer
manufacture, which no longer make all the parts of the products that bear their names,
but instead out source, often to suppliers half way around the world. American computer
manufacturers are, for example, increasingly dependent on Asian microchip
manufacturers in countries such as Taiwan and Thailand.

33. Tim Berners-Lee believes the internet can foster human understanding and even
world peace Times Online, March 20, 2010. He is the man who has changed the world
more than anyone else in the past hundred years. Sir Tim Berners-Lee may be a mild-
mannered academic who lives modestly in Boston, but as the inventor of the world wide
web he is also a revolutionary. Along with Galileo, William Caxton and Sir Isaac Newton,
he is a scientist who has altered the way people think as well as the way they live

Since the web went global 20 years ago, the way we shop, listen to music and
communicate has been transformed. There are implications for politics, literature,
economics even terrorism because an individual can now have the same access to
information as the elite. Society will never be the same.

The computer scientist from Oxford, who built his own computer from a television screen
and spare parts after he was banned from one of the university computers, is a cultural
guru as much as a technological one. It is amazing how far we've come, he says. But
you're always wondering what’s the next crazy idea, and working to make sure the web
stays one web and that the internet stays open. There isn't much time to sit back and
reflect. We speak for more than an hour about everything from Facebook to fatwas,
Wikipedia to Google. He invented the web, he says, because he was frustrated that he
couldn't find all the information he wanted in one place. It was an imaginary concept that
he realized.

34. The suburbs of Las Vegas do not look like the cradle of a revolution. Golden stucco-
clad houses stretch for street after identical street, interspersed with gated communities
with names such as Spanish Oaks and Rancho Bel Air. The sky is the deepest blue, the
desert air is clear and the distant mountains are beautiful. The only sounds are the buzz
of a gardener’s hedge trimmer and a squeaking baby buggy pushed by a power-walking
mother. The bright lights of Sin City seem a very long way away. Yet these quiet streets
are being changed by a movement that is gathering momentum across America and
around the world, challenging one of the most fundamental of economic relationships:
the way we use and pay for energy. There are now more than 7,000 homes in Nevada
fitted with solar panels to generate their own electricity, and the number is rising fast.
Just five years ago, residential solar power was still a niche product for the homeowner
with a fat wallet and a bleeding heart. Not anymore. Technology, politics and finance
have aligned to move it into the mainstream. Solar power has become the fastest-
growing energy source in the US.

For decades the electricity industry has been a cautious and conservative business, but
the plunging prices of solar panels, down by about two-thirds in the past six years, have
woken it up with a bang. Dynamic rooftop solar power companies have entered the
market, in the most radical change to electricity supplies since the industry was born in
the 19th century. It has been described as the equivalent of the mobile revolution in
telephony, or the PC in computing.

35. What killed off the dinosaurs?The end of the Cretaceous Period saw one of the most
dramatic mass extinctions the Earth has ever seen.The fossil record shows that
throughout their 160-million-year existence, dinosaurs took on a huge variety of forms
as the environment changed and new species evolved that were suited to these new
conditions. Others that failed to adapt went extinct.But then 66 million years ago, over a
relatively short time, dinosaurs disappeared completely (except for birds). Many other
animals also died out, including pterosaurs, large marine reptiles, and other sea
creatures such as ammonites. Although the number of dinosaur species was already
declining, this suggests a sudden catastrophic event sealed their fate, causing
unfavourable changes to the environment more quickly than dinosaurs and other
creatures could adapt.The exact nature of this catastrophic event is still open to scientific
debate. The catastrophe could have been an asteroid impact, volcanic eruptions or the
effect of both, together with more gradual changes in the Earth’s climate over millions of
years.Whatever the causes, the huge extinction that ended the age of the dinosaur left
gaps in the ecosystem that were subsequently filled by mammals and birds, allowing
them to evolve rapidly.

36. Times are fraught, and overstretched executives are constantly on the lookout for a
way to clear their minds so they can work in a calmer, more effective, and more
responsive way. Cultivating a special state of consciousness called 'mindfulness' — an
intense awareness of the here and now — is proving attractive to a growing number of
senior managers, both in the US and elsewhere.

Mindfulness is achieved by meditation techniques, often involving sitting on a cushion,

eyes closed, concentrating on the inflow and outflow of your breath. Or you might spend
10 minutes studying, sniffing, tasting and finally eating a piece of fruit. That might make
it sound like a remnant of the navel-gazing 1960s and 1970s, but the evidence for
mindfulness's effectiveness is good enough to have impressed hard-nosed companies
such as Google (which has invited mindfulness gurus to speak at the Googleplex),
General Mills, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deutsche Bank, Procter & Gamble, AstraZeneca,
Apple, Credit Suisse, KPMG, Innocent, Reuters and many more.

According to Don McCormick, assistant professor of management at California State

University and a dedicated meditator, it 'can help individuals to manage workplace
stress, perform tasks more effectively, enhance self-awareness and self-regulation,
experience work as more meaningful, improve workplace relationships, increase ethical
behavior, and make perception more accurate'. It is said to pay dividends for leaders and
managers, by improving the quality of their listening and communicating.

37. Tradition and commerce often clash in many cultures. In Trinidad, it is the Carnival
that is the cause of current friction. The complaint, as you would expect, is that
traditional skills and creativity are being lost in the rush to make profits. And the profits
are large: the two-day festival, which attracts up to 40,000 tourists each year, is
estimated to generate somewhere between $27 million and $100 million.

A particular problem for the traditionalists is that the extravagant colorful costumes
people wear in the bands or processions are now largely being imported, especially from
China. These costumes are cheaper and more revealing (another cause of complaint)
than those made locally. Critics say these imports are a threat to traditional creations
and, worse, mean sending work elsewhere. Others see turning the Carnival into a
profitable and exportable industry as a progressive move, benefiting the country as a
whole.

A large number of people are in two minds. On the one hand, the changes are a
reflection of what people - mainly tourists - want, and bring in money. On the other,
there is a desire to preserve traditions. The transformation of the bands and processions
into businesses has disrupted the social order, which used to be made up of friends
getting together to relax, eat and drink, and make costumes. Both sides agree, though,
that the country needs to make better use of the skills of the people in the Carnival
business and that the country's resources must appeal to a wider market.

38. Broadly speaking, there are two different ways of thinking about modern art, or two
different versions of the story. One way is to view art as something that can be practised
(And though of) as an activity radically separate from everyday life or worldly concerns.
From this point of view, art is said to be “autonomous” from society – that is, it is
believed to be self-sustaining and self-referring. One particularly influential versions of
this story suggest that modern art should be viewed as process by which features
extraneous to a particular branch of art would be progressively eliminated, and painters
or sculptors would come to concentrate on problems specific to their domain. Another
way of thinking about modern art is to view it as responding to the modern world, and to
see modern artists immersing themselves in the conflicts and challenges of society. That
is to say, some modern artists sought ways of conveying the changing experiences
generated in European by the twin processes of commercialisation (the commodification
of everyday life) and urbanisation. From this point of view, modern art is a way of
reflecting on the transformation that created what we call, in a sort of shorthand,
“modernity”.
39. Spurred by the sense that disorderly behaviour among students in South Euclid was
increasing, the school resource officer (SRO) reviewed data regarding referrals to the
principal's office. He found that the high school reported thousands of referrals a year for
bullying and that the junior high school had recently experienced a 30 percent increase
in bullying referrals. Police data showed that juvenile complaints about disturbances,
bullying, and assaults after school hours had increased 90 percent in the past 10 years.

The SRO worked in close collaboration with a social worker and the university
researcher. They coordinated a Response Planning Team comprising many stakeholders
that was intended to respond to each of the areas identified in the initial analysis.
Environmental changes included modifying the school schedule and increasing teacher
supervision of hotspots. Counsellors and social workers conducted teacher training
courses in conflict resolution and bullying prevention. Parent education included mailings
with information about bullying, an explanation of the new school policy, and a
discussion about what could be done at home to address the problems. Finally, student
education included classroom discussions between homeroom teachers and students, as
well as assemblies conducted by the SRO. The SRO also opened a substation next to a
primary hotspot. The Ohio Department of Education contributed by opening a new
training centre to provide a non-traditional setting for specialized help.

The results from the various responses were dramatic. School suspensions decreased 40
percent. Bullying incidents dropped 60 percent in the hallways and 80 percent in the gym
area. Follow-up surveys indicated that there were positive attitudinal changes among
students about bullying and that more students felt confident that teachers would take
action when a problem arose. Teachers indicated that training sessions were helpful and
that they were more likely to talk about bullying as a serious issue. Parents responded
positively, asking for more information about the problem in future mailings. The overall
results suggest that the school environments were not only safer; but that early
intervention was helping at-risk students succeed in school (South Euclid (Ohio) Police
Department, 2001).

40. Disabled people were among the early adopters of personal computers. They were
quick to appreciate that word processing programs and printers gave them freedom from
dependence on others to read and write for them. Some of these disabled early adopters
became very knowledgeable about what could be achieved and used their knowledge to
become independent students at a high level. They also gained the confidence to ask
that providers of education make adjustments so that disabled students could make
better use of course software and the web, rather than just word processing.

For some disability groups, information in electronic format (whether computer-based or

web-based) can be more accessible than printed information. For example, people who
have limited mobility or limited manual skills can find it difficult to obtain or hold printed
material; visually impaired people can find it difficult or impossible to read print, but both
these groups can be enabled to use a computer and, therefore, access the information
electronically.

Online communication can enable disabled students to communicate with their peers on
an equal basis. For example, a deaf student or a student with Asperger’s syndrome may
find it difficult to interact in a face-to-face tutorial, but may have less difficulty
interacting when using a text conferencing system in which everyone types and reads
text. In addition, people’s disabilities are not necessarily visible in online communication
systems; so disabled people do not have to declare their disability and are not perceived
as being different.

41. The 1920's movie goers experience was largely dominated by silent movies but saw
the introduction of synchronized sound. In the 1920's movie stars were really stars -
with huge salaries, the fashions and activities of the Hollywood greats echoed around the
world and 100,000 people would gather in cities all over the world, including such
diverse cities as London and Moscow, to greet Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks when
they toured of Europe. Early silent movies were often accompanied by live piano or
organ music and provided enormous entertainment value to audiences captivated by the
experience of watching moving pictures on the silver screen. Although the had been
previous attempts to introduce sound, it wasn’t until 1923 that a synchronized sound
track was photographically recorded and printed on to the side of the strip of motion
picture film and made it on to a commercially distributed movie. It would still be seven
long years before taking pictures gained total supremacy and finally replaced the silent
film era.

The first movie theatres were called Nickelodeons, and were very basic compared the
luxurious picture palaces that followed but what an aura of excitement, of laughter, fun
and tears surrounded them! Before the introduction of movie soundtracks, movies were
often accompanied by scripted music from a piano.

42. The National Oceanography Center

The National Oceanography Center (NOC) is engaged in research into the potential risks
and benefits of exploiting deep-sea mineral resources, some of which are essential for
low-carbon technology, as well as using ocean robots to estimate the environmental
impact of these potential deep-sea mining activities.

Late last year the NOC led an expedition on the RRS James Cook that found enough of
the scarce element Tellurium present in the crust of a submerged volcano that, if it were
all to be used in the production of solar PV panels, could provide two-thirds of the UK's
annual electricity supply. Recently, the NOC also led an international study
demonstrating deep-sea nodule mining will cause long-lasting damage to deep-sea life,
lasting at least for decades.

These nodules are potato-sized rocks containing high levels of metals, including copper.
manganese and nickel. They grow very slowly on the sea-bed, over millions of years.
Although no commercial operations exist to extract these resources, many are planned.

Professor Edward Hill, Executive Director at the NOC commented, -By 2050 there will be
nine billion people on earth and attention is increasingly turning to the ocean,
particularly the deep ocean, for food, clean supplies of energy and strategic minerals.
The NOC is undertaking research related to many aspects and perspectives involved in
exploiting ocean resources. This research is aimed at informing with sound scientific
evidence the decisions that will need to be taken in the future, as people increasingly
turn to the oceans to address some of society's greatest challenges'
ESSAYS AND SOME IDEAS:

Essay question Main ideas in bullet

point

Position: Yes.

1. Whether travel is a necessary component of a quality education.

Discuss and give your own experience. 1. Explore
Cultural
Differences.
In communicating
and interacting
with other cultures,
people find just
how they vary from
your own.

2. Learn
independence.
In many cases,
travellers have to
deal with
unplanned
incidents, a well-
planned traveler
will see his or her
plans fall awry.

2. In the education system, assessments through formal

written examinations are still valid. Discuss your opinion with
your own experiences.
 Position: agree

1. Laws act as a
deterrent to
criminals.
3. Some people believe law changes human behaviors. Do you
agree or disagree? Laws have a
deterrent effect in
that it deters people
from engaging in
harmful activities. If
punishment can be
expected, offenders
are less likely to
commit crimes.

2. Laws put
obligations on
citizens.

Human are social

creatures and they
cannot live alone. As
laws are serving the
best interests of a
country, citizens are
obliged to obey rules
and regulations so
that they have to
restrain their
behaviors.
 Opinion:

4. Television has many useful functions to play in everyone’s life,

for some its relaxation, for some it is the companion. Discuss your 1. For the elders,
viewpoint and support your answer with examples and discussion television is an
point. artificial companion.

As people grow older

they become isolated
and lonely due to the
fact that more and
more friends move
away, become
disabled or die.
Watching a TV may
be their best leisure
pastime and more
importantly, it
provides
distraction and
escape, a means to
console their
solitude.

2. For the young

generation, viewing
TVs could be a
relaxation.

Unlike elders, adults

and children are
socially connected,
and their purpose of
watching TVs is
purely for
entertainment. They
are amused,
attracted and tend to
prolong their
viewing.
 Proposition:

1. Social media
accelerates our
5. The way many people interact with each other has changed online relationships
because of technology. In what ways has technology affected the but also renders
types of relationships that people make? Has this been a positive or isolation.
negative development?
It is much easier to
make friends online
and be connected via
internet. However,
mistakenly substitute
online friends for
physical one causes
a sense of isolation.

2. We talk less and

text more so we fail
to deliver emotion.

It is a great
convenience to be
able to send a short
message instead of
committing to a full
conversation with
every person in your
life. However, words
express meanings
but they do not
necessarily convey
emotions. You
cannot detect tone
when reading texts.
 Opinions:

6. It is argued that getting married before finishing school or 1. Marriage is more

getting a job is not a good choice. To what extent do you agree or about the 'perfect
disagree? person' than the
'perfect age'.

