TOPIK -II

Test of Proficiency in Korean - II

GRAMMAR
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL

By

TOPIK GUIDE

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 Copyright © 2014 Satish Chandra Satyarthi

All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of
the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review or scholarly journal.

First Published: 2014

TOPIK GUIDE

Seoul, South Korea

www.topikguide.com

Send your feedback to: admin@topikguide.com

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 TOPIK – II: Intermediate Level Grammar

As you know, the new TOPIK format, Intermediate and Advanced level tests have been combined into one
test, named - TOPIK-II. The test takers will be assigned a level between 4 and 6, based on their score. The
exact passing scores for different levels has not been fixed yet. They will use a system of cut-off mark or
something. The main thing to understand here is that the Intermediate and advanced levels are in one test
now, which means the test paper will have questions of different difficulty levels. Some questions will be
comparatively easier so that Intermediate level aspirants could solve them while some difficult questions will
be aimed at Advanced level aspirants. So, if you are aiming for just level 3 or 4, you don’t need to spend
time on studying advanced level vocabulary and grammar. Instead you can just focus on Intermediate level
study material and try to master them.
That’s the reason why we have kept the Intermediate and Advanced level grammar and vocabulary material
separate despite their being the combined paper. In this eBook we have arranged some important
vocabulary that you need to know in order to clear Intermediate level TOPIK. Though studying the advanced
level vocabulary as well will definitely improve your score, it’s not necessary. But if you are appearing for
TOPIK level 5 or 6, you must study both Intermediate and Advanced level study material.
All the Best!

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 Used
Grammar Usage Similar Phrases Example Sentence
With
-아/어도

~더라도 아무리 비싸다고 해도 필요한 책이라면

Even though; Even if
사야지.
-다고 해도 V/A/N(I) ~(으)ㄹ 지라도
The fact in first clause doesn’t affect
-ㄴ/는다고 해도
the fact in second clause. Even if it is expensive, you have to buy the
~는 데도 book if you need it.

~나 마나

It is used to indicate that it is better to 예쁘다기보다 작했어요.

say VERB2 rather than VERB1 (rather
V/A/N(I)
-ㄴ/는 다기보다(는) than VERB1, VERB2 is a better I wouldn't say that she was pretty, but rather
reason/option) good-hearted.

그녀가 시험에 떨어졌다는 소문을 들었어요.

The fact/information/rumor that ….
I heard a rumor that she failed the test.
Used to make a noun phrase with an
A-다는 것 A/V
V-ㄴ/는다는 것 adjective or verb 너의 여자 친구가 예쁘다는 것을 잊어버렸어.

I forgot (the fact that) that your girlfriend was

pretty

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 If that is the case …..

-To show a condition or assume

something (hypothetical) that has not 날씨가 따뜻해진다면 여행에 갈 수 있습니다,
happened yet (assuming different
situation) If the weather gets warm then I can go on a
N-(이)라면
V/A/N(I) trip.
A-다면
V-ㄴ/는다면
-Lower probability of happening than - 학교에 간다면 나에게 알려주세요 If you go to
(으)면 school, let me know

-Often used with 만약

Used to mean that something is “kind

영화가 좀 너무 단순한 감이 있어.
of” in a certain state or to express what
you “feel” about an object/state/action. This movie is somewhat too simple.
감 (gam) comes from the Chinese -(으)ㄴ 감이 없지
A/V 바가지 쓰는 감이 있지만, 그냥 살래.
-(으)ㄴ/는 감이 있다 character (感), which means feeling, 않다
therefore the phrase is translated like “I I kind of feel that it's a rip-off, but I'll still buy it.
feel that it is …” or “I think it's kind of
…”.

"it's been . . . since . . ." -(으)ㄴ 지 오래

-(으)ㄴ 지 한국에 온 지(가) 10 년 됐어요.
V This pattern is used to indicate that a 되다 been a long
N(Time)이/가 => It's been ten years since I came to Korea.
time period has lapsed since the action time
되다/넘다/지나다
or event.
-(으)ㄴ 지 얼마

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 안 되다 hasn't 친구를 만난 지 오래 됐어요.
been a long time => It's been awhile since I saw my friend.

"just as it is," "(while) doing," "being in

the state of"

Used when certain action is taken in

the process of another action (VERB1),
focus is on the resulting state that 안경을 쓴 채 목욕탕에 들어갔다.
-When used with => I got into the bathtub with my glasses on.
continues
-아/어 놓다 or -
V -Can use with verbs indicating wearing 문이 열린 채 집에서 아무도 없었습니다.
-(으)ㄴ 채(로) 아/어두다 the 로
things on your body
-Can use for continuation of emotional is dropped The door was open and there was nobody at
state home.
-Incomplete/Complete actions can be
used
-Not used to describe naturally
expected situations

These are noun-modifying endings.

이거 작년에 부산에 찍은 사진이야.
V/A Adjective +ㄴ/은
- ㄴ/은/는/ㄹ/을 This is the photograph I took last year in
좋다 – 좋은 사람 (good person) Busan.

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 어렵다 – 어려운 질문 (Difficult question) 어머님과 이야기하고 있는 사람이 내
작은아버지입니다.
Verb + ㄴ/은 (For past tense)
The person talking with my mom is my uncle.
제가 어제 만난 사람 – The person I met yesterday.

Verb + 는 (For present tense)

제가 오늘 만나는 사람 – The person I am meeting today.

Verb + ㄹ/을 (For future tense)

제가 내일 만날 사람 – The person I will meet tomorrow.

-는 with 있다 – 지금 먹고 있는 음식 (The food I am eating

now.)

-은 with 싶다 – 제가 하고 싶은 일 (The work I want to do.)