Getting a job or
finishing school is
not a necessity of
being prepared for
marriage. Marriage is
more about find the
right person with
whom you develop
your relationship.

2. Spend more
quality time with
each other.

Marry early means

you are more likely
to be a companion to
your partner rather
than just being a
husband or a
wife. You will have
enough time to
adjust with each
other’s’
temperament, and
understand one
another before you
delve into more
serious and deeper
responsibilities of
life.
 Opinion:

7. In underdeveloped countries, tourism has disadvantages and 1. Tourism is a

can be said the opposite as well. Discuss your opinions and give vehicle for economic
examples. growth and creation
of employment.

Tourism
contributes more to
the less developed
countries GDP, and
is responsible for
employment and
poor alleviation.

2. Transmission of
disease

International
travellers enabled
the outbreaks of
some form of
disease to spread
across borders.
However, the health
facilities in these
countries are poor.
 Opinion:

1. Having a routine
8. Some people could stay effective in their lives by doing the could bring
repetitive routine, such as eating the same diet and doing exercise. effectiveness.
Do you think it can apply to everyone? Habits are actions
that you take on a
repeated basis with
little or no required
effort or thought.
Establishing and
following a positive
daily routine gives
you structure,
establish priorities
and creating
momentum that will
carry you on the
day.

2. However, what
works for someone
else, might not work
for you. There are
plenty of ways to
keep motivated and
effective.

Checking emails
immediately after
waking up may ruin
your day because,
you are spending the
best part of the day
on other people’s
priorities.
 Possible ideas:

1. The internet

9. In the past 100 years, there are many important inventions such
as antibiotics, airplanes and computers. What do you think is the The invention of the
most important invention for the past century? Why? internet was the
most life-changing
moment of the past
100 years. The
internet has become
a fundamental part
of daily life for so
many; it is difficult
now to imagine life
without it.

It has revolutionized
communications, to
the extent that it is
now our preferred
medium of everyday
communication. In
almost everything
we do, we use the
Internet. Ordering a
pizza, buying a
television, sharing a
moment with a
friend, sending a
picture over instant
messaging. Before
the Internet, if you
wanted to keep up
with the news, you
had to walk down to
the news-stand
when it opened in
the morning and buy
a local edition
reporting what had
happened the
previous day. But
today a click or two
is enough to read
your local paper and
any news source
from anywhere in
the world, updated
up to the minute.

The Internet was no

longer concerned
with information
exchange alone: it
was a sophisticated
multidisciplinary tool
enabling individuals
to create content,
communicate with
one another, and
even escape reality.
Today, we can send
data from one end of
the world to the
other in a matter of
seconds, make
online presentations,
live in parallel “game
worlds,” and use
pictures, video,
sound, and text to
share our real lives,
our genuine identity.
Personal stories go
public; local issues
become global.
 Possible ideas:

The information
revolution is
changing the world
in a number of
important ways. The
power of nearly
instantaneous
communication of
10. Information revolution has changed the way of mass vast amounts of
communications and had some negative and positive effects on information — a
individual lives as well as on society. To what extent do you agree world with
or disagree? information at

your fingertips — is
shrinking the globe
in time and diffusing
power to individuals
and groups

1. Positive impacts
on business
One important way
in which information
technology is
affecting work is by
reducing the
importance

of distance. In many
industries, the
geographic
distribution of work
is changing
significantly. For
instance, some
software firms have
found that they can
overcome the tight
local
 market for software
engineers by sending
projects to India or
other nations where
the wages are much
lower. Furthermore,
such arrangements
can take advantage
of the time
differences so that
critical projects can
be worked on nearly
around the clock.
11. Action speak louder than words Firms can outsource
their

manufacturing to
other nations and
rely on
telecommunications
to keep marketing,
R&D, and

distribution teams in
close contact with
the manufacturing
groups. Thus the
technology can

enable a finer
division of labor
among countries

2. Negative impacts
on individuals

Today’s societies are

being more
associated with
violence through
mass media.

Aggressive behavior
is the first example
of violence in the
media. Teens who
watch violent movies
may behave in an
aggressive way
towards others for
example bullying and
fighting in school.
This is important
because there are
high risks of teenage
developing into
aggressive behavior
that may last into
adulthood if they are
not being supervised
on what they see on
TV. Fearful of the
world may also occur
for those who watch
violent television
programs.

1. Proving true
intentions: Actions
can be used to prove
true intentions in
cases of doubt.
Actions should meet
verbal obligations or
sentiments, and they
should not contradict
them. If a person
constantly talks
about the plight of
the poor but never
thinks of donating to
a charity or in any
way mitigating that
plight, their words
have a hollowness or
empty quality.

2. Give meaning to
words: Actions
provide meaning to
words.

3. Enhances
learning: People
 learn better through
demonstrations
compared to
teaching
theoretically.

1. Some people think that life experience is more important than the formal education
provided is schools and universities. How far do you agree with this statement, and
provide examples?

2. Younger employees have more skills, knowledge and more motivated than older
employees. To what extent do you agree or disagree, support your argument with your
own experience?

3. Medical technology can increase life expectancy. Is it a blessing or curse?

4. In a cashless society, people use more credit cards. Cashless society seems to be a
reality, and how realistic do you think it is? What are the advantages and disadvantages
of this phenomenon?

5. The time people devote in job leaves very little time for personal life. How widespread
is the problem? What problem will this shortage of time causes?

6. Effective learning requires time, comfort and peace so it is impossible to combine

study and employment. Study and employment distract one from another. To what
extent do you think the statements are realistic? Support your opinion with examples?

7. Do you think the design of building affects positively or negatively where people live
and work?
8. It is important to maintain the balance between work and other aspects of one’s life
such as family and leisure activities. Please give your opinion about how important to
maintain the balance and why some people think it is hard to do?

9. Global problems are related to governments and international organizations, what are
the problems and what is your opinion?

10. Governments promise continuous economic growth, but it's actually an illusion.
Some people think that governments should abandon this. Please talk about the validity
and the implications.

11. The lazy journalism has become commonplace in today's digitalized world. Explain
what is it and the cause of it. How do you define "lazy" journalism and what is the
cause?

12. Government should allocate sources prior to the technology research, do you agree
or disagree? Give your own experience and examples.

13. What do you think of bidding to host sports events? Is it a blessing or a curse? Give
your opinions.

14. The only way to reduce air pollution is to increase the prices of fuels for vehicles.
What is your opinion and explain with your own experiences and examples?

15. Some people see prisons as the place where criminals should be punished, while
some people think their primary function should be to teach them how to lead better
lives. What is your opinion about the main function of time spent in prison, punishment
or rehabilitation?

16. When you look for a job, some people think salary is more important while others
think work condition is more important. Which one do you agree with?

17. Governments should allocate sources prior to the technology research, do you agree
or disagree? Give your own experience and examples.

18. With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library has
become obsolete. Universities should only procure digital materials rather than
constantly textbooks. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of this position
and give your own point of view.
REORDER PARAGRAPH:

1.Unprecedented opportunity

1. We live in an age of unprecedented opportunity: with ambition, drive. and talent, you
can rise to the top of your chosen profession regardless of where you started out.

2. But with opportunity comes responsibility.

3. Companies today aren't managing their knowledge of workers' careers.

4. Instead, you must be your own Chief Executive Officer.

5. That means it's up to you to carve out your place in the world and know when to
change course.

2. The Glow Worms

1. The Newnes railroad was closed in 1932 after 25 years of shipping oil shale.

2. The rails were pulled out of the 600-meter tunnel, which had been bored through the
sandstone in the Wollemi National Park, and the tunnel was left to its own devices

3. For Newnes. that meant becoming home to thousands and thousands of glow worms.

4. The glow worm is a catch-all name for the bioluminescent larvae of various species, in
this case. the Arachnocampa richardsae, a type of fungus gnat.

5. Found in massive numbers in caves, the fungus gnat larvae cling to the rocky walls of
the abandoned tunnel and hunt with long, glowing strings of sticky mucus.

3. Experiment on Calves

1. To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment involving 22

calves.

2. Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to understand which of
their choices would lead to a reward.

3. In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five holes
arranged in a horizontal line, two-and-a-half feet apart.

4. The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the opposite end
contained only an empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calves' faces.

5. The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward.

4. Unprecedented Opportunity

1. We live in an age of unprecedented opportunity: with ambition, drive, and talent, you
can rise to the top of your chosen profession regardless of where you started out.

2. But with opportunity comes responsibility.

3. Companies today aren't managing their knowledge of workers' careers.

4. Instead, you must be your own Chief Executive Officer.

5. Advertising [Exam Memory]

1. Advertising is sponsored by the identical company.

2. This allows the company to present its product to channel members

3. The less costly is digital media such as social media

4. Marketers also consider other media: cinema. station ...etc.

6. Teacher's Report [Exam Memory]

1. When teachers doing reports, they think the level of the audience is the same as
teachers'.

2. Students in the same file would be interested in the topic.

3. You can't expect that students would be interested in reading the paper.

4. As writing would be only interested in a special audience.

7. (Correct Order)

1. Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic
contexts.

2. The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, and other
decorative objects.

3. Art history is the history of different groups of people and their culture represented
throughout their artwork.

4. Art historians compare different time periods in art history.

5. As a term, art history (its product being history of art) encompasses several methods
of studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to works of art and architecture.

8. (Correct Order)

1. Many young children are inexperienced in dealing with emotional upheaval.

2. As a result, they lack the coping strategies that many adults have.

3. In particular, many young children lack the verbal skills to express their emotions and
to effectively communicate their need for emotional support.

4. The frustration of not being able to effectively communicate may manifest itself in
alternative behaviors.

9. (Correct Order)
1. We know infinitely more about the wealthy people of Egypt than we do about the
ordinary people, as almost all the monuments were made for the rich and influential.

2. Houses in which ordinary Egyptians lived have not been preserved, and when most
people died they were buried in simple graves with few funerary goods.

3. Most of our traditional sources of information about the Old Kingdom are those
concerned with death and the rituals surrounding death: these include pyramids, tombs
and graves, but also statues, reliefs and paintings.

4. Even papyri come mainly from pyramid temples.

5. But this does not mean that death was the Egyptians' only preoccupation.

10. (Correct Order)

1. Weill likely have two billion more mouths to feed by mid-century --more than nine
billion people.

2. But sheer population growth isn't the only reason well need more food.

3. The spread of prosperity across the world, especially in China and India, is driving an
increased demand for meat, eggs, and dairy, boosting pressure to grow more corn and
soybeans to feed more cattle, pigs, and chickens.

4. If these trends continue, the double whammy of population growth and richer diets
will require us to roughly double the amount of crops we grow by 2050.

11. (Correct Order)

1. The European Union has two big fish problems.

2. One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own fisheries
can no longer meet European demand.

3. The other is that its governments won't confront their fishing lobbies and
decommission all the surplus boats.

4. The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West Africa.
Since 1979 it has struck agreements with the government of Senegal, granting our fleets
access to its waters.

5. As a result, Senegal's marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as ours.

12. (Correct Order)

1. Conferences have played a key role in guiding the work of the United Nations since its
very inception.

2. In fact, the world body was born when delegates from 50 nations met in San
Francisco in April 1945 for the United Nations Conference on International Organization.

3. The recent high-profile conferences on development issues, which have continued a

series that began in the 1970s, have broken new ground in many areas: by involving
Presidents, Prime Ministers and other heads of state - as pioneered at the 1990 World
Summit for Children.

4. These events have put long-term, difficult problems like poverty and environmental
degradation at the top of the global agenda.

5. These problems otherwise would not have the political urgency to grab front-page
headlines and command the attention of world leaders.

13. (Correct Order)

1. Hip hop emerged as a reaction to the gang culture and violence of the South Bronx in
the 1970s, and daily experiences of poverty, racism, exclusion, crime, violence, and
neglect.

2. It necessarily embodies and values resilience, understanding, community and social

justice.

3. Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have been, and it is because these values
remain at its core that Hip Hop is such a powerful agent of positive social change around
the world.

4. Yet, the hip hop project is not yet free from these difficult circumstances.

14. (Correct Order)

1. Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help - if they exist. But
even prehistoric sites contain records - written in nature's hand.

2. The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date recovered

objects relatively, if not absolutely.

3. However, when archaeologists want know the absolute date of a site, they can often
go beyond simple stratigraphy.

4. For example, tree ring, Dendrochronology (literally, ―tree time‖) dates wooden
artefacts by matching their ring patterns to known records, which, in some areas of the
world, span several thousand years.

15. (Correct Order)

1. A person or company located in New South Wales may not supply by wholesales any
substance which is for their therapeutic use and included in Schedule 2 of the Poisons
List.

2. Unless they are licensed or authorised to do so under the Poisons and Therapeutic
Goods Regulation 1001, no one may supply these Schedule 1 substances.

3. Additionally, wholesales have an obligation to ensure that the persons or companies

they supply are licensed or authorised, to obtain, use. supply or possess the substance.

4. Any breach of these regulations will result in immediate termination employment.

16. (Correct Order)

1. In Montana as elsewhere, companies that have acquired older mines respond to
demands to pay for clean-up in either of two ways.

2. Especially if the company is small, its owners may declare the company bankrupt, in
some cases conceal its assets, and transfer their business efforts to other companies or
to new companies that do not bear responsibility for clean-up at the old mine.

3. If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it would be bankrupted by clean-
up costs (as in the case of ARCO that I shall discuss below), the company instead denies
its responsibility or else seeks to minimize the costs.

4. In either case, either the mine site and areas downstream of it remain toxic, thereby
endangering people, or else the U.S. federal government and the Montana state
government (hence ultimately all taxpayers) pay for the clean-up through the federal
Superfund and a corresponding Montana state fund.

17. (Correct Order)

1. Fibers suitable for clothing have been made for the first time from the wheat protein
gluten.

2. The fibers are as strong and soft as wool and silk, but up to 30 times cheaper.

3. Narendra Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibers at the University of Nebraska
in Lincoln.

4. He says that because they are biodegradable, they might be used in biomedical
applications such as surgical sutures.

18. (Correct Order)

1. International Economics: Theory and Policy is a proven approach in which each half of
the book leads with an intuitive introduction to theory and follows with self-contained
chapters to cover key policy applications.

2. The Eighth Edition integrates the latest research, data, and policy in hot topics such
as outsourcing, economic geography, trade and environment, financial derivatives, the
subprime crisis, and China's exchange rate policies.

3. New for the Eighth Edition, all end-of-chapter problems are integrated into
MyEconLab, the online assessment and tutorial system that accompanies the text.

4. Students get instant, targeted feedback, and instructors can encourage practice
without needing to grade work by hand. For more information, visit MyEconLab.

19. (Correct Order)

1. A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of the
human genetic code.

2. Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike homo sapiens, their vocal cords are
located higher in their throats and cannot be controlled as delicately as human vocal
cords.
3. It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are incapable
of language. Perhaps they can acquire grammar like humans if they could only express it
some other way.

4. The obvious alternative is sign language, since all primates have extremely dexterous
hands and sign language is a language. You have probably already read about the
regular chimpanzees Was hoe and NimChimpsky, and the lowland gorilla Koko, all of
whom learned to sign and interact very naturally with their trainers.

5. All of these animals were taught to sign in order to get food, tickling, grooming, toys,
and to get out of their cages. The question, then, is: is chimpanzee and gorilla signing
language?

20. (Correct Order)

1. The job of a manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees.

2. In order to accomplish this, the manager should be able to motivate employees.

3. That is, however, easier said than done.

4. Motivation practice and theory are difficult subjects, encompassing various disciplines.

21. (Correct Order)

1. Experts especially journalists, inevitably find difficult to be objective because of their

culture background.

2. Journalists tried their best not to be biased.

3. However, including every aspects of an issue are as easy as calling for every
candidate to participate in presidential debate.

4. Some aspects are not included in the reporting.

22. (Correct Order)

1. There is a growing consensus that, if serious action is to be taken to reduce

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada, a price must be applied to those emissions.

2. There are, however, challenges associated with the political acceptability of carbon
pricing.

3. If Canada implements a carbon price on its own, there are worries that Canadian
factories will relocate to other countries to avoid the regulation.

4. Even if other countries act in concert with Canada to price carbon, the effects will be
uneven across sectors, and lobbying efforts by relatively more-affected sectors might
threaten the political viability of the policy.

23. (Correct Order)

1. I think we should be wary of the reporting of science — it is often over-dramatized in

order to secure an audience — but not of science itself.
2. Of course, there are rare extremely scientific dishonesties, which will be seized upon
by the news organizations.

3. The role of science in modern society remains valuable.

4. Mobile phones, for example. Can cause incidents if drivers insist on talking on the
phone instead of looking at roads.

5. But no one would argue that mobile phones cannot help to make a phone call when
we are in a crisis.

24.

1. Humans are able to make sense of sounds at a much higher pitch than previously
thought.

2. A note has a fundamental tone- the pitch we hear- and a series of overtones that
occur at higher frequencies. Overtones are what give a sound its timbre, and enable us
to distinguish an oboe from a trumpet from its sound alone.

3. Previous studies have shown that humans are unable to recognize melodies whose
notes have a fundamental tone above 5 kilohertz.

4. It was thought that, at frequencies this high, the rapidly cycling sound wave was too
fast for the auditory nerve to cope with. To test this theory, Andrew Oxenham and his
colleagues at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis asked a group of six students
whether two four-note melodies were identical or not. As in previous studies, the
volunteers could not recognize melodies with fundamental tones above 5 kHz.

5. The team then took a fundamental tone pitched below 5 kHz and digitally filtered it to
leave just the overtones above 6 kHz. Surprisingly, the volunteers were able to
distinguish these melodies.

25.

1. The expanding influence of Copernicanism through the seventeenth century

transformed not only the natural philosophic leanings of astronomers but also the store
of conceptual material accessible to writers of fiction.

2. During this period of scientific revolution, a new literary genre arose, namely that of
the scientific cosmic

3. In so doing, they discover that these once remote worlds are themselves earth-like in
character.

4. Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind demonstrate the

seventeenth-century intellectual shift from the Aristotelian to the Copernican framework.

26.

1. The European Union has two big fish problems.

2. One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own fisheries
can no longer meet European demand.
3. The other is that its governments won't confront their fishing lobbies and
decommission all the surplus boats.

4. The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West Africa.
Since 1979 it has struck agreements with the government of Senegal, granting our fleets
access to its waters.

5. As a result, Senegal's marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as ours.

[The below is the first question appears in exam with the same order,
means no change!]

27.

1. A major review of antidepressants has found they are largely ineffective and may
even be harmful for children and teens' depression in the Amazon.

2. The true effectiveness and risk of serious harms is found in the borders of Amazon
such as suicidal, thoughts remain unclear because of the small number of trials and the
selective reporting of findings in published trials and clinical study reports.

3. The study authors recommend that "children and adolescents taking antidepressants
should be carefully monitored closely and permanently, however, prohibits the study of
children's antidepressants.

4. This was widely opposed by multi-billion companies that have already invested
antidepressants.

5. It is therefore recommended a child could self-reproach starting with a low dose and
build up gradually to prevent the side effects.

28.

1. Road safety analyses of driver behavior have traditionally concentrated on the role of
the male driver.

2. While this is in keeping with the fact that the majority of drivers involved in fatal
crashes are male, the relative proportion of fatal crashes involving female drivers has
been steadily increasing over many decades.

3. In view of this situation, this report examines differences between male and female
drivers in terms of travel characteristics, fatal crash risk, fatal crash characteristics and
factors affecting injury outcome.

4. Thus, while virtually all drivers killed 45 years ago were male, the percentage of
female driver fatalities had risen to 13% in 1970 and in recent years’ females have
accounted for between 22% and 27% of all driver deaths.

29.
1. International Economics: Theory and Policy is a proven approach in which each half of
the book leads with an intuitive introduction to theory and follows with self-contained
chapters to cover key policy applications.

2. The Eighth Edition integrates the latest research, data, and policy in hot topics such
as outsourcing, economic geography, trade and environment, financial derivatives, the
subprime crisis, and China's exchange rate policies.

3. New for the Eighth Edition, all end-of-chapter problems are integrated into My Econ
Lab, the online assessment and tutorial system that accompanies the text.

4. Students get instant, targeted feedback, and instructors can encourage practice
without needing to grade work by hand. For more information, visit My Econ Lab.

30.

1. During the school year, we had the benefit of being both un-accountable and
omnipotent.

2. We could engage in impassioned debates about how as chief executive of a certain

company we would have done this, or if we had been the banker on that deal we would
have structured it like that.

3. Insulated from the consequences of such decisions, and privy to all critical information
about the case, we were able to solve complex business problems with relative ease.

4. We knew that once we began our internships, this would no longer be the case.
5. The information would be more nebulous and the outcomes of our decisions would be
unpredictable. Any seriously bad choices could cost a lot of money.

6. So in approaching this impending summer period, what lingered in the back of our
minds was a collectively felt, unspeak-able thought: "Were we really up to the
challenge?"

31.

1. Hip Hop culture emerged as a reaction to the gang culture and violence of the South
Bronx in the 1970s, and daily experiences of poverty, racism, exclusion, crime, violence,
and neglect.

2. It necessarily embodies and values resilience, understanding, community and social

justice.

3. Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have been, and it is because these values
remain at its core that Hip Hop is such a powerful agent of positive social change around
the world.

4. Yet, the Hip Hop project is not yet free from these difficult circumstances.
32.

1. Your first draft is complete, but your paper is far from finished.
2. The next step is to revise your paper — strengthen the content.

3. Start this at least a week before your paper is due.

4. In fact, you don't need to wait until you have a complete first draft to start revising.

5. You can revise individual paragraphs as you finish them as well.

33.

1. We'll likely have two billion more mouths to feed by mid-century—more than nine
billion people.

2. But sheer population growth isn't the only reason we'll need more food.

3. The spread of prosperity across the world, especially in China and India, is driving an
increased demand for meat, eggs, and dairy, boosting pressure to grow more corn and
soybeans to feed more cattle, pigs, and chickens.

4. If these trends continue, the double whammy of population growth and richer diets
will require.

34. [EXAM MEMORIES]

1. Many years ago, humans had been eating raw meat only.
(to be confirmed)

2. Then they learned how to light a fire.

3. Since then humans started eating cooked meat.

4. And they also learned to cook many other foods.

35. (Correct Order)

1. Heart attack is the caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood
clot.

2. When the clot is formed, it will stay in the blood vessels.

3. The clot in blood vessels will block blood flow.

4. Without the normal blood flow, it will cause muscle contraction.

36. (Correct Order)

1. There are more than 100 schools in the country.

2. Do not ever choose a school without going to the place and having a look. You should
go and see once you have a chance.

3. You can see the facilities and accomodations around the school.

4. Because you might be living there.

5. And they can be helpful to your study as well.

37. (Correct Order)

1. Vegetarians eat only vegetables. They do not eat meat.

2. The school cafeteria provides food according to these vegetarian requirements.

3. Many non-vegetairans also like vegetarian food.

4. This improvement is highly relevant to the increasing population of vegetarians.

38. (Correct Order)

1. Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early as 1550.

2. These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn
wagons or carts moved with greater ease than over dirt roads. Wagonways were the
beginnings of modern railroads.

3. By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts.

4. In 1789, Englishman, William Jessup designed the first wagons with flanged wheels.

5. The flange was a groove that allowed the wheels to better grip the rail, this was an
important design that carried over to later locomotives.

39. (Correct Order)

1. The environmental revolution has been almost three decades in the making, and it
has changed forever how companies do business.

2. In the 1960s and 1970s, corporations were in a state of denial regarding their impact
on the environment.

3. Then a series of highly visible ecological problems created a groundswell of support

for strict government regulation

4. In the United States, Lake Erie was dead. In Europe, the Rhine was on fire. In Japan,
people were dying of mercury poisoning.

5. Today many companies have accepted their responsibility to do no harm to the

environment.

40. (Correct Order)

1. With regard to defence, the purpose of the military is to defend the nation and be
prepared to do battles with its enemy.

2. How do you do battle with your enemy?

3. The idea is to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, and depending upon the
economic foundation, that the productive capacity is different in each case.

4. So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, what
you want to do is bum his fields, or if you’re really vicious, salt them.
5. But in the industrial era destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means bombing
the factories which are located in the cities.

6. Now in the information era, destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means
destroying the information infrastructure.

41. (Correct Order)

1. According to experts, feeding birds is probably the most common way in which people
interact with wild animals today. More than 50 million Americans engage in the practice,
collectively undertaking an unwitting experiment on a vast scale.

2. Is what we're doing good or bad for birds?

3. Recently, researchers at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology sought to answer this

question, analysing nearly three decades' worth of data from a winter-long survey called
Project FeederWatch.

4. Preliminary results suggest the species visiting our feeders the most are faring
exceptionally well in an age when one-third of the continent's birds need urgent
conservation.

5. Still, what are the consequences of skewing the odds in favor of the small subset of
species inclined to eat at feeders? What about when the bird we’re aiding is invasive, like
our house finch?

42. (Correct Order)

1. Majority of Walmart customer have less money ‘at the end of the month.’

2. This was cause from lending of U.S.

3. This trend if confirmed will cause more trouble.

4. This damage is manageable.

43. (Correct Order)

1. Fruit and vegetable intake is important for the prevention of future chronic disease.
So it's important to know whether intakes of teens are approaching national objectives
for fruit and vegetable consumption.

2. Larson and colleagues from the University of Minnesota undertook the study to
examine whether or not teens in the state were increasing their intake of fruits and
vegetables.

3. The study gathered information about fruit and vegetable intake among 944 boys and
1.161 girls in 1999 and again in 2004.

4. Teens in middle adolescence are eating fewer fruits and vegetables than in 1999.
Larson and colleagues found.

5. This is giving us the message that we need new and enhanced efforts to increase fruit
and vegetable intake that we haven't been doing in the past.
44. (Correct Order)

1. The 'Festival in The Desert' is a celebration of the musical heritage of the Touareg, a
fiercely independent nomadic people.

2. It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 miles north-west of Timbuktu,

the ancient city on the Niger River.

3. Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of impermanent sand tracks to negotiate.

4. The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in the form of a three-day feast of
music and dance.

45. (Correct Order)

1. Australia used to have a generous immigration policy for refugees fleeing violence and
conflict.

2. We took even more than our share of refugees on a population-weighted basic.

3. With the election of a new administration, all refugees were subject to detention while
waiting for a decision on their application.

4. At the same time, a raft of changes was introduced to alter Australia's migration law
and policy.

5. The rate of refugee arrivals has indeed slowed; but, as some argue, at the expense of
our human rights reputation.

46. (Correct Order)

1. Because of great demand, more and more employees are putting themselves into
limit.

2. They go to work very early, from 7:00 to 8:00.

3. And they went home very late, some even overwork.

4. Many managers find the employee's performance column is decreasing.

5. They (manager) should avoid this phenomena, because this is not good for the
company.

47. [EXAM MEMORIES]

1. Psychologists measure results in terms of validity and reliability.

2. Validity is defined as …

3. For example, when a survey is asking about someone’s personality, it shouldn’t ask
him chemistry questions.

4. Meanwhile, a survey also values reliability.

48. [EXAM MEMORIES]

1. Amino acid, which is also known as Leucine, is a fundamental element in the muscle’s
formation…

2. Animals’ protein has a x% of the Leucine, which is higher than those in plants’
protein.

3. Plants’ protein….

4. However, there are also some exceptions exist.

49. [EXAM MEMORIES]

1. To see whether diversity matters on the land and in the sea, …… join the forces.

2. These researchers will test the full resources of …

3. The data range from … and a database, to kitchen's recorders and archaeologists.

4. The results of this research will be published in science.

50. [EXAM MEMORIES]

1. Many people face serious financial crisis when they are only 20-30 years old.

2. This is because they do not really pay attention to their daily spending, and has
poured their spending on buying.

3. This will lead to them paying piling credit card loan and monthly payments.

4. Although they can have student loan, people should…(giving suggestion)

51. (Correct Order)

1. For more than 30 years, the prevailing view of the formation of our moon has been
the "giant impact hypothesis".

2. The precursors to the current four rock planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars –
appear to have been dozens of smaller bodies known as "planetary embryos".

3. According to the giant impact hypothesis, our moon formed as the result of the last of
a series of "giant impact" mergers between planetary embryos that eventually formed
the Earth.