-나 보다 이 옷이 비싼 것 같아요.
V/A/N(I) "looks/seems like" "appears that"
-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다
-(으)ㄴ/는 This cloth seems expensive.

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 -To guess through a certain fact or 모양이다 그녀가 존을 좋아하는 것 같습니다.
situation
-To express a thought or an opinion -(으)ㄴ/는 듯하다 It seems she likes John.

Adj. + ㄴ/은 (past) +ㄹ.을 (future) 내일 비가 올 것 같아요.

V + ㄴ/은 (past) +는 (present) +ㄹ/을 It appears like it will rain tomorrow.

(future)

혼자 공부하는 대신 반 친구와 연습하는 것을

좋습니다.
"in place of," "instead of," "but"
Instead of studying alone I love to study with
my classmate.
N. + 대신(에)
V/A/N(I) 대신 literally means "substitution,"
A/V. + ㄴ/은/는 선물로 책 대신 스카프를 샀어.
대신(에) "proxy," or "surrogate," but it also
means "in exchange for" or "as a trade- => As a gift, I bought a scarf instead of a
off," book.

날씨가 맑은 대신 추워요.
=> The weather is beautiful, but it's cold.

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 내 고향이 먼데다가 기차표도 아주 비쌉니다.

"in addition to," "not only . . . but also," Not only is my hometown far from here the
"and also" ticket is also very expensive.
-(으)ㄹ
V/A
-(으)ㄴ/는 데다가 This connective is composed of the - 책도 많이 읽는 데다가 운동도 열심히 한다.
뿐(만)아니라
는데 connective followed by -다가. => Not only does she read many books, but
she exercises diligently.

-(으)ㄴ/는 듯이
그 사람이 한국인 뜻합니다.
is like, is as (if) is like, is as (if), looks ((-으)ㄴ/는 것
like 처럼) He appears like a Korean.

-(으)ㄴ/는 듯하다 V/A/N(I) -나 보다 김 씨는 너무 바쁜 닷 해요.

To speculate on the basis of certain -(으)ㄴ/는 것
Mr. Kim looks as if he is very busy.
fact or situation.
같다

-(으)ㄴ 모양이다

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 Appears like

To speculate something on the basis of 문이 닫히는 걸 보니까 집에서 아무도 없는

certain fact or situation (shape or -나 보다
appearance) 모양입니다.
-(으)ㄴ/는 것
V/A/N(I)
-(으)ㄴ/는 모양이다 -No guess in VERB1 (If guess you use 같다 After seeing the closed door it seems there is
no one at home.
-(으)ㄹ 것 같다)
-(으)ㄴ/는 듯하다
-Often used with -(으)ㄴ/는 걸 보니까
which is the basis for making the guess

On the one hand…. on the other hand.

It is used when context of VERB1 그 사람이 부지런한 반면에 행동이 좀

contrasts with VERB2 (_____ while -지만 이상합니다.
V/A/N(I) _____)
-(으)ㄴ/는 반면(에)
-는데 반해
-Express 2 things that are opposite or He is hard working, but on the other hand, his
one positive and one negative in one behavior is little bit strange.
sentence

There is reason to expect; it is (or

seems) reasonable that ...; it can be 열심히 공부하면 점수가 높아지는 법입니다.
V/A expected that; it ought (it is supposed) -기 마련이지다
-(으)ㄴ/는 법이다 If you study hard it’s obvious that your grades
to be that ...; it is the usual turn of
events that ...; it is nature's law will improve.
that ...; the inevitable way of the world

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 is that; it stands to reason that ..., the
way (law) of the world that ...

V. + ㄴ/은/는 셈이다 - "it is (almost) as

though," "I would say..."
비싸게 산 셈이다.
A.V. + ㄹ/을 셈이다 - "(one) plans to,"
=> (It's almost as though) we paid too much.
"(one) intends to"
나는 오전 중에 돌아 올 셈이었다.
-ㄴ/은/는 셈이다 indicates a calculated
-(으)ㄴ/는 셈이다 -외/과 => I was planning on coming back before
V result and is a colloquial expression. –
ㄹ/을 셈이다 마찬가지다 noon.
ㄹ
너 앞으로 어떻게 할 셈이야?
/을 셈이다 indicates an intention or a => What are you planning to do from now on?
plan.

-는 셈치다 used to suppose something

that is different from reality (pretend)

Used when information about certain

fact is different from what had been -는다고 생각하다
expected (I thought that. but really.) -(으)려니 여기서 날씨가 이렇게 많이 더운 줄
-(으)ㄴ/는 줄 V/A/N(I) -When used with positive and negative 생각하다 몰랐습니다.
알았다/몰랐다
comments on ability (+/+ and -/- worse
-(으)ㄹ 줄 I had no idea that weather too hot here.
than you expected) (-/+ and +/- better
than expected) 알다/모르다

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 (used to when
checking
ability/awareness
on how to do
something

-은 척했다
(Subject acts like
Used to express a fabrication of an they did
attitude or action that is different from something but 모든 사실을 알아도 모르는 척 하지 마십시오.
the fact (act like <V/A/N attached) didn't)
V/A/N(I) Don’t pretend that you are not aware of after
-(으)ㄴ/는 척하다 -VERB1 contains what is contrary to -는 척했다
knowing everything.
reality (Subject acts like
-You can't use 알다 in the past they are in the
process of
something but in
reality not)

Used to express the attitude that is 여자들이 항상 순결한 체 합니다.

different from the actual action or
-(으)ㄴ/는 체하다
V/A/N(I) -(으)ㄴ/는 척하다 Girls always pretend that they are innocent.
condition (acted as though <V/A/N
attached> in order to Clause 1)

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 When a bad result is placed in VERB2 어머니께서 안 계신 탓에 집이 이렇게
-는 탓이다
due to VERB1
지저분합니다.
V/A/N(I) -는 바람에
-(으)ㄴ/는 탓에
In this phrase 탓 roughly means
-는 통에 The house so dirty because my mother is not
reason/cause something bad happens there.