4. In this last collision, one embryo was nearly Earth-sized and the other approximately
Mars-sized.
READING FILL IN THE BLANKS:
1. If consciousness comes in degrees, then how far along on the spectrum is the
octopus? Octopuses almost certainly feel pain. They nurse and protect injured body
parts, and slow a preference not to be touched near wounds. In addition to feeling pain,
octopuses also have sophisticated sensory capacities: excellent eyesight, and acute
sensitivity to taste and smell. This, together with their large nervous systems and
complex behavior makes it all but certain. The question of what subjective experience
might be like for an octopus is complicated by the odd relationship between its brain and
body.

2. McLuhan's preeminent theory was his idea that human history could be divided into
four eras: the acoustic age, the literary age, the print age and the electronic age. He
outlined the concept in a 1962 book called The Gutenberg Galaxy, which was released
just as the television was starting to become popular. He predicted the world was
entering the fourth, electronic age, which would be characterized by a community of
people brought together by technology. He called it the 'global village', and said it would
be an age when everyone had access to the same information through technology. The
'global village' could be understood to be the internet.

3. You may well ask why science did not warn us of global warming sooner; I think that
there are several reasons. We were from the 1970s until the end of the century
distracted by the important global problem of stratospheric ozone depletion, which we
knew was manageable. We threw all our efforts into it and succeeded but had little time
to spend on climate change. Climate science wa also neglected because twentieth‐
entury science failed to recognize the true nature of Earth as a responsive self‐regulating
entity. Biologists were so carried away by Darwin’s great vision that they failed to see
that living things were tightly coupled to their material environment and that evolution
concerns the whole Earth system with living organisms an integral part of it. Earth is not
the Goldilocks planet of the solar system sitting at the right place for life. It was in this
favourable state some two billion years ago but now our planet has to work hard, against
ever increasing heat from the Sun, to keep itself habitable. We have chosen the worst of
times to add to its difficulties.

4. despite transport problems being a topic of frequent dinner table conversation,

comprehensive assessment of policy directions for transport has been the subject of
remarkably little academic analysis. This chapter introduces the scope of the book, which
is intended to help redress this shortcoming. The primary focus is on

urban transport policy, with the emphasis being on policy analysis rather than analysis of
the policy process. Importantly, the chapter sets out some key propositions that have
been important in shaping the authors' approach to the particular matters that are
considered in subsequent chapters.

5. On average, Iceland experiences a major volcanic event once every 5 years. Since the
Middle Ages, a third of all the lava that has covered the earth's surface has erupted in
Iceland. However, according to a recent geological hypothesis, this estimate does not
include submarine eruptions, which are much more extensive than those on the land
surface.

6. A mini helicopter modeled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead. Evan
Ulrich and colleagues at the University of Maryland in College Park turned to the
biological world for inspiration to build a scaled-down helicopter that could mimic the
properties of full-size aircraft. The complex design of full-size helicopters gets less
efficient when shrunk, meaning that standard mini helicopters expend most of their
power simply fighting to stay stable in the air. The researchers realized that a simpler
aircraft designed to stay stable passively would use much less power and reduce
manufacturing costs to boot. It turns out that nature had beaten them to it. The seeds of
trees such as the maple have a single-blade structure that allows them to fly far away
and drift safely to the ground. These seeds, known as samaras, need no engine to spin
through the air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analyzing the behavior of the
samara with high-speed cameras, Ulrich and his team were able to copy its design. The
samara copter is not the first single-winged helicopter — one was flown in 1952, and
others have been attempted since — but it is the first to take advantage of the samara's
autorotation. This allows Ulrich's vehicle to perform some neat tricks, such as falling
safely to the ground if its motor fails or using vertical columns of air to stay aloft
indefinitely. "We can turn off the motor and auto rotate, which requires no power to
sustain," says Ulrich.

7. Three degrees does not sound like much but it (undermines/ predicts/ represents /
proves/ explores) a rise in temperature compatible with the global heating that occurred
between the last ice age, some 15,000 years ago, and the warmth of the eighteenth
century. When Earth was cold, giant glaciers sometimes extended from the polar-regions
as far south as St Louis in the US and the Alps in Europe. Later this century when it is
three degree hotter glaciers everywhere will be melting in a climate of often (particular/
unbearable/ historic/ temperate/ comfortable) heat and drought, punctuated with storms
and floods. The (achievements/ consequences/ phenomena/ dreams/ considerations) for
humanity could be truly horrific; if we fail to act swiftly, the full impact of global heating
could cull us along with vast populations of the plant and animals with whom we share
Earth. In a worst case scenario, there might - in the 22nd century - be only a remnant of
humanity eking out a (old-fashioned/ economical/ successful/ diminished/ peculiar)
existence in the polar-regions and the few remaining oases left on a hot and arid Earth.

8. The fall of smallpox began with the realization that (survivors/ people/ victims/
patients) of the disease were immune for the rest of their lives. This led to the practice
of variolation - a process of exposing a healthy person to infected material from a person
with smallpox in the hopes of producing a mild disease that (contributed/ provided/
gave/ transferred) immunity from further infection. The first written account of
variolation describes a Buddhist nun practicing around 1022 to 1063 AD. By the 1700's,
this method of variolation was (same/ common/ usual/ frequent) practice in China,
India, and Turkey. In the late 1700's European physicians used this and other methods
of variolation, but reported "devastating" results in some cases. Overall, 2% to 3% of
people who were variolated died of smallpox, but this practice decreased the total
number of smallpox (fatalities/ patients/ diseases/ victims) by 10-fold.

9. It is the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as a pre-writing
stimulus are composing their ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art
creation process allows students the distance to (understand/ elaborate/ extravagant/
build up), add details, and create more coherent text. The process of writing is more
than putting words on a piece of paper. Effective authors are able to create imagery and
to communicate ideas using well-chosen words, phrases, and text structures. Emergent
writers struggle with the (structures/ mechanics/ procedures/ ways) of the writing
process, i.e., fine motor control for printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the
use of syntax and grammar rules. As a result, texts written by young writers tend to be
simplistic and formulaic. The artwork facilitates the writing process, resulting in a text
that is richer in sensory detail and more intricate than the more traditional writing-first
crayon drawing-second (way/ approach/ technique/ method)

10. Gas drilling on the Indonesian island of Java has (triggered/explored/led/resulted) a

"mud volcano" that has killed 13 people and may render four square miles (ten square
kilometers) of countryside uninhabitable for years. In a report released on January 23, a
team of British researchers says the deadly upwelling began when an exploratory gas
well punched through a layer of rock 9,300 feet (2,800 meters) below the surface,
allowing hot, high-pressure water to escape. The water carried mud (to/on/into/from)
the surface, where it has spread (to/toward/across /in) a region 2.5 miles (4 kilometers)
in diameter in the eight months since the eruption began. The mud volcano is similar to
a gusher or blowout, which occur in oil drilling when oil or gas squirt to the surface, the
team says. This upwelling, however, spews out a volume of mud equivalent to a dozen
Olympic swimming pools each day. Although the eruption isn't as (weak/violent
/strong/mild) as a conventional volcano, more than a dozen people died when a natural
gas pipeline ruptured. The research team, who published their findings in the February
issue of GSA Today, also estimate that the volcano, called Lusi, will leave more than
11,000 people permanently displaced.

11. It's probably one of the most overused phrases in job-hunting, but also one of the
most underutilized by jobseekers: dress for success, in job-hunting, first (feeling/
impression/ impact) are critical. Remember, you are marketing a product — yourself —
to a potential employer, and the first thing the employer sees when greeting you is your
attire; thus, you must make every effort to have the proper dress for the type of job you
are seeking. Will dressing properly get you the job? Of course not, but it will give you a
competitive edge

and a (absolute/ negative/positive) first impression. Should you be judged by what you
wear? Perhaps not, but the reality is, of course, that you are judged. Throughout the
entire job-seeking process employers use short-cuts - heuristics or rules of thumb - to
save time. With cover letters, it's the opening paragraph and a quick scan of your
qualifications. With resumes, it is a quick scan of your accomplishments. With the job
interview, it's how you're dressed that sets the (intonation/ accent/ tone/ rhythm) of the
interview. How should you dress? Dressing conservatively is always the safest route, but
you should also try and do a little investigating of your (prospective/ coming/
approaching/ expected) employer so that what you wear to the interview makes you look
as though you fit in with the organization. If you overdress (which is rare but can
happen) or underdress (the more likely scenario), the potential employer may feel that
you don't care enough about the job.

12. The presentation will cover copyright's position as one of the intellectual property
rights and now it (differs/ similar/ similarity/ different/ encompasses) from other
intellectual rights it will give (a conclusion/ a summation/ the answer/ an overview/ an
objective) of what copyright protects as well as what may be done with copyright
protected works without permission under permitted acts (sometimes or so-called
exception). It is by manipulating the restricted acts through licensing arrangements that
rights owners (determine/establish/ confirm/ prove/ verify) and exploit commercial
markets in contrast to commercial markets, the growth of open source and open content
licensing models has(challenged/ opposed/ supported/ objected) established business
models. The presentation gives a brief commentary on two of the more
(insignificant/prominent / trivial/ main/ major) open licensing frameworks the GNU
Creative Common licenses.

13. Over the last ten thousand years there seem to have been two separate and
conflicting building sentiments throughout the history of towns and cities.
(one/It/What/This) is the desire to start again, for a variety of reasons: an earthquake or
a tidal wave may have demolished the settlement, or fire destroyed it, or the new city
(does/marks/is/causes) a new political beginning. The other can be likened to the effect
of a magnet: established settlements attract people, who (tend to/are used to/ought
to/had to) come whether or not there is any planning for their arrival. The clash between
these two sentiments is evident in every established city
(unless/whenever/whereas/until) its development has been almost completely accidental
or is lost in history. Incidentally, many settlements have been planned from the
beginning but, for a variety of reasons, no settlement followed the plan. A good example
is Currowan, on the Clyde River in New South Wales, which (was surveyed= to measure
and record the features of an area of land /has been surveyed/ could be surveyed/had
surveyed) in the second half of the 19th century, in expectation that people would come
to establish agriculture and a small port. But no one came. Most country towns in New
South Wales started with an original survey, whose grid lines are still there today in the
pattern of the original streets.

14. (Beside/Outside/without /Under) water people, animals & plants cannot live.
Although a few plants and animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a
constant supply of fresh water to stay (fit/good/well/happy) & healthy. Of the total
supply of water on the Earth, only about 3% of it is fresh, & most of that is stored as ice
& snow at the poles, or is so (deep/much/long/dirty) under the surface of the Earth that
we cannot get to it. Despite so much of the water being out of reach, we still have a
million cubic miles of it that we (can/might/may/will) use. That's about 4,300,000 cubic
kilometers of fresh water to share out between most of the plants, animals & people on
the planet!

15.Washington, Jan. 14 — By 2025, government experts say, Americas skies will swarm
with three (times/meters/ turns) as many planes, and not just the kind of traffic flying
today. There will be (thousands/many/ enormous) of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at
airliner altitudes, competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help
avoiding midair (bumps/ collisions/ hits), and with commercially operated rockets
carrying (satellites/ planets/ space-crafts/ rockets) and tourists into space. To keep
passengers moving safely and on schedule, the Federal Aviation Administration needs to
replace a half-century of outmoded technology with a new air traffic control system. But
almost everything about the proposed new system is unsettled, not only its digital nuts
and bolts, but also the leadership, the financing and the staffing of a modern aviation
network.

16. After an absence of more than 50 years, the gray wolf (Canis lupus) once again runs
beneath the night skies of Yellowstone National Park. At 3:45 pm on March 21st 1995,
the first of three groups of gray wolves (also known as the timber wolf) were released
from (fenced/restricted/contained/confounded) acclimation pens at Crystal Creek within
Yellowstone National Park. The wolf release plan, (involved/calculated/
evaluated/concealed) in an environmental impact statement (EIS) in 1992-1994, is to
restore wolves to Yellowstone and central Idaho by establishing experimental populations
of gray wolves in both areas. The goal for Yellowstone is to establish 10 packs wolves
reproducing in the area for three (following/chronological/consecutive /alternate) years
by the year 2002. Restoring wolves to Yellowstone is in keeping with national park goals
to perpetuate all native species and their natural interactions with their environment. As
with other park wildlife programs, management emphasizes (exaggerating/introducing/
appreciating/minimizing) human impact on natural animal population dynamics.
Yellowstone National Park is a wilderness and wildlife refuge in the United States.

17. To invest, you need to draw up a clear plan, do your own research, build in a margin
of safety by always thinking about the valuation and, ultimately, be patient. By all means
include some speculative picks if you wish, but ensure they are only a small part of your
portfolio. Looking for an oil explorer whose shares double, treble and double again is
exciting but such firms are very rare. There are a lot more which have a consistent
record of paying out the dividends which really make the markets work for you, once
they are reinvested.

18. As the economic depression deepened in the early 30s, and as farmers had less and
less money to spend in town, banks began to fail at alarming rates. During the 20s,
there was an average of 70 banks failing each year nationally. After the crash during the
first 10 months of 1930, 744 banks failed – 10 times as many. In all, 9,000 banks failed
during the decade of the 30s. It's estimated that 4,000 banks failed during the one year
of 1933 alone. By 1933, depositors saw $140 billion disappear through bank failures.

19. The Classic era of Mayan civilisation came to an end around 900 AD. Why this
happened is unclear; the cities were probably over-farming the land, so that a period of
drought led to famine. Recent geological research supports this, as there appears to
have been a 200-year drought around this time.

The cities seem to have disappeared slowly, rather than all at once. There is no sign of
conquest from outside, although there was a period of increased warfare among the city-
states - possibly over farming land or prisoners to sacrifice to the gods. It is likely that
this had a cumulative effect; warfare over resources was itself a further drain on
resources, encouraging further warfare.

20. Snails are not traditionally known for quick thinking, but new research shows they
can make complex decisions using just two brain cells in findings that could help
engineers design more efficient robots.

Scientists at the University of Sussex attached electrodes to the heads of freshwater

snails as they searched for lettuce.

They found that just one cell was used by the mollusc to tell if it was hungry or not,
while another let it know when food was present.

Food-searching is an example of goal-directed behaviour, during which an animal must

integrate information about both its external environment and internal state while using
as little energy as possible. Lead researcher Professor George Kemenes, said: “This will
eventually help us design the “brains” of robots based on the principle of using the
fewest possible components necessary to perform complex tasks.
21. Language comes so naturally to us that it is easy to forget what a strange and
miraculous gift it is. All over the world members of our species fashion their breath into
hisses and hums and squeaks and pops and listen to others do the same. We do this, of
course, not only because we like the sounds but because details of the sounds contain
information about the intentions of the person making them. We humans are fitted with
a means of sharing our ideas, in all their unfathomable vastness. When we listen to
speech, we can be led to think thoughts that have never been thought before and that
never would have occurred to us on our own. Behold, the bush burned with fire, and the
bush was not consumed. Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.

22. New book on kiwi launched A Massey ecologist has teamed up with a leading wildlife
photographer to produce the definitive book on New Zealand's national bird, the kiwi.
Kiwi: A Natural History was written by Dr Isabel Castro and _______ photographs by
Rod Morris. Dr Castro has been working with kiwi _______ 1999, with a focus on their
behaviour. "I've specifically been looking at the sense of smell that kiwi uses when
foraging, _______ in their interactions with their environment and other kiwi," she says.
The book covers all aspects of kiwi, from their evolution, prehistory and closest relatives
to their feeding and breeding behaviour and current conservation issues, making this the
perfect ______ for anyone with an interest in these fascinating birds. The book is the
second title in a new ____on New Zealand's wildlife, targeted at a family readership.

Option: Conclusion, features, introduction, but also, provided in, series, but, industry,
since

Answer: features, since, but also, introduction, series

23. Fingerprints can _____ that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As long
as a human entered a crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can help the police
to _____ an individual to crack a case. An institute in London can help ______ DNA and
be used to match with the ____ taken from the crime scenes.

Option: reserve, evidence, determine, samples, identify, demonstrate, retain, recognize,

prove, pieces

Answer: prove, identify, reserve, samples

24. Linguistic ideologies an important corollary of this focus on language as the window
to legal epistemology is the central role of two law and other sociocultural processes. In
particular, the _______ that people hold about how language works ( ____ ideologies)
combine with linguistic structuring to create powerful, often unconscious effects. In
recent years, linguistic anthropologists have made much progress in developing more
precise analytic _____ for tracking those effects.

Option: ideas, disclosure, implements, facts, discourse, tools, linguistic, gigantic

Answer: discourse, ideas, linguistic, tools

25. State schools

A big rise in state schools rated among the best institutions in the country is revealed in
the latest edition of the Good Schools Guide. Middle-class parents facing financial
pressures in the__________ are increasingly looking beyond the private__________ to
educate their children.
The 23-year-old Good Schools Guide – a__________ reference book for fee-paying
families set on the best private school - has increased the number of state schools in this
year's edition to 251, pushing the figure to more than a quarter of its 1,000 entries for
the first time.

___________why the guide has more than doubled the number of schools it features
outside the private sector in only five years, Sue Field man, regional editor, told the
Financial Times: "The parents we speak to want more information on the state sector
and the best it has to offer.

Answer: downturn; sector; popular; Explaining

26. Lake Turkana

Lake Turkana is a large lake in Kenya, East Africa. This___________ of Africa was home
to some of the first humans. Here, archaeologists have found piles of _______ (both
human and animal) and collections of stones that humans used as_________. By
carefully uncovering and_________ these remains, scientists have started to put
together the story of our earliest ancestors. In 2001, a 4-million-year-old skeleton was
uncovered in the area. Although a link between it and modern-day humans has not been
established, the skeleton shows the species was walking upright.

Answer: part: bones; tools; examining

27. Under-nutrition

Under-nutrition and related diseases kill between 15 and 18 million people a year, the
________are children. At least 500 million are chronically hungry. The tragic paradox of
massive suffering________ global plenty traces in part to widespread poverty, which
denies access to food__________ where it piles high in village market.

Answer: majority; amid; even

28. One distinguishing feature of business is its economic character. In the world of
business, we interact with each other not as family members, friends, or neighbours, but
as________ and sellers, employers and employees, and the like. Trading, for example, is
often_________ by hard_________, in which both sides conceal their full hand and
perhaps_________ in some bluffing. And a_________salesperson is well-versed in the
art of arousing a customer's attention (sometimes by a bit of puffery) to_________ the
sale. Still, there is an "ethics of trading" that prohibits the use of false or deceptive
claims and tricks such as "bait-and-switch" advertising.

Answer: buyers; accompanied; bargaining; engage; skilled; clinch

29. Antarctic

At the height of summer, the Antarctic, tourist ships move gently around the coast. Even
30 years ago such sights would have been unthinkable, but today people are willing to
pay large sums of money to see the last real wilderness in the world. In the Arctic,
careless human exploitation in the__________ has damaged the fragile ecosystem.
Today concerned governments are trying to find ways to develop the region________
caring for the very special natural environment___________ the Antarctic is less
accessible AC than the Arctic, it; is still largely undamaged by humans, although holes in
the ozone AC layer above the Antarctic have already been discovered. Many people
believe that one way to preserve the area is to make the whole region into a world park,
with every form of exploitation internationally__________.

Answer: past; while; because; banned

30. Good sense

Good sense appears to have__________ at last. With a fresh set of draft rules to replace
last year's poorly conceived ones, the Centre has sought to withdraw the ban on sale of
cattle for slaughter in animal markets. The draft rules are now open for comments and
suggestions. When the Union Ministry for Environment, Forests and Climate Change
notified the rules under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act on May 23, 2017, there
was__________ that in the name of preventing cruelty to animals and regulating
livestock markets the government was surreptitiously throttling the cattle trade and
furthering the BJP's cow protection agenda. The rules were criticized for restricting
legitimate animal trade and interfering with__________ habits.

Answer: prevailed; concern; dietary

31. Challenging or rewarding employment

Finding challenging or__________ employment may mean retraining and moving from a
stale or boring job in order to find your____________ and pursue it. The idea is to think
long range and anticipate an active lifestyle into later years—perhaps into one's 80s or
90s. Being personally productive may now mean anticipating retiring in stages. This
might indicate going to an alternate_________ should a current career end by choice or
economic chance.

Answer: rewarding; passion; plan

32. The Australian Maritime College:

The Australian Maritime College at the university of Tasmania, in____________with

CSIRO and University of Queensland, have been awarded $2.48 million
funding______from Australian Renewable Energy Agency.

Answer: partnership; support

33. The Roman people

The Roman people had at first been inclined to regard the French Revolution with either
indifference or___________. But as the months went by and the émigrés who remained
in the city were less and less_________of an early return home, the mood of the
Romans became increasingly_______ towards the `assassins of Paris'.

Answer: derision; hopeful; antagonistic

34. Build your network

Researchers suggest the following tips as you begin to network, seek common ground,
________ with your network regularity (rather than only when you have crisis), and
consistently___________ yourself to making your network work or it will wither. It is a
skill that you need to_________, not a talent.
Answer: engage; apply; practice.

35. Trees:

Trees, as ever, are or should be at the heart of all ______or climate change. The
changes in carbon dioxide, in temperature, and in patterns of rainfall will each affect
them in ways- and each parameter _________ with all the others, so between them
these three main ______ present a bewildering range of possibilities.

Answer: discussion; interacts; variables

36. The International Journal of Design

The International Journal of Design is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal devoted to

publishing research papers in all fields of design, including industrial design, visual
communication design, interface design, animation and game design, architectural
design, urban design, and other design related fields. It aims to provide an international
forum for the____________ of ideas and findings from researchers across different
cultures and encourages research on the impact of cultural factors_________ design
theory and practice. It also seeks to promote the __________ of knowledge between
professionals in academia and industry by emphasizing research in _________ results
are of interest or applicable to design practices.

Answer: exchange; on; transfer; which

37. Deforestation

Deforestation can disrupt the lives of local communities, sometimes with

devastating___________. Forests provide a vast array of______________to all of us,
including doors, wood, medicine, fresh water, and the air we breathe. Without the trees,
species can disappear, the natural water balance can become disrupted and the
ecosystem that supports the human population can__________.

Answer: consequences; resources; fall apart

38. Flowers and nectar

Most people assume, correctly, that flowers look the way they do to attract insects that
pollinate them. But that’s not the whole story. Scientists have now discovered that plants
have another “trick up their leaves” to make themselves ________to even the choosiest
insect solar power. Cambridge University’s Beverly Glover and her __________ recently
set up some fake flowers filled with a sugar solution, which they kept at different
temperatures. Unleashing a team of bumblebees on their floral _________, they
watched as the insects visited the flowers to drink the surrogate nectar. Very quickly, it
became obvious that the bees were concentrating on the flowers with the warmest
nectar. Just in case it was something to do with the color of the fake flowers, the
scientists also tried a different color combination and got the same __________.

Options: Inevitable, irresistible, relatives, offerings, thing, colleagues, result, group.

Answer: irresistible; colleagues; offerings; result.

39. North Richmond Community Health Centre

When that happens, staff will help the person -___________out and now a little stressed
— fish their drugs out of the rubbish. On their way out, they might have a blood test,
their first ____________ check-up in years, or just a hot cup of Milo. "We enable people
to inject in the center because that's what they do," the medical director, Nico Clark,
tells Guardian Australia during a recent visit to the North Richmond Community Health
Centre. "The majority are dependent on their ____________. The purpose is not to be a
place that ____________ injection per se, the _________of to keep people alive."

Options: Dental, strung, point, conduct, substances, purpose, content, facilities,

facilitates, intention

Answer: strung; dental; substances; facilitates; purpose

40. Research

Research is a process of investigation leading to new insights effectively shared and is

central to the purpose of any university. Students have the right to be taught by
acknowledged ________in their field, which requires that staff members operate at the
most advanced level appropriate to their ________ and level. Research is, therefore,
crucial to a __________ student experience from further education to doctoral
development.

Options: Principles, experts, staff, discipline, indifferent, positive

Answers: experts; discipline; positive.

41. The phenomenon of globalization

The differences in _________ are so great that one wonders, are the protestors and the
policy makers talking about the same _________? Are they looking at the same data?
Are the visions of those in power so clouded by special and particular ____________?
What is this phenomenon of globalization that has been subject, at the same time, to
such vilification and such praise? Fundamentally, it is the closer integration of the
countries and the peoples of the world which has been __________ about by the
enormous reduction in the costs of transportation and communication, and the breaking
down of the artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and, (to
a lesser extent), people across borders.

Options: Interests, phenomena, view, lead, phenomenon, taken, fields, brought

Answer: view; phenomena; interests; brought

42. Mass-communications

Traditionally, mass-communications research has conceptualized the process of

communication in terms of a circulation circuit or loop. This __________ has been
criticized for its linearity - sender/message/receiver -for its concentration on the level of
message exchange and for the absence of a structured conception of the different
moments as a complex structure of relations. But it is also possible and __________ to
think of this process in terms of a structure produced and sustained through the
articulation of linked but distinctive moments - production, circulation,
distribution/consumption, reproduction. This would be to think of the __________ as a
'complex structure in dominance', sustained through the articulation of connected
practices, each of which, however, retains its distinctiveness and has its own modality,
its own _______ forms and conditions of existence.

Options: Possess, specific, exact, model, structure, process, impractical, useful

Answer: model; useful; process; specific

43. The Natural Capital Project

Capital has often been thought of narrowly as physical capital- the machines, tools, and
equipment used in the production of other goods, but our wealth and wellbeing also
_______on natural capital. If we forget this, we risk degrading the services that natural
ecosystems provide, which _________our economies and sustain our lives. These
services include purifying our water, ________ our climate, reducing flood risk, and
pollinating our crops.

The Natural Capital Project—a partnership among WWF, The Nature Conservancy,
University of Minnesota and Stanford University—works to provide decision makers with
_______ways to assess the true value of the services that ecosystems provide.

Options: Support, eligible, managing, reliable, work, relies, regulating, stimulate

Answer: relies; support; regulating; reliable

44. Event management

Event management is particularly challenging from an operational viewpoint. In many

cases, events are staged on sites where everything has been set up over a 24-hour
period, with all elements carefully _________. In contrast, many events are years in the
planning: large convention bids are often won five years before the event is held. For the
very ________bidding process, budgets need to be developed and prices quoted,
requiring a good understanding of market, economic and political trends, as well as
consumer choices. This long-term view is the basis of strategic management, which is
covered in Part 1, and focuses on the event concept, feasibility of the event, legal
compliance and financial management. Marketing is a critical __________ factor and
other important topic of this first section, many events (sporting, cultural and arts)
involving long-term sponsorship ________ with key industry players. Relationship
building is particularly since there are so many stakeholders involved in events, including
government agencies at many levels. Part 1 will look at all these aspects, including
strategic risk, before moving on to the second part where operational planning and/ C
implementation will be covered in detail.

Options: Competitive, different, settled, candidates, challenging, synchronized, intense,

arrangements, unique, success

Answer: synchronized; competitive; success; arrangements; challenging

45. Helping other people

There are many different ways of helping other people. Perhaps the most common of
these involves giving others _______ help. In our society there are many individuals who
spontaneously help others in this way. Additionally, there are people who belong to
organizations which have been set up to provide help to specific groups such as the
elderly, individuals with a disability and those with physical or __________ health
problems. Most importantly, there are many _______ such as nursing, involve
professionals who are trained to provide or organize practical help for others.
___________ helping other people in a practical way, many volunteer and professional
helpers also make use of some counselling skills.

These skills can be very useful in enabling people to feel better as described in this book
and our book, counselling skills in everyday life. However, it needs to be ________ that
just being able to make use of some counselling skills does not qualify a person as
counsellor.

Options: Practical, infinite, By, mental, occupations, recognized, serious, real, jobs,
While

Answer: practical; mental; occupations; while; recognized

46. Giant exoplanets

Giant exoplanets, like the so-called ‘hot Jupiter’s’ that are similar in ________ to the
solar system’s biggest planer and orbit very close to their host stars, are excellent
targets for __________ in their search doe extrasolar worlds. The size and proximity of
these planets is easy to ______ as they create a large decrease in brightness when
passing in front of their parent stars.

Options: Astronomers. Characteristics, find, detect, professionals.

Answer: characteristics; astronomers; detect

47. Active video games

There has been increased research interest in the use of active video games (in which
players physically interact with images onscreen) as a means to _______ physical
activity in children. The aim of this review was to assess active video games as a means
of increasing energy expenditure and physical activity behavior in children. Studies were
obtained from computerized searches of multiple electronic bibliographic databases. The
last search was conducted in December 2008. Eleven studies focused on the
quantification of the energy cost associated with playing active video games, and eight
studies focused on the utility of active video games as an ________ to increase physical
activity in children. Compared with traditional non-active video games, active video
games _______ greater energy expenditure, which was similar in intensity to mild to
moderate intensity physical activity. The intervention studies indicate that active video
games may have the potential to increase free-living physical activity and improve body
___________ in children; however, methodological limitations prevent ____________
conclusions. Future research should focus on larger, methodologically sound intervention
trials to provide definitive answers as to whether this technology is effective in promoting
long-term physical activity in children.