To say that something tends to be

similar to something else (generally so) -Negative forms 이 물건이 저 보다 싼 편이어서 사십시오.

V/A -Normally adverb in front 안 -는 편이다, -

-(으)ㄴ/는 편이다 This one is cheaper than that so buy this.
-Characteristic/quality needs to be
는 편이 아니다
obvious or objectively verifiable (in
general terms)

-When VERB1 becomes the reason of

VERB2 (since/therefore/and)
-When the VERB2's context contrasts
-(으)ㄴ/는데
V/A/N(I) with VERB1 (but) 배고픈데 피자 시켜먹자
-To do something in VERB2 on the
basis of VERB1 (background I'm hungry. Why don't we order pizza?
information)

When something that is different from a -With 불구하고 to 계속 잤어는데도 감기가 낫지 않아요
generally expected result in VERB1's make -
V/A/N(I) situation is placed in VERB2
-(으)ㄴ/는데도 (으)ㄴ/는데도
-Can't use future tense, imperative, or Even though i keep sleeping the cold is not
불구하고 to
suggestive ending getting better.
further

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 emphasize the
contrast or
unexpectedness

"to know if/whether"

"not to know if/whether"

알다 and 모르다 verbs use -지 to mean 어떤 선물이 좋은지 알아요?

"how to" or "if/whether," as illustrated in Don't you know which gift is appropriate?
-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ지 V/A/N(I) the examples below. When a question
알다/모르다 pronoun, such as 언제, 어디, 왜, 누가, 친구가 언제 올지 모르겠어요.
어떤, 무슨 or 무엇, precedes this I don’t know when my friend will come.
construction, the speaker is inquiring
when, where, why, who, which, what
kind, or what, respectively.

"no use," "no point doing," "not 가나 마나 우리는 늦어서 그 영화는 못 봐.

worth doing" => There is no use going; we can't see the
movie because we're late.
This pattern indicates a futile attempt -아/어 봤자
V
-(으)나 마나 or uselessness, meaning literally 그 약은 먹으나 마나였다.
"whether to do it or not."
=> The medicine was no use. It didn't help.

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 -았/었어야
"should
했는데 (Should
have . . ." 점심을 미리 먹을 걸 그랬다.
have done)
=> I should have eaten lunch earlier.
This short form of -ㄹ/을 것을 그랬다 -지 말걸
V
-(으)ㄹ 걸 (그랬다) 떡국을 끓일 걸 그랬다.
indicates mild regret, as in "I should 그랬다/안 -(으)ㄹ
have done. => I should have cooked (boiled) the rice-
걸 그랬다 cake soup.
(Should not have
done)

“To do Verb2 and not Verb1”

여기는 날씨만 좋은 게 아니라 사람들도
"it is not (the fact) that," "not . . . -지 말고 친절해요.
but . . ."
- => Not only is the weather nice here, but the
-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 게 V
(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ people are also nice.
아니라
This expression amends the action, 것이 아니라 로스앤젤레스가 아니라 시애틀에 도착했어요.
event, or item in the first part of the
sentence by the second part. => He arrived in Seattle, not Los Angeles.

"while doing . . . -는 김에(means

This construction indicates that the doing actions 선생님도 뵐 겸 학교에 갔다.
second action has a dual purpose. together)
V
-(으)ㄹ 겸 I went to school and at the same time visited
Taking advantage of the situation, you -가는 길에/오는
do one thing while doing something my teacher.
길엥 (on the way
else at the same time.
to/from you do

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 something) 친구도 사귈 겸 한국 학생회에 나갔다.
-겸 (used with => I went to attend the Korean students'
noun) meeting and also to make friends (there).

There’s no way, Can’t be

그가 이렇게 빨리 올 리가 없다.
Expresses a doubt in the possibility or He can’t be here that early.
-절대로 -지 않을
the likeliness of an action or a
것이다 내 여자친구가 날 찰 리가 없다.
V/A state. 리 means a reason, a possibility,
-(으)ㄹ 리(가) 없다 -(으)ㄹ 리(가) My girlfriend can’t be dump me.
or a cause. This grammar structure is
usually used in the present tense and
있어요? 그가 저녁을 먹었을 리가 없다.
the past tense, and even when it's
referring to a future action, the He can't have had dinner.
sentence remains in the present
tense.

"it is worth doing," "it is doable," "to be

deserving" 그 소설은 읽을 만해.
=> The fiction is worth reading.
-To recommend something since the
V speaker considers it to be worthy.
-(으)ㄹ 만하다 요즘 볼 만한 영화가 뭐 있을까?
=> Which movies are worth watching
nowadays?

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 그 학생은 상을 받을 만 하다.
=> The student deserves an award.

"almost," "nearly," "a close call"

It is used to mean that something

almost happened (but did not actually . 교차로에서 사고가 날 뻔했다.
happen) (almost <V attached>)
=> I nearly had an accident at the
-Most cases speaker is relieved it didn't crossroads.
happen
V -Always use in past 차 사고가 나서 하마터면 죽을 뻔했다.
-(으)ㄹ 뻔하다
-Often used following constructions => I almost died because of the car accident.
that indicate hypothetical past
situations (-았/었더라)

- When used with 하마터면, this

construction intensifies the near
occurrence of an event that could have
happened.

“Not only.. but also….”