Options: Encourage, component, elicited, composition, promote, barrier, Final,

definitive, intervention, activity

Answer promote; intervention; elicited; composition; definitive

48. The process of delegation comprises the decision to delegate, the briefing, the
follow-up. At each of these points, ________ the potential problems. When you
delegate, you are not delegating the right to perform an _________, you are delegating
the right to make decisions, it is important to be___________, as the person to whom
you delegate may have a better and faster way of completing a job than you. Despite all
these, you retain the _________ responsibility. It helpful to others if you can provide
_________ feedback on their performance.

Options: Predict, constructive, conservative, overall, general, operation, flexible,

predictable, anticipate, action.

Answer: anticipate; action; flexible; overall; constructive.

49. Effective recruitment tool

The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is by far their most
_______ recruitment tool, particularly because it typically yields candidates who are
similar to previously successful candidates. Moreover, satisfied candidates and school
systems are likely to spread the word without any special __________ on the part of
their program. Other, less personal advertising approaches, such as radio and television
spots and local newspaper advertisements, have also proven fruitful, ________ for
newer programs. New York uses a print advertising campaign to inspire dissatisfied
professionals to become teachers. Subway posters send provocative messages to
burned-out or disillusioned professionals. "Tired of diminishing returns? Invest in NYC
kids" was just one of many Madison Avenue-inspired invitations. News coverage has also
proven to be a ____________ to alternative programs. When the New York Times, for
example, ran a story about the district's alternative route program, 2,100 applications
flooded in over the next six weeks.

Options: Effort, effective, preparation, especially, benefit, work, boon, unpragmatic

Answer effective; effort; especially; boon

50. The environment policy

Thus the environmental policy does not contribute to the profitability in any real sense at
all. In practice it is companies that are well organized and efficient, or that are already
comfortable profitable, that have _________ to establish and police environmental
policies. However, if profitable companies are the ones most likely to _________
“environmental best practice” this is confusing cause with effect. It is not that
environmental best practice causes profitability, but that being profitable allows
for___________ the environment.

Options: Time, chance, effort, establish, equip, concern, protect, set

Answer: time; establish; concern.

51. Social reforms

Social reforms are normally _____________as a result of statistical analyses of factors

such as crime rates and poverty levels etc. Large-scale population can result from
projections devised by statisticians. Manufacturers can provide better products at lower
costs by_______- statistical control tools, ________ as control charts. Diseases are
controlled through analyses designed to anticipate epidemics. Endangered species of fish
and other wildlife are protected through regulations and laws that react to statistical
estimates of changeling population sizes. __________ statistical analyses of fatality
rates, legislators can better justify laws, such as those governing air pollution, auto
inspections, sea belt and airbag use, and drunk driving.

Options: Developed, such, referred, initiated, referred, determining, Through, after,

using, by

Answer: initiated; using; such; Through

52. Driver Behaviours

In the UK, it is recommended that drivers should turn off their car engines when they
expect to be stationary for more than 1 minute. To _________ drivers to turn off their
engines while waiting at rail crossings, the Kent city council placed a _________sign at
the crossing asking drivers to "please switch off your engine when barriers are down to
help improve air quality." On average, drivers had to wait between 2 and 3 minutes to
cross after the barrier had gone down. _________, the sign didn't seem to be convincing
the majority of drivers to switch off their engines. "Although some research suggests
that signs alone can change ________, the message, on this sign was designed simply
to be an informational request and was not guided by any particular behavioral theory,”
the researchers explain. So the research explains. So the research team, led by Rose
Meleady of the University of East Anglia, designed an intervention study.

Options: Temporary, encourage, However, encourage, moreover, permanent, routine,

behavior.

Answer: encourage; permanent; however; behavior

53. The Nature Conservancy:

A new report by environmental _________The Nature Conservancy lays out how trees
could pave the way to cleaner air and cooler cities. Using _______ information on forest
cover paired with air pollution data and population ____ for 245 cities, researchers found
that tress have the biggest health ________ in densely populated, polluted cities like
Delhi, Karachi and Dhaka. The Conservancy sand the C40 Cities Climate Leadership
Group presented the findings of their global survey this week at the American Public
Health Association meeting in Denver, Colorado.

Options: Sources, predictions, non- profit, sources, geospatial, forecasts, plans, payoffs.

Answer: non-profit, geospatial; forecasts; payoffs.

54. Pesticide management

As demand for food and competition for land rises, it is vital that crop losses are limited.
Chemical protection has ________effective control of crop losses in the recent past;
alongside chemical fertilizers and improved crop genetics, it has helped to increased crop
yields dramatically over the last 60 years __________, there is now crop genetics, it has
helped to increase crop yields dramatically over the last 60 years,____________, there
is now a need to develop complementary alternatives, and researchers from the Rural
Economy and Land Use Programmer have been exploring the potential of – and barriers
to – alternatives pest management approaches. “Alternatives to chemical pesticides are
_______because overuse of them leads to pesticide resistance and affects biodiversity
and water quality.” Says Dr Alastair Bailey, “Heightened EU regulations are also leading
to the withdrawal of many pesticide products, ___________, Complementary
approaches are required to reduce use and preserve the efficacy of those valuable
pesticides that are still available to sustain food production systems.”

Options: Hence, provided, so, however, preliminary, needed, shown, optional.

Answer: provided; however; needed; hence

55. Houston

Houston is the fifth- largest metropolitan area in the united states and has an outsized
_______on the U.S economy. More than 90% of U>S offshore oil and gas
________takes place in the Texas Gulf coast area, and the Houston is home to 25% of
the country’s petroleum refining capability, 40% of the nation’s capacity for downstream
chemical production, and the fastest- growing liquefied natural gas industry in the
nation.

Options: Overwhelming’ consequence, impact, group, production, manufacturer,

concertation, omission

Answer: impact; production; concentration

56. Earth's magnetic field

What do birds and bees, worms and wolves, fruit flies and fish all have in _________?
The answer: a magnetic sense that helps them navigate. Now it seems we might do as
well. Joseph Kirschvink at the California Institute of Technology in the US and colleagues
found that altering the __________ of nearby magnetic fields caused temporary changes
in human brain activity.

While sitting still in a dark room, participants' brain activity was___________ using
electroencephalography (EEG), _______________electromagnetic coils were used to
create magnetic fields. The experiment mimicked the magnetic field changes we are
subject to when we move about in the real world, says Kirschvink.

The direction and intensity of Earth's magnetic field varies by geographical location. For
example, at the magnetic north pole, one of two poles where the magnetic field is the
strongest, the direction of the field points vertically downwards, into the ground. In the
wider northern hemisphere, this vertical angle ____________ but the magnetic field is
always skewed downwards.

Options: Question, while, common, changes, as, screenshotted, shape, share, recorded,
directions

Answer: common; directions; recorded; while; changes

57. Psychoanalytic and Behaviorist

Elements of both the psychoanalytic and behaviorist theories _________ in modem

approaches to personality Advances in neuroscience have begun to __________the gap
between biochemistry and behavior, but there is still a great deal that needs to be
explained. Without a consistent understanding of personality, how can we begin to
________risk takers? If we cannot, we will be unable to ________ their genes with
those of others.

Options: Media, arrange, confront, sort, set, bridge, compare, categorize

Answer: arrange; bridge; categorize; compare

58. National Well-being

Measuring National Well-being: Life in the UK 2012 provides a unique overview of well-
being in the UK today. The report is the first snapshot of life in the UK to be delivered by
the Measuring National Well-being programme and will be ___________and published
annually. Well-being is discussed in ___________of the economy, people and the
environment. Information such as the unemployment rate or ____________ of crimes
against the person are presented alongside _____________on people's thoughts and
feelings, for example, satisfaction with our jobs or ______________time and fear of
crime. Together, a richer picture on 'how society is doing is provided.

Options: Range, updated, data, set, ideas, leisure, terms, number, busy, hordes

Answer: updated; terms; number; data; leisure

59. White paper

Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper __________, of all
characters, without any ideas: — How comes it to be ____________? Whence comes it
by that vast store which the busy and __________fancy of man has painted on it with
an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of mason and knowledge? To
this I answer, in one word, from ___________.

Options: Experience, furnished, extreme, cover, void, ended, consist, boundless

Answer void; furnished; boundless; experience

60. Gauss

Gauss was a child prodigy. There are many___________ concerning his precocity as a
child, and he made his first ground-breaking mathematical ___________his while still a
teenager.

At just three years old, he ___________________an error in his father payroll

calculations, and he was looking after his father's accounts on a regular basis by the age
of 5. At the age of 7, he is reported to have amazed his teachers by summing the
integers from 1 to 100 almost instantly (having quickly spotted that the sum was
actually 50 pairs of numbers, with each pair summing to 101, total 5,050). By the age of
12, he was already attending gymnasium and criticizing Euclid's geometry.

Options: Corrected, anecdotes, reputation, researchers, reviewed, discoveries

Answer anecdotes; discoveries; corrected

61. Durkheim's career

Durkheim found humanistic studies uninteresting ___________, his attention from

psychology and philosophy to ethics and eventually, sociology. He graduated with a
degree in philosophy in 1882. Durkheim's views could not get him a major academic
appointment in Paris, so from 1882 to 1887 he taught philosophy at several provincial
schools. In 1885 he left for Germany, where he studied sociology for two years.
Durkheim's period in Germany resulted in the publication of numerous articles on
German social science and philosophy, which _____________ ____________ in France,
earning him a teaching appointment at the University of Bordeaux in 1887.

Options: Received, reputation, gained, recognition, famous, turning, changing, gain

Answer: turning; gained; recognition

62. Octopus

If consciousness comes in degrees, then how far along on the spectrum is the octopus?
Octopuses almost certainly feel pain. They nurse and protect _________body parts, and
slow a preference not to be touched near wounds. In addition to feeling pain, octopuses
also have __________sensory capacities: excellent eyesight, and acute sensitivity to
taste and smell. This, together with their large nervous systems and _________
behavior makes it all but certain. The question of what subjective experience might be
like for an octopus is ____________by the odd relationship between its brain and body.

Options: Complex, exquisite, hurting, complicated, injured, decent, sophisticated, made

Answer injured; sophisticated; complex; complicated

63. Pullman Historic District

Built in 1880 on 4,000 acres ___________of outside of the Chicago city limits, Pullman,
Illinois, was the first industrial planned ______________in the United States. George
Pullman, of the Pullman (railroad) Car Company, built the south residential portion of the
company town first, which contained 531 _______________, some of which stand today
more or less as they did originally.

Options: Community, houses, land, soil, factories, workers

Answer: land; community; houses

64. McLuhan's preeminent theory

McLuhan's preeminent theory was his idea that human history could be
__________acoustic age, the literary age, the print age and the electronic age. He
__________the concept in a 1962 book called The Gutenberg Galaxy, which was
_____________just as the television was starting to become popular.

He _________the world was entering the fourth, electronic age, which would be
characterized by a community of people brought together by technology.

He called it the "global village" and said it would be an age when everyone had _______
to the same information through technology. The "global village could be understood to
be the internet.

Options: Divided, described, highlighted, access, released, predicted, will, closed,

outlined, submerged

Answer: divided; outlined; released; predicted; access

FILL IN THE BLANKS: SELECT FROM THE LIST:
1. Hard work

It is important to _______________the need for hard work as an essential part of

studying law, because far too many students are tempted to think that they can succeed
by relying on what they imagine to be their natural ability, without bothering to add the
expenditure of effort. To take an analogy some people prefer the more or less instant
____________which comes from watching television adaptation of a classic novel to the
rather more _______________process of reading the novel itself. Those who
___________watching television to reading the book are less likely to study law
successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a _____________for text- based

(A) notice/ emphasize/ remember/ note

(B) gratification/ enjoyment/ satisfaction/ excitement

(C) effortless/ laborious/ complex/ simple

(D) prefer/ interest/ like/ enjoy

(E) taste/ knowledge/ idea/ motivation

Answer: emphasize; gratification; laborious; prefer; taste

2. Dark energy

Arguably the greatest mystery facing humanity today is the prospect that 75% of the
universe is made up of a ____________known as "dark energy", about which we have
almost no knowledge at all. Since a further 21% of the universe is made from invisible
"dark matter" that can only be __________through its gravitational effects, the ordinary
matter and energy making up the Earth, planets and stars is apparently only a tiny part
of what exists. These ____________require a shift in perception as great as that made
after Copernicus’s.

(A) material/ matter/ substance/ fabric

(B) detected/ identified/ found/ observed

(C) discoveries/ findings/ inventions/ detection

(D) revelation/ publication/ exhibition/ announcement

Answer: substance; detected; discoveries; revelation

3. The emperor penguin

The emperor is the giant of the penguin world and the most iconic of the birds of
Antarctica. Gold patches on their ears and on the top of their chest brighten up their
black heads. Emperors and their closest relative, the king penguin, have unique breeding
cycles, with very long chick-rearing periods. The emperor penguins breed the furthest
south of any penguin species, forming large colonies on the sea-ice surrounding the
Antarctic continent. They are true Antarctic birds, rarely ____________in the sub
Antarctic waters.
So that the chicks can fledge in the late summer season, emperors breed during the
cold, dark winter, with temperatures as low at -50°C and winds ___________to 200km
per hour. They trek 50-120 km (30-75 mls) over the ice to breeding colonies which may
include thousands of individuals. The female lays a single egg in May then passes it over
to her mate to incubate ___________she goes to sea to feed. For nine weeks the male
fasts, losing 45% of his body weight.

The male balances the egg on his feet, which are ___________in a thick roll of skin and
feathers. The egg can be 70°C warmer than the outside temperature.

A) have seen/ seen/ seeing/ see

B) off/ on/ out/ up

C) after/ during/ before/ whilst

D) protecting/ covered/ covering/ protected

Answer: seen; up; whilst; covered

4. Economic inequality

For the past thirty years, the United States has been conducting what one observer
(Samuelson 2001) has called "a massive social experiment" regarding the political and
social consequences of increasing economic inequality. The share of national income
going to families in the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution ___________by
about one-fifth, from 17.4% in 1973 to 13.9% in 2001, while the share going to families
in the top 5 percent increased by more than one-third, from 15.5% to 21.0%.
_______________, the share of income going to the top one-tenth of one percent
quadrupled between 1970 and 1998, leaving the 13,000 richest families in America with
almost as much income as the 20 million poorest families. The economic causes of these
trends—technological change? demography? global competition? — are a matter of some
___________controversy. But the important political point is that, whereas richest
democracies have significantly mitigated increasing economic inequality through
government action, the United States has mostly been content to let economic trends
take their course, doing "less than almost any other rich democracy to
___________economic inequality" through employment and wage policies, taxes, and
transfers.

A) declined/ declining/ defined/ declined

B) Because/ Meanwhile/ Thus/ besides

C) scholar/ scholarliness/ scholarship/ scholarly

D) cut/ improve/ limit/ increase

Answer: declined; Meanwhile; scholarly; limit

5. Cardona Salt Mountain

Formed two million years ago when low-density salt was pushed up through the much
harder materials surrounding it, the Cardona Salt Mountain is one of the largest domes
of its kind in the world, and unique in Europe. While small amounts of other minerals
pervade the savory hill, the salt pile would have a near translucent quality if not for the
thin layer of reddish clay coating the exterior. The ___________of the mountain was
recognized as early as the middle ages when Romans began exploiting the mountain for
its salt, which began to bolster the young Cardonian ___________. With the invention of
industrial mining techniques, a mine was built into the side of the mountain and a
thriving facility formed at its base as excavators dragged enormous amounts of potash
(water-soluble) salt from the innards of the hill. In addition to the mineral export, the
locals of Cardona began making salt sculptures to sell and invented a number of hard,
salty pastries unique to the area.

A) vibration/ significance/ significant/ magnificent

B) trend/ correspondence/ economy/ accordance

Answer: significance; economy

6. Education for Global Leadership

To _______the twenty-first century challenges to our economy and national security, our
education system must be strengthened to increase the foreign language skills and
cultural awareness of our students. America's continued global leadership will depend on
our students' abilities to _________with the world community both inside and outside
our borders.

A) solve/ reduce/ confront/ eliminate

B) interact/ relate/ talk/ speak

Answer: confront; interact

7. The Romans

Over many centuries and across many territories the Romans were able to win an
astonishing number of military victories and their success was due to several important
factors. Italy was a peninsula not easily attacked, there was a huge pool of fighting men
to draw upon, a disciplined and innovative army, a centralized command and line of
supply, expert engineers, effective diplomacy __________a network of allies, and an
inclusive approach to conquered peoples which allowed for the strengthening and
broadening of the Roman power and logistical bases. ______________, her allies not
only supplied, equipped and paid for additional men but they also supplied vital materials
such as grain and ships. On top of all this Rome was more or less in a continuous state
of war or readiness for it and believed absolutely in the necessity of defending and
imposing on others what she firmly believed was her cultural superiority.

A) through/ on/ over/ across

B) because/ so/ further/ recently

Answer: through, Further

LISTENING FILL IN THE BLANKS:
1. Those of you who've never heard the term neo-Latin, may be forgiven for thinking it's
a new South American dance craze. If you're puzzled when I tell you it has something to
do with the language of Romans, take heart, over the years many classes who have
confessed they are not really sure what it is either. Some have assumed that they are
so-called ‘Late-Latin', written at the end of the Roman Empire. Others have supposed it
must have something to do with the middle ages. Or perhaps it's that pseudo-Latin
which my five and seven-year-old boys seem to have gleaned from the Harry Potter
books, useful for spells and curses that they zip one another with makeshift paper ash
ones. No, in fact, neo-Latin is more or less the same as the Latin that was written in the
ancient world, classical Latin. So, what's so new about it?

2. Bruch and her colleague Mark Newman studied who swapped messages with whom on
a popular online dating platform in the month of January 2014. They categorized users
by desirability using PageRank, one of the algorithms behind search technology.
Essentially if you receive a dozen messages from desirable users, you must be more
desirable than someone who receives the same number of messages from average
users. Then they asked: How far "out of their league" do online daters tend to go when
pursuing a partner? "I think people are optimistic realists in other words, they found that
both men and women tended to pursue mates just 25 percent more desirable than
themselves. "So they're being optimistic, but they're also taking into account their own
relative position within this overall desirability hierarchy." And the study did have a few
more lessons for people on the market: "I think one of the take-home messages from
this study is that women could probably afford to be more aspirational in their mate
pursuit

3. In animals, a movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord

called the central contract patterns generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive
muscles to contract rhythmically in a way that produces running or walking, depending
on the pattern of pulses. A simple signal from the brain instructs the CPG to switch
between modes such as going from a standstill to walking.

4. For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure
with regards to personal history. There are just two primary sources for information on
the Bard: his works, and various legal and church documents that have survived from
Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of information, which tells
us little about Shakespeare the man.

5. The ocean has been getting bluer, according to a study published in the journal
Nature. But that’s not really good news for the planet. It means that the plants that give
the ocean its green tint aren’t doing well. Scientists say that’s because the ocean has
been getting warmer.

6. Now that story's been scotched, as only part of contingency planning. But it was a
symptom of the dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it flushed out other
remarks from water academics and people like Tim Flannery, indicating that things were
really much worse than had been foreshadowed, even earlier this year. So is Adelaide,
let alone some whole regions of South Australia, in serious bother?
Considering that the vast amount of its drinking water comes from the beleaguered
Murray, something many of us outside the State may not have quite realized. Is their
predicament something we have to face up to as a nation?

7. Laurence Stephen Lowry RBS RA was an English artist. Many of his drawings and
paintings depict Pend Lebury, Lancashire, where he lived and worked for more than 40
years, and also Salford and its surrounding areas. Lowry is famous for painting scenes of
life in the industrial districts of North West England in the mid-20th century. He
developed a distinctive style of painting and is best known for his urban landscapes
peopled with human figures often referred to as matchstick man. He painted mysterious
unpopulated landscapes, brooding portraits and the unpublished "marionette" works,
which were only found after his death.

8. Along the way, we have built unashamedly beautiful buildings, two of which have won
and been runner-up in the prestigious United Nations World Habitat Award: the first time
an Australian building has received that international honour. We rely on older concepts
of Australian architecture that are heavily influenced by the bush. All residents have
private verandas which allow them to socialize outdoors and also creates some
"defensible space" between their bedrooms and public areas. We use a lot of natural or
soft materials and build beautiful landscaped gardens.

9. That brings us to the CEO's second duty: building everyone or more accurately,
building the senior team. All the executives report to the CEO, so it's the CEO's job to
hire fire, and manage the executive team. From coaching CEOs, I actually think this is
the most important skill of all. Because when a CEO hires an excellent senior team, that
team can keep the company running. when a CEO hire a poor senior team, the CEO is up
spending all of their time trying to do with the team, and not nearly enough time trying
to do with other elements of their job. The senior team can and often does develop the
strategy for the company, but ultimately it's always the CEO who has the final 'go-no-go'
decision on strategy.

10. Last year, astronomers observed two neutron stars collide. A crash transmitted in
gravitational waves to detectors here on Earth. Represented in sound, you can hear a
small upwards sweep in frequency, in the data, if you listen closely. Several seconds
later, the first waves of electromagnetic radiation arrived here on Earth - the first time a
collision has been detected by both light and gravitational waves. And it's in studying the
electromagnetic echoes of the collision that astrophysicists have gotten a far better
glimpse of what really happened after those binary neutron stars merged, 130 million
light years away. "Oh yeah, absolutely, so it gives us an understanding of basically all
the nitty-gritty of what's going on after the merger takes place." Kunal Mooley, an
astrophysicist at Caltech. First, he says, the stars collided, creating a massive, black hole
like object, which started sucking up the cloud of neutron-rich cosmic debris left over
from the crash. But its appetite was limited. "It cannot eat all of it, so some bit of it
basically escapes." Those escaping leftovers spewed outward into space, as a powerful
jet. But along the way, Mooley says, the jet appears to have interacted with that cloud of
neutron-rich material, blowing up a sort of cocoon within the debris floating around the
collision. Until finally, the jet burst out and slammed into interstellar space releasing yet
more radiation we could detect here on Earth.

11. To figure out these counterintuitive findings, the researchers conducted an

experiment in a hotel room. They rounded up some lizards, gave them a perch, and used
a leaf blower to mimic the effects of high winds. They set up a net to catch any lizards
that lost their grip. As the artificial wind blew, the lizards moved so the perch took most
of the air flow. But their hind legs would stick out, and if those rear limbs stuck out too
far, they acted as sails. "Eventually those back legs were blown off the perch, and the
lizards were just holding on with their front two legs. And they could only hold on like
that for so long as the wind speed increased further and further, until eventually they
were blown off the perch and into the nets, So shorter back legs gave a survival
advantage. A trait that might be passed on to the next lizard generation.

12. Crows, she says, are what's known as "partial migrants." Every year, some members
of the population migrate between breeding grounds and their overwintering grounds--
like parking lots. But others just stay put. So Townsend and her colleagues wanted to
know if that urge to migrate was something individual crows can turn on and off. To find
out, they captured 18 crows from overwintering spots in California and New York. They
fitted the birds with little backpack satellite tags, and tracked them for several years.
Overall, three quarters of the birds migrated, an average of 300 miles. And more
importantly, if they migrated once, they did it every year--suggesting traveling is not a
habit they switch on and off. The researchers also found that migrating crows returned
faithfully to the same breeding grounds every year--but were more flexible on where to
overwinter. Which could be a good thing.

13. Abandoned Pueblos are scattered throughout the south-western U.S. And at many,
archaeologists have uncovered a curious artefact: the skeletons of scarlet macaws. The
birds' bright red feathers are known to have been an important status symbol, a signifier
of prestige for people throughout the American tropics and the southwest, both in the
ancient world and today. But macaws are a tropical bird, whose range never extended
north of today's U.S.- Mexico border. So how did the Pueblo people obtain the birds? To
examine the birds' origin, scientists sequenced mitochondrial DNA found within macaw
bones from two sites in New Mexico: Chaco Canyon and the Members region. Turns out,
nearly three quarters of the birds had identical mitochondrial genome sequences--
meaning the ancient birds came from the same maternal line. That suggests they were
all the products of a breeding operation, perhaps in modern-day northern Mexico, rather
than a random collection of wild-caught birds.
SUMMARISE SPOKEN TEXTS:
1. Lawyer:

Nowadays many people want to study law in university because they intend to be
practicing lawyers.

However, there are some other people who don’t want to be lawyers also study law.

Law is just a subject in university, without … training, you have not sufficient … to be a
lawyer.

The main reason why people study law is that it can help them think and read logically
and clearly.

2. New Zealand:

New Zealand is very diverse with most residents not born in this country.

50% of them are from Asia or Europe; definition of diversity 20% we are double.

Auckland is young, not ageing but democracy.

Benefits of diversity of financial capital not on social capital.

3. Marketing Research:

This lecture is about the research in Marketing on customers.

In Marketing, we need to know how your customers look like including their ages and…

The research on Marketing can help to identify the target audience of your products(
know who will buy your product, who not) and pricing, but you should clarify ideas, think
about problems like competition, buy raw materials, in the practical process.

4. Geography:

Geography is a study of the surface of the earth including atmosphere.

And we don’t concentrate on the inside study of the earth.

Moreover, it is a subject including some disciplines and you can become a natural
scientist or cultural specialist by studying it.

In conclusion, you can pursue arguments from geography.

5. Instinct:

Instinct is related to behavior and emotion.

Instinct is in relation to motivation which means using the internal drive to survive.

Differences between reflex are common among many species.

Species rely on instincts to search for food and survive.

Instinct is complex but a reflex is an interaction

6. Description:

There are two methods of description: symbolic language and body language.

The abstraction is an important layer of computers.

Computers use symbolic systems.

The origin of symbolic system was developed when people try to communicate with each
other.

Sign language was developed, which means hand words in language.

Sign language and movements could help people ask for help when they encountered
rhinoceros.

Hands were language.

Oral languages developed while people’s hands were busy in hunting.

7. Wildlife as Food:

In my view, it's impossible not to talk about wildlife, and not think about its role in
livelihood. And I guess part of that is my own view, part of the research that I do in
Africa. In most easternwest Africa. I look a role, all the humans rely on wildlife as the
source of food, and also the source of income. And we talk about our wildlife, it seems
we talk about fish, we are talking about what probably the single most important source
of protein for human that across the globe. And, so, billions of, or more than a billion of
people rely on fish as their primary source of animal protein, and most of these people
living in poverty. So the management of fish resource of wildlife in that sense causing
incredibly important to livelihoods and health. And also, wildlife tourism is the multiple
billion dollars' industry, and in many places, such as Africa, South America, it can be the
No.1 source of income, it can be the No.1 source of foreign income for economies.

8. Ugly Building:

The lecturer used to live in West London and every time he walked through the streets
there, he saw many ugly buildings on the both sides.

Those ugly buildings last hundreds of years and had long-term negative impacts on
beholders by causing frustration(and anger, unlike a bad book, which last just several
years.

Architects should learn from some buildings in Rome, which are beautiful and have last
since ancient times.

But architects say beauty is an arrogant word and do not think their works are ugly,
because beauty is in the eye of the beholders.

9. Australian Public Transportation:

Australian living patterns need cars as most Australians live in countryside and it will be
inconvenient for them to work without a car.

Only 20% of people in Australia cannot drive, mainly the elderly, young students or the
disabled.
Thus, Australian government should pay more attention to those who do not drive.

Australian public transportation system in rural areas is not yet satisfactory, but it may
lead to other problems.

10. Orgnisation Study:

The two speakers are talking about organisation study and how they appreciate it.
Organisation study is about a whole family of disciplines, such as social science,
psychology, sociology, history, and cultural studies. The speaker enjoys studying
organisation study because of its broad range and its breadth. What organisation study
has taught him is liberating ideas without disciplinary boundaries.

11. Internet:

Internet, an innovation by graduate students and researchers who were good at

programming, can achieve many things but has both advantages and disadvantages.
Initially, internet didn't take security into consideration because there was no suspicion
between internet users at that time, such as the email system. Using email needs trust
between the senders and the receivers as the authentication process was not originally
built in this system.

12. Water Demand:

Water demand exceeded supply in Los Angeles in 19th century, so Los Angeles derived
water from Owens Valley in 1913. The farmers in the valley tried to destroy the aqueduct
in 1924 until the valley was dried out. Then in 1941, Los Angeles derived water from
Mono Lake which was a habitat for migration birds, until in 1992 litigation stopped the
water flowing from Mono Lake to Los Angeles.