그는 가난할 뿐만 아니라 몸도 허약하다.
-(으)ㄹ 뿐(만) 아니라
V/A/N(I) To add a piece of information from -(으)ㄴ/는 데다가
VERB2 to VERB1 (but also)

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 -Clauses should be +/+ or -/- can't mix He is not only poor but also sickly.
-These often follow (A/V-기까지 하다/

A/V-기도 하다/ N-까지 A/V)

“It’s only that…, Not more than ….,

just…”
-(으)ㄹ 뿐 난 그냥 좀 바쁠 뿐인데요.
To show that there is nothing else than -More emphatic
what is mentioned in VERB1 (that's all, It's just that I'm a little busy.
V/A/N(I) use (N-만 -(으)ㄹ
-(으)ㄹ 뿐이다 all I did, only)
뿐이다/ A/V-기만 지금 많이 배고파요. 밥을 먹고 싶을 뿐이다.
-Only one course of action
-In this form 뿐=오직 meaning solely, -(으)ㄹ 뿐이다) I am so hungry now. I just want to eat.
merely, only

할 게 너무 많아서 밤을 새울 수밖에
"there is no way/choice but to . . . ,"
"have to" 없겠어요.
=> There is so much to do, I have no choice
It is used in situations in which there is
A/V but to stay up all night.
-(으)ㄹ 수 밖에 없다 no other choice for the subject but to
do VERB1's action (in case of verb) or
싫지만 치과에 가는 수밖에 없다.
to be in VERB1's stat (in case of
adjective) => I hate it, but there's no way but to go to a
dentist.

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 눈물이 날 정도로 아팠어.

"(so) . . . to the extent that," "(so) . . . It's was so painful that I almost cried.
to the point that" -(으)ㄹ 정도이다
숨을 쉬지도 못 할 정도로 많이 먹었다.
V/A This pattern expresses a hypothetical -(으)ㄹ 만큼
-(으)ㄹ 정도로 => I ate so much (to the extent) that I can't
or real degree, limit, or extent of the
performance, action, or behavior. – -(으)ㄹ 지경이다 breathe.
Sometimes Used to exaggerate

시험이 너무 어려워 울 지경이었다.

"to/at the point of . . . ," "almost,"
"nearly" => The exam was so difficult that I almost
cried.
This expression is often preceded by a
-(으)ㄹ 지경이다
V verb of hardship, such as 포기하다, -(으)ㄹ 정도이다 피곤해서 쓰러질 지경이다.
=> I am so tired that I'm about to collapse.
쓰러지다, 죽다, 울다, 꺾어지다, or 넘어

지다. 목이 말라서 죽을 지경이었다.

=> I almost died of thirst.

V. + ㄹ/을 테니(까) means Combination of -

"since/because (it is expected to)." It (으)ㄹ 터이다 내가 도와 줄 테니까 걱정하지 마세요.
V/A/N(I)
-(으)ㄹ 테니(까) indicates the speaker's expectation in (Express
I will help you, so don't worry.
regard to an event or an action. This speaker's
construction comes from the intention) and -

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 connective (으)니까 "because" (으)니까 날씨가 추울 테니까 두꺼운 옷을 입고
attached to the ㄹ/을 터이다 "is (express reason) 나가세요.
expected" ending. => The weather will be cold, so go out with
-VERB1 shows the speaker's will and thick (warm) clothes on.
becomes the condition for VERB2
버스 타면 늦을 테니까 지하철을 타자.
-Generally used with command or
=> We'll be late if we take a bus, so let's go by
suggestions.
subway.
-Subject should be speaker in VERB1
-VERB1= reason for suggestion or
advice
-VERB2=suggestion or advice

"I imagine," "I would think," "it must be" 이 책은 초등 학생에게는 어려울 텐데 다른

This short connective form of -을/일 책을 사는 게 어때요?

터인데 indicates the speaker's

expectation or anticipation. It is derived
This book is probably difficult for an
V/A/N(I) from the verb 터이다 "to expect" and
-(으)ㄹ 텐데 elementary school student so how about
the connective -ㄴ/는데. buying a different book?

When the preceding phrase shows a 오늘이 동생 생일일 텐데 케이크를 먹었는지

speaker's speculation and it works as a
모르겠다.
basis of the succeeding phrase
=> Today must be my younger sibling's

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 birthday, but I don't know whether he/she had
a cake.

“contrary to what you might

expect or think.., Probably...” 그 사람이 드라마 배우 일걸요.
-(으)ㄹ 거야 He’s probably a drama star.
-To speculate (need knowledge to back
V/A/N(I) up speculation) about certain fact -(으)ㄹ 거예요
-(으)ㄹ걸(요) 아마 일을 끝냈을 걸요.
(means a
- Conversation only, intention raises at speculation)
I think he might have finished the work
end
already.
-Used in spoken language

“for fear lest ... ; for fear

that ... ; (afraid/concerned) that ...” 시험이 어려울까 봐 공부를 열심히 했어요.

-To do VERB2 in advance because the

-(으)ㄹ까
speaker is worried about VERB1 (봐
I feared the test would be difficult, so I studied
here used as to guess/think) 싶어(서)
V/A/N(I) hard.
-(으)ㄹ까 봐(서) -(으)ㄹ 지도
*This is different-(으)ㄹ까 보다/- 교수님이 화날까 봐
몰라(서)
(으)ㄹ까 싶다/-(으)ㄹ까 하다/-(으)ㄹ
비가 올까 봐서 우산을 가지고 왔어요.
지도 모르다 comes at the end of
I brought an umbrella in case it rains.
sentence and shows an uncertain plan

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 “To intend to …., to think of doing…” 다음 달부터 요가를 배울까 해요

V -Used to describe the speaker's vague -(으)ㄹ까 보다

-(으)ㄹ까 하다
intention or plan that can easily be
I'm thinking of learning yoga starting next
changed (I might _____)
month.

그 노인은 죽을락 말락 한다.

to come close to, to be on the brink of.
(ㄹ 뻔하다) The old man comes close to dying

V 그녀는 그를 때릴락 말락 했다.

-(으)ㄹ락 말락 하다 -Used to say that something almost
happened but didn't at the end (I nearly
She was on the verge of hitting him
<V attached> but (reason why not))

비가 올지도 몰라요.
“It might/may…”

-Used to indicate the speaker's view It might rain.

that something might happen or could
시험에 떨어질지도 몰라.
-(으)ㄹ지도 모르다
V/A/N(I) possibly (but unlikely) occur -(으)ㄹ지 모르다

-Used as a guess so rude to use about It might fail the exam.

an important event that someone is
worried about 우리 수진이는 조금 늦게 자서 배고팠을지도
몰라요.

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 Sujin slept late so I didn’t know if he’d have
been hungry.

“Intend to/Plan to/Going to”

다음 달에 카메라를 사려고 해요.
-Used to explain future plans (more
V concrete than -(으)ㄹ까 하다)
-(으)려고 하다
-Indicates the speaker's intention I plan to buy a camera next month.
-Can use for future plans

“I am/was about to do....” -(으)려던

-Used to express a plan for the 참이었다-even
foreseeable future (indicates speaker's before the 안 그래도 전화하려던 참이었어.
intention), speaker was just about to do suggestion (I had => I was just about to call you anyway.
-(으)려던 참이다 what is suggested planned to <even
-These often appear at the beginning before you said
that> and was
마침/그렇지 않아도/안 그래도 just about to)

그 사람은 사고로 인해 목숨을 잃었어요.

“Because of… , Due to…, On account
of…” That person died from (due to) a car accident
N
-(으)로 인해(서)
When VERB2's result comes because 저는 야외모임을 비로 인해 취소했어요.
of VERB1 (Due to <N attached> _____
I cancelled the meeting outside due to the rain
happened)

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 Can't use imperative/suggestive

뉴욕은 항구도시로서, 무역이 발달됐다.

=> As a port city, New York is advanced in the
commercial trades.

"as," "for," "being (in the position of)" 이 약은 새로 나온 감기 약으로서 특히 기침에

Used to indicate that someone has a 좋습니다.

N
-(으)로서 => This medicine is a newly made cold
position, social status or authority or in
such stance (as a <N attached>) medicine that is especially good for a cough.

대통령으로서 그런 말을 하면 안 된다.
=> As the president, he should not say so.

“will probably be/do I bet/I reckon

that ... is likely the case.” -(으)리라고는
그는 하나하나 보리라고 다짐한다
Often used to quote internal thoughts. 상상도 못하다
A fancy equivalent to -(으)ㄹ (used when He pledges to look at them one by one.
V/A/N(I) speaker never
-(으)리라고
것이라(고) thought about 기쁘게 해드리리라 마음먹었다.
the situation)
- Used to speculate something (I I decided I would make her happy.
believe <V/A/N attached> since Clause -(으)리라는 N
1) (used to mean

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 -믿다, 생각하다, 보다, etc. often follow think, guess,
speculate)

Even though, though; (even) while 영화는 재미있으면서도 슬펐어요.

The film was funny yet sad.
-Used to show two contrary clauses
V/A -지만 김밥이 싸면서도 맛있어요.
-(으)면서도 - Used when the opposite context to
the status/action of VERB1 come in Kimbap is cheap but delicious.
VERB2

남은 시간이나마 열심히 공부하자.

“Though it may be, even though…”
Let's study hard even though (we) don't have
-Used to choose something even -잠시나마 much time left.
though it is not 100% satisfactory (2nd
N -잠깐이나마 집은 방문할 때 작은 선물이나마 가지고
-(이)나마 best option)
-Can also show no preference -조금이나마 가야지.

When visiting someone’s home we should

take a gift, even a small one.

“even if (it be) just like..” -Used with 어느,

Used to indicate the speaker's 아무, 무엇, 무슨, 옷이 조금이라도 찢어지면 생명을 잃는다.
N choosing of something that will suffice If your clothing gets even slightly torn, you
-(이)라도
or 누구 the
even though it is not the best option lose your life.
among the available choices expression
means that

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 -Choosing the next best option something is the
-Use when ranking the available case no matter
options the
circumstances or
situation

서울이야말로 아름다운 도시예요.

Indeed.. Seoul is indeed a beautiful city.

Used to emphasize something among
N others representing the rest (prime
-(이)야말로
example) 부모야말로 가장 좋은 의사예요.
-N attached is most among all It is indeed parents who are the best doctors.

저는 떡이나 김치를 먹고 싶어요.

Either.. or..
I want to eat dduk or kimchi
Used when one is supposed to choose
one out of two options (or)
-거나 (-거나)
V/A/N(I) -든지 저는 눕거나 앉을 수 없어요 = I can’t lay down
-거나 Typically one used once but can or sit down
appear twice 돈을 주거나 선물을 주세요 = Give me money
or a present,

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 “If… When..”

-To show a condition or assume -거든요 means

something that has not happened reason (only 혹시 서울에 오거든 전화 하세요.
(generally used in casual conversation) known by
V/A/N(I) If you by any chance come to Seoul, please
-거든 -If VERB1 is actually true then… speaker) and
call me.
comes at the end
-Many times VERB1 is guess and
VERB2 is suggestive/imperative of the sentence
sentence

“Because, since, let me tell you”

Used for giving an explanation 왜 아직 퇴근 안 하셨어요?

Used to introduce information you are Why haven't you gone home yet
going to elaborate more about. "아직 할 일이 많거든요.

V/A/N(I) Letting something be known, denying

-거든요 (Because)I still have a lot of work.
something, used for setting some fact
straight, possibly in a slightly rude way.
내일은 휴일이거든.
This is sometimes used when
someone is being defensive, or in a 'for => Tomorrow is a holiday, you know.
your information' way.