13.Architecture Design:

Architecture design is important to buildings. In the Victoria era, architects designed

buildings based on bricks and other materials. The design of floors was based on lighting
as it will not only affect appearance but also health conditions. In the 20th century,
many buildings with design flaws were demolished or modified through a natural
selection process, though it's argued to be unfair for the buildings.

14. IT Development:

The history of software is of course very very new. And the whole IT industry is really
only 67 years old which is extraordinary and to be so close to the birth of a major new
technology, a major new discipline is quite remarkable given where we got to in those 67
years. And the progression has been not so much a progression as a stampede because
Moore's Law, the rapid expansion in the power of computing and the rapid fall of the cost
of computing and storage and communications has made it feasible for information
technology to move into all sorts of areas of life that were never originally envisaged.
What has happened is that there has been as | said a stampede for people to pick the
low-hanging fruit. And that is what's guided the development of software and
information technology over the past decades and continues to do so with a number of
consequences that we will explore.
15. Industrial Revolution:

France, one thought that they were called them "retarded", a word that was used,
unfortunately, at that time. And then one tried to see why not. Now, that analysis has
been really rejected greatly over the past years, because Industrial Revolution is
measured by more than simply large factories with industrial workers and the number of
machines. This is the point of the beginning of this. The more that we look at the
Industrial Revolution, the more that we see that the Industrial Revolution was first and
foremost an intensification of forms of production, of kinds of production that were
already there. And thus, we spend more time looking at, you know, the intensification of
artisanal production, craft production, of domestic industry, which we've already
mentioned, that is people mostly women but also men and children, too, working in the
countryside. The rapid rise of industrial production was very much tied to traditional
forms of production. In Paris, for example, in 1871, alright, 1870, the average unit of
production had only slightly more than seven people in it. So, if you only look for big
factories and lots of machines, you'll be missing the boat on the Industrial Revolution.

Version B:

Through the 1950s and into the 1960s, the idea of the Industrial Revolution was that it
was the work of some genius inventors who created machines used primarily in the
textile industry but also in mining that eliminated blocks to assembly line production.
Then everybody was crowded into factories and the new brave world opened up. In fact,
one of the most interesting books and great classics that is still in print was written by an
economic historian at Harvard who's still alive called David Landes. It's a good book
called The Unbound Prometheus, which was basically that. Some of the inventions that I
briefly describe in your reading, the spinning Jenny, etc, refer to that. Well, and that kind
of analysis led one to concentrate on England where the Industrial Revolution began, and
to view industrialization as beginning a situation of winners and losers by not going as
fast. Now, that analysis has been really rejected greatly over the past years, because
Industrial Revolution is measured by more than simply large factories with industrial
workers and the number of machines. This is the point of the beginning of this. The more
that we look at the Industrial Revolution, the more that we see that the Industrial
Revolution was first and foremost an intensification of forms of production, of kinds of
production that were already there. And thus, we spend more time looking at, you know,
the intensification of artisanal production, craft production, of domestic industry, which
we've already mentioned, that is people mostly women but also men and children, too,
working in the countryside. The rapid rise of industrial production was very much tied to
traditional forms of production.

16. The Republic:

Why should we read the Republic? I image lots of students asked this question to me
when they're given it as a set book at the beginning of their university course, but in fact
there are many good reasons to read the Republic. And first one I would pick on is just
that it is immensely readable. It's not Plato did not write philosophy like a dry text book.
He wrote it like a living conversation. The whole of the Republic which is fairly fat book is
a living conversation written in short almost soundbite type answers, but nevertheless,
developing some very important ideas so my first answer then we should read the
Republic just because it is readable. It is readable it was written by a genius and it's
worth reading. It's easy to read. It's not difficult. But then there's also obviously the
thoughts, the content of the book and he's asking this absolutely fundamental question
why should we bother to be good, what's in it for us effectively. It seems when we look
at the world, it looks as though injustice pays. It looks as though crime pays or as the
good people get trodden down. So, Plato addresses this absolutely fundamental question
why should we be good. I'm not going to tell you his answer. Read the book.

17. Language Acquisition:

So language acquistion starts earlier than most people think and it also ends later than
most people think. When does child language acquistion stop? Well, in a sense, you
know we’re all children. We stay being children all our lives. There’s no obvious end point
further learning sounds. Of course, there is, and for learning grammar, there is. But
vocabulary, oh, I mean that goes on for the rest of our lives and million or more words in
English and most of us only have a vocabulary of 50, 60, 70 thousand words or whatever
it is. And so there’s always something more to learn. So, remember that the two ends of
child language acquisition are wider apart than some people think, and that means
there’s more scope for studying it than most people think.

18. Travel Book:

The book Travels of Sir John Mandeville was popular in the 1300s and 1400s. The book is
in the library as a guidance. The book describes his supposed travels to the Mid East,
Africa and Asia. This is book is valuable although its descriptions about foreign lands
were not true. It only shows how European people thought about foreign lands outside
Europe as well as their imagination of the unknown.

19. Population Change:

There are three types of changes happening in population. The first one is the change in
population density, which means more and more people are living in urban areas. The
second change is found in population distribution because migration patterns have
changed. The third one is the change in aging structure as women have less children,
which leads to serious aging problem. There will be as many old people as young people
on this planet.

20. Telescope:

The aperture of a telescope is several times larger than the aperture of human eye so
that the objects that can not be normally seen by unaided eye can be seen. Light-
gathering power of a telescope is proportional to the area of its aperture and hence
depends on the square of the radius of the mirror. Therefore, a 20 cm diameter
telescope collects four times more photons than a 10 cm diameter telescope. A telescope
can be equipped to record light over a long period of time, by using photographic film or
electronic detectors such as photometers or CCD detectors while the eye has no
capability to store light. Along-exposure photograph taken through a telescope reveals
objects too faint to be seen with the eye, even by looking through the same telescope. A
third major advantage of large telescopes is that they have superior resolution, the
ability to discern fine detail. Small resolution is good. The resolution is directly
proportional to the wavelength being observed and inversely proportional to the
diameter of the telescope.
21. Human Minds:

The pace, the pace of which that the human minds have evolved over the last half
million years and more recently the last 200,000 years has been so frighteningly rapid
that the evolution of cognitive function and perception in different ways, can only happen
to the actions of a small number of genes. If one needed to adapt dozens of genes
changes and concert, in order to acquire the penetrating minds that we now have, which
our ancestors 500,000 years ago didn't have, the evolution could not have taken, could
not have occurred so quickly. And for that reason alone, one begins to suspect that the
genetic differences between people who lived 500,000 years ago sever that cognitive
functions than ours are not so large.

Therefore, a rather small number of genes, maybe responsible for comforting us that
powerful minds which we now, which the most of us now possessed.

22. Children's Life Quality:

Well educated families have well-educated children who have sufficient education
resources and support since they were born.

According to studies, the life chance of a child has been set by 5 years old, which is a
very disturbing fact.

There is no obvious way to address the problem of life quality in society.

23. Traveling &Transport in Paris:

There are thousands of trips and too many travelers every day in Paris. The
transportation network in Paris provides thousands of public services and links them
together. A good network can help people with long-distance or multidestination trips. In
cities with high-density population such as Paris, people would better carefully plan their
journeys before travel to reduce the density of commuters at the same time.

24. Government Tricks:

I suppose it's the truism to point out that citizens need to be well informed. Maybe it's
something we take for granted in our liberal western democracies. But there will be
plenty of societies, well, that is run counter to explicit government policy. Many areas of
the world still suffer from the reverie of the deliberate missing information.
Governments, especially the unelected ones, but also some elected ones, have denied
the events that have ever taken place. They pretend that other events did take place.
They would help spin what they cannot deny. Ensure they've used every trick of the
book, to pull the eyes of the world, and in an attempt to cover up their mistakes.

25. English Language:

English is not a pure language, influenced by other 350 languages in history.

English borrows vocabulary and phrases from other languages.

History and language are connected, so when you learn the language, you also learn the
history.

People from different periods have had different views about this. In Shakespeare’s
period, some people felt angry about the words which are not original English.
26. Human Migration:

23,000 years ago, towards the end of the Old Stone Age, also known as the upper
Paleolithic, the weather in Europe and in many parts of the world took a turn for the
worse. Temperatures plummeted, rain levels fell and a massive ice sheet slowly
advanced to cover most of northern Europe and stay there for the next few thousand
years. We know that during this glacial period, many animal and plant species sought
shelter in Europe's three warmer southern peninsulas, Iberia, Italy, and the Balkans. But
the question is, where did the people go? Archeological material recovered from this time
period has shown that a large number of our ancestors retreated to Franco Cantabria, an
area covering the southwest of France and the northeastern tip of Spain. But was this
the only area where people traveled to escape the worst of the weather? Let's go back to
the growing ice sheet. In order to grow, the ice mass had to take up water, causing sea
levels to fall. At its maximum when the ice reached as far south as Germany, sea levels
were up to 120 meters lower than today. That's approximately the same height as the
London Eye. As a result, areas of the shallow sea became exposed and Europe's shape
was very different from the one we recognized. It could be that humans lived on these
exposed shores during the Paleolithic, but we have no evidence of their settlements
because it's now we're underwater.

27. Stanford University Business School always promotes leadership in learning,

management, and delivery of goods and services and also aims at delivering good
services and making sure good quality. Students should realize that accomplishing
assignments by themselves is their own responsibility. Profit or non-profit institutes,
such as Stanford University, provide the opportunity of learning management and your
accomplishment achieved by others cannot indicate what you are capable of.

28. Worst weather:

The speaker doubted where our ancestors used to live and where they go.

Sea levels in that period of time were much lower than today’s sea levels.

People may used to live the on shallow shore where today is under water.

But, there is not archaeological evidence supporting this argument.

29. Good Ideas:

To be a successful entrepreneur, you should have good ideas, but the definition of a
good idea varies depending on who you ask.

A great idea should have several features.

Firstly, the great idea should be various and novel.

Secondly, the great idea should be unique, which means no one has thought about it.

Thirdly, the great idea should be transformative and productive.

30. Body Fat Experiment:

Now we would like to look at a recent survey conducted by Canadian researchers on diet.
Total of 31 women volunteered in the survey. They have been told to participate in the
exercise program without changing their diet. After careful observation, the researchers
found that some volunteers experience body fat change after six months from the day
they have started the experiment. The findings further stated that some lost a significant
amount of fat which leads to a decrease in body mass. On the other hand, there were
others who did not lose fat at all. The study concludes there must be two explanations:
those who did not lose weight must have eaten more and another factor is it is because
their psychological reason not to believe in losing fat.
ALL NEW WRITE FROM DICTATION:
1. The bank is hoping to tap into a fast growing market.

2. Scholarship applications must be completed at the end of the month.

3. Many universities' lectures can now be reviewed on the Internet.

4. Air pollution is a serious problem all over the world.

5. New media journalism is an interesting area for study.

6. We are rethinking the solutions for the society.

7. Plagiarism in a test is very severe.

8. There is an accounting assessment for finance students.

9. Marine environment has been destroyed by pollution and unsustainable development.

10. Calculators allow us to add numbers that we all made mistakes.

11. We should never underestimate the power of creative design.

12. Trees benefit the city by absorbing water run off road.

13. This course aims to develop your knowledge of statistics.

14. Many diseases on the list have been irritated.

15. This advanced course requires a basic knowledge of economic theory.

16. Eating fish twice a week is an accommodation on a health diet.

17. There are many different styles of business management.

18. The course covers architecture planning and construction on the international scale.

19. There is no criterion passed for qualified journalists.

20. Children start producing words before they are able to walk.

21. The rising of the sea level indicates climate change.

22. Packages are likely to be used in many computers.

23. The food crops require a large amount of water and fertilizer.

24. Academic libraries across the world are steadily incorporating social media.

25. We are dealing with the most challenges that we face today.

26. In written assignment, a detailed literature review is important.

27. The goal of the company is to get investment.

28. Designers need to keep up with the social trend.

29. Practical experiments are essential parts of chemical classes.

30. You will be tested via quiz and dissertation.

31. The university provides different facilities for students and staff.

32. New developments in manufacturing are constantly changing the way we live.

33. The course involves pure and applied mathematics.

34. Studying medicine is always with a wide range of opportunities.

35. Classical mechanism is considered as a branch of mathematics.

36. Renovation work is currently being undertaken throughout the whole building.

37. A regional assembly was moved to the devolution of power.

38. Studying history can help you better understand the present.

39. Our study program equips students with essential skills for university.

40. Americans have progressively defined the process of plant growth and. reproductive
development in quantitative terms.

41. The career service provides suggestions on how to pass the job interview.

42. The study shows the sense of recent technologies.

43. Artists need to make their works both original and accessible.

44. You must hand in your essays by midday on Friday.

45. Natures are defined as specific chemical compounds.

46. Plants are able to continue growing throughout their lives.

47. There are dedicated specialist librarians available all the time.

48. People see stars that were billions of years ago.

49. Castle was designed to intimidate both local people and the enemies.

50. Biology involves the study of life of all levels.

51. The stock market redesigned the market throughout the world.

52. Technology is changing the way media is used and studied.

53. You need to put these books on the table over there.

54. Fruits containing too much sugar have little or no value.

55. Scientists are unsure when the first man left Africa.

56. The news is not received until the following week.

57. Muscle cells bring parts of the body closer together.

58. A series of the observations were carried out in the classroom.

59. The task tomorrow will require higher level skills.

60. Being bilingual does not mean to have the ability to analyse the language.
61. You will study two courses and three modules.

62. Journalism faces the crisis in the light of the digital revolution.

63. The gravity is the force that attracts two bodies from one another.

64. The academic tradition of the school ensures excellence.

65. A series of lectures showed us in economics have been recorded.

66. This book can be borrowed for a maximum of one week.

67. Social psychology has been considered by human behaviour.

68. Purity is one feature that makes sold expensive.

69. Those lectures begin promptly, so do not be late.

70. The research has produced some other unexpected results.

71. The shipwreck of this year ruined some artefacts which were interested by
historians.

72. His appointment as Minister of Culture was seen as a demotion.

73. More graduate training is often needed after the university study is finished.

74. Good nutrition is crucial to the general health and vitality.

75. Employment figures are expected to be improved in the next few years.

76. Food has become a political issue in the world.

77. Banks charge interest for money they loan to their customers.

78. Student shop has a range of stationery.

79. As union members, we can influence the change of the university.

80. Speed is defined as how quickly a person or an object moves.

81. Our facilities include five items in the university.

82. Time and distance are used to calculate speed.