그 여자는 예쁘건만 내 스타일 아니에요.

-건만(은)
V/A/N(I) “but, even though, while, although” 지만
She is beautiful but she is just not my type.

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 Used when there are opposite fact
between VERB1 and VERB2

- Although/Despite VERB1's action,

VERB2's action (opposite) happened

"to turn out," "to become," "to get to" 그 친구를 알게 되었다.
=> I got to know him/her.
- Used when something is changed or
something happened due to a certain 한국에는 어떻게 오게 되었어요?
reason, used to express passively in
V/A
-게 되다 cases in which the subject's will or What brings you here to Korea?
intention is not involved
아내 덕분에 담배를 끊게 되었어요.
-Used to tell someone something
happened in a indirect/gentle manner I quit smoking thanks to my wife

철수는 항상 우리를 웃게 합니다.

"to make (someone) do (something)"

-When someone (subject) made -도록 하다

V someone else do something (verbally Cheosu always makes us laugh.
-게 하다
make them do something, no direct -게 만들다
physical connection) 의사가 환자를 침대에 눕게 하였어요.
-Also refer to giving/not giving another
The doctor had the patient lay down on the bed.
person permission to do something

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 -Can't use 안 for negative only 못 to
show prohibition of some action
-When attached to Adjective it
indicates that the subject causes
another person to be in the state
described by the Adjective

저녁을 먹고 나서 신문을 읽어요.

=> After eating dinner, I read newspapers.
after doing . . . ," "having done . . ."
읽고 나서 숙제를 해요.
This colloquial connective indicates the => After reading, I do my homework.
V completion of an action or event that -고서
-고 나서
is followed by another action or event. 숙제를 다 하고 나서 친구에게 전화를 걸어요.
Its meaning is close to -ㄴ/은 후에. => After doing all the homework, I call my
friend on the phone.

“Ends up doing, finally does, gets

around to doing, ultimately does.” -아/어 버리다

-Used to express that something finally -고 말겠다 shows 어젯밤에 포커에서 결국은 돈을 잃고 말았다.
V
-고 말다 took place (unplanned event/action that stronger
continued until it was completed or I ended up losing money at poker last night.
intention of
thoroughly finished in a way undesired speaker
by the speaker)

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 -Subject did not plan or intend to do
what happened (efforts were made to
prevent a result but were ineffective)
-End in past tense usually

“Does and then realizes..”

When some fact is found after doing

something, new/contrary to current 그 남자의 집에 가고 보니까 결혼했어요!
belief (after I realized)
I went to that guy’s house and found out that
he’s married!
V -고 보면 (If you do this you will get this
-고 보니(까)
result) 이 셔츠를 입고 보니 잘 안 어울려요.
-Occurs after an action is completed
I tried the shirt on and saw that it doesn’t look
-Refers to a time after performing an
good on me.
action once
-VERB2 contains new or unexpected
information learned by the speaker

-N 도 V-고/ A/V- 한국 남자친구가 있고 해서 한국어를 배워요.

This first clause gives the primary Amongst other reasons, I have a Korean
기도 하고 해서
reason for the second – and hints at boyfriend, so I’m learning Korean.
other reasons -N 도 A/V-고 A/V-
V/A/N(I) 몸에 안 좋고 해서 담배를 끊었어요.
-고 해서 고 해서 or A/V-
- Only primary reason is given but the
clause indicates that there are other For one thing, it’s bad for the body, so I quit
기도 하고 A/V-
reasons also not said smoking.
기도 해서 this
expression

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 indicates two
representative
reasons among
many for the
action in VERB2

깨어나고도 한참 동안은 몸을 움직일 수

More or less equivalent to -어도, but
with the nuance of even after doing, 없었다.
V
-고도 even after having done; and yet, but,
Even after waking up, I was unable to move
while, though.
for some time.

"of course, . . . will be/do," "it goes 오늘 날씨가 춥고 말고.

without saying" => It surely is cold today.
Used to express an agreement of This
V/A/N(I) 미국에 도착하면 편지를 쓰고 말고요.
-고말고(요) sentence ending indicates the
speaker's willingness to do or his or => Of course I'll write to you when I get to the
her complete agreement with a fact. Itis United States.
used in a casual or an intimate context.

Does and then; doing and then.

-고 나서 운동을 열심히 하고서 지금 아주 피곤해요.
V To express when VERB2's action or
-고서
condition appears after VERB1's action -고 I worked out so hard that i am now very tired.
is finished (before/after relationship)

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 Only after/only if; only under conditions
such that ...

-When VERB2's action can take place 석 잔이나 비우고서야 일어났다.

V
-고서야 after VERB1's action is finished
Only after emptying three glasses, she stood.
- Use -아/어 야 when VERB1 is critical
condition for VERB2 to take place

오늘 한국의 역사에 대해 발표하고자 합니다.

"to try to," "to plan to," "would like to"

-Used in a formal speech/writing I am going to make a presentation about the

V -(으)려고 하다 history of Korea.
-고자 하다 -Subjects must be same
-Can't use Imperative or Suggestive
오늘은 여러분의 의견을 듣고자 합니다.
endings
=> I would like to hear your opinions toda

곤 하다 - "from time to time, it does,"

"now and then" 친구가 가끔 들르곤 한다.
=> My friend stops by now and then.
곤 했다 - "used to"
-고는 하다
V 밤이면 아기가 울곤 했다.
-곤 하다 This pattern indicates a repeated -기 일쑤이다
action. It means "from time to time" or => The baby used to cry at night.
"now and then" when it ends in the
present tense, and it means "used to"
when it ends in the past tense.

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 - Used often with 곧잘, 자주, 가끔

Because/Therefore

Used for the reason of VERB2's action -기 때문이다

저는 배고프기 때문에 밥을 먹고 싶어요.
V/A/N(I) --Can't use imperative/suggestive -아/어서
-기 때문에
I want to eat because I am hungry.
-(으)니까
~아/어서 is favored in spoken Korean
because of its brevity.

처음에는 초조하기 마련이다.

-게 마련이다 You’re bound to be nervous the first time.

One cannot help doing/being; one
inevitably does/is -(으)ㄴ/는 게
V/A 부모는 자식에게 관대하기 마련이다.
-기 마련이다 당연하다
Used to say that certain situation is
natural and reasonable (is bound to) It’s by nature that parents are lenient towards
-(으)ㄴ/는 법이다 their own children.

This pattern is equivalent to the 돈을 벌기 위해서 아르바이트를 찾고 있어요.

-기 위해(서)
V phrase for the sake of, benefit of, or in -기 위하여
I am looking for a part-time job in order to
order to.
earn some money.

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 한국에 유학가기 위해서 한국어를 공부하고
있어요.

I'm studying Korean in order to go to Korea to

study.

나는 감기에 걸리기 일쑤이다.

Used when something occurs I often catch a cold.

V frequently
-기 일쑤이다 나는 차멀미를 하기 일쑤다.
- Usually a negative connotation
I’m prone to motion sickness.

배가 부두에 닿기가 무섭게 선원들이 내려

"as soon as," "immediately (after)" 왔다.
=> Immediately after the ship reached the
This idiomatic expression gives a vivid
V -자마자 pier, the crew got off (the ship).
-기(가) 무섭게 image of something happening
immediately after the act or the event
집을 짓기가 무섭게 이사할 것이다.
in the first clause.
=> As soon as they finish the house, they will
move in.

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 사업이 잘 되기를 바래요.
"to wish," "to pray for," "to hope for" => I pray your business will do well.
V
-기(를) 바라다 This expression indicates a simple
항상 행복 하시기를 바랍니다.
wish, desire, or hope.
I wish you are always happy.

"it is true that . . . but"

비행기가 빠르기는 하지만 비싸다.

When despite recognizing VERB1's => It is true that airplanes are fast, but they
condition, something different than are expensive.
V/A/N(I) what had been expected is placed in -기는(긴) -지만
-기는 하지만
VERB2. 좋은 선물이기는 하지만 저는 못 받겠어요.
=> Although it is a nice gift, I cannot accept it.
--Subject must be same for both
clauses
- VERB1 is acknowledged but
emphasizing speaker's belief in

Used to slightly deny what the other

A: 한국말 참 잘 하시네요. you are speaking
person said or answer about a
compliment in a modest way (I don't korean well!

V/A/N(I) think so, <V/A attached> "negating -긴요

-기는(요) B: 잘 하기는요? 한국어가 안 늘어서 속상해요.
sentence")

- Can't be used with expressions that Am i speaking korean well? I feel bad for not
denote tense getting my proficiency increased.

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 "it is also . . ." , as well

여름에 보통 덥지만 가끔 춥기도 하다.

-Used to indicate that it is done It is usually warm, but sometimes it is cold in
sometimes the summer.

V
-기도 하다
-기도하고 (used with V when VERB1 그 드라마를 보고 우리는 웃기도 하고 울기도
"or" VERB2 are done, used with 했어요.
Adjective when adding information
"VERB1 happens but sometimes Watching that drama I both laughed and
VERB2 happens as well) cried.

"to decide to"

나는 내 년에 취직하기로 했어요.

Used to describe a plan, resolution and -기로 계획하다 I’ve decided to do some job from next year.
promise towards something (I decided
-기로 하다 V to ____) -기로 결심하다 파티에 한복을 입고 가기로 했다.
-기로 약속하다 => I decided to wear a Korean dress to the
-Usually past tense but when present party.
tense speaker & listener are making a
promise together
-Can't use imperative/suggestive

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 To show that only one particular action 아무 말을 하지 않고 울기만 해요.
V
-기만 하다 or state has been continued
He doesn’t say anything all he does is cry.

"whenever," "every time," "only if"

친구는 술을 마시기만 하면 졸아요.
This connective has two meanings. => Whenever he drinks, my friend falls
One indicates that "whenever" one asleep.
V does something, something else
-기만 하면
invariably happens; it is similar to - 돈을 벌기만 하면 컴퓨터를 하나 살 거야.
ㄹ/을 때마다. The other indicates the => Only if I make money will I buy a
conditional "only if." computer.

As, because; in accordance with [the

fact that]; by/from doing. Similar in
meaning to -기 때문에 and -길래 무엇을 잡수셨기에 배가 아프십니까? What is
you ate that gave you such a stomachache?
"as," "as for"
제가 보기에는 이 책은 학생들에게 좋은 것
보다, 듣다, 알다, and 생각하다 are
V/A/N(I) -길래 (colloquial)
-기에(는)
frequently used verbs in this 같아요.
construction. It expresses the => In my view, this book seems to be good for
speaker's experience or opinion. the students.

내가 생각하기에 as I think, in my

opinion, 내가 보기에 as I see it.

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 As, because, since; with the fact of
doing. 시간이 없길래 택시로 왔어요.
V/A/N(I) -기에 (written)
-길래
When VERB1 becomes basis or As I didn’t have time I came by taxi.
purpose of VERB2

-마저/조차 (only
Used to indicate that something else 벌써 늦었는데 비까지 왔어요.
N happened on top of something (as well when it is a
-까지 negative
as) I’m already late on the top of it starts raining.
connotation)

-(으)ㄴ/는 것

Looks/seems/appears like… 같다
집에서 아무도 없나 봐요.
V/A/N(I) -(으)ㄴ/는
-나 보다 To guess about something based on
certain fact or situation It seems there is no one at home.
모양이다

-(으)ㄴ/는 듯하다

"(I) would rather," "it is better to . . ." 시장에 가서 사느니 비싸지만 백화점에서

-느니 is often used with 차라리 for 사야겠다.

-느니
V 차라리
emphasis. It is also often followed by - => I'd rather buy it at a department store than
in a market even though it will be more
는게 낫다 to mean that something is
expensive.
preferable to something else, as in, "It

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 is better to do . . . than . . ." 차라리 가까운 곳은 운전하느니 (차라리) 걷는 게
adds emphasis to "rather." 낫다.
=> I would rather walk than drive if it's close.

급히 오느라고 깜빡 잊어 버렸어요.
Because I was quickly coming, I completely
Because of doing something/ busy in -는 바람에 forgot.
doing something..
V -는통에 텔레비전을 보느라고 초인종을 못 들었어요.
-느라(고)
-When doing what comes in VERB2 is
not possible due to VERB1 -는 탓에 Because I was watching TV, I didn’t hear the
doorbell.

-It means "on the way to/from

somewhere"
-는 길이다 집에 돌아오는 길에 이 물건을 샀어요.
V -It means "using coming/going to
-는 길에 somewhere as a chance" -는 도중에 I bought this on my way to returning home.
- Can use only movement verbs

"while one is at it/doing it,"

"since/because" 은행에 가는 김에 서점에도 들를까?
-ㄴ/은/는 김에
V -는 길에 (1) => Since we are going to the bank, shall we
This colloquial expression is used
stop at a bookstore?
when we say, "while we are at it, we
might as well do . . . ," and use the

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 verbal modifier ㄴ/은 or 는, depending 고향에 온 김에 외할머니를 만나고 갈 거예요.
on the tense.
As long as I’m in my hometown, I’ll meet my
maternal grandmother before I go.

N. + 대로 - "as is," "as (someone)

선생님 마음대로 정하세요.
does/says"
Please choose as you like.
V. + ㄴ/은/는/ㄹ/을 대로 - "as is," "as
형이 시키는 대로 해라.
(someone) does/says"
Do as your older brother tells you.
N/V
-는 대로
V. + 는 대로 - "as soon as"
한국에 도착하는 대로 전화할게요.
-It means to do the same as doing
something else (repeat, do as told) I will call you as soon as I reach Korea.
-It means to do something as soon as
something is done

구 선생님, 덕택에 한국어를 많이 배웠어요.

"due to (your) generosity," " thanks to
you" => Thanks to you, Mr./Ms. Koo, I learned a
great deal of Korean.
This polite acknowledgment of a favor -ㄴ/은/는
N- 덕분에 V/N(I) or generosity is another way of saying 아버지께서 열심히 일하신 덕분에 저는 대학을
V-ㄴ/은/는 덕분에 덕분이다
"thank you." It is used liberally even
어렵지 않게 다녔어요.
when there is no favor or generosity
received. => Thanks to my father's hard work, I went to
college without hardship.

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 샤워를 하는 둥 마는 둥 (하고) 뛰어 나갔다.
"hurriedly," "haphazardly," "barely,"
=> I hurriedly took a shower and ran out.
"hardly"

This expression describes the subject's 아침을 먹는 둥 마는 둥 (하고) 학교에 왔다.

hurried action or motion in doing things => I hardly ate breakfast and then came to
V
-는 둥 마는 둥 incompletely or haphazardly. It is often school.
used with -하고 to connect two
잠을 자는 둥 마는 둥 (하고) 일어났다.
sentences, but, colloquially, -하고 is
=> I had barely slept when I woke up.
frequently dropped.

한국에서 사는 동안 친구를 많이 사귀었어요.

I made many friends while I was living in
Korea.
"while," "during," "when"
-는 사이(에) (only 기다리시는 동안 이 잡지를 읽으시겠어요?
V Used to express the period of time that Would you like to read this magazine while
-는 동안(에) when subjects
certain action or condition continued you wait?
are different)
(VERB2's action while <V attached>)
내가 자는 동안에 눈이 많이 내렸어.
While I was sleeping, a heavy snow fell.

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 "as the result of," "because of"

Literally, this idiomatic expression says

"in the midst of the (whirl) wind," 늦게 도착하는 바람에 개학식에 못 갔다.
meaning "because / as a result (of a -는 탓에 I couldn't go to the school orientation because
confusion)." It is usually used in a of my arriving late.
-는 통에
negative context.
A/V 아이들이 떠드는 바람에 깼다.
-는 바람에 -는 덕분에
--Typically negative result (exception Because the children were being loud, I woke
when something completely (opposite
meaning) up.
unexpected or unintended occurs and
is positive)
-Should end in past tense
-Can't use imperative/suggestive

그는 제가 안 보는 사이에 나갔다.

He left when I was not seeing.

Among, While ...-ing; during the
interval/time/space (사이) while one 모르는 사이에 끝날 거예요.
is ...-ing. -는 동안(에)
N -사이(에) V It will be over before you know it.
V -는 사이(에) Used to show the period of time that a -중에
certain action or condition is continued

- Subjects must differ 그는 동료 사이에 인기가 있었다

He enjoyed popularity among his fellow worke

rs.

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 "among, in the middle/midst of 시험 중에 전화가 왔다.
doing . . ." => During the exam, a telephone rang.

V -는 중(에) N/V Used to show the process of certain -는 중이다 시험을 준비하는 중이야.
N .중(에) action (in the middle of)
=> I am in the midst of preparing for an exam.
- VERB2's action while <V attached>

As a consequence/result of, under the 비가 오는 통에 소풍을 못 갔어요.

influence of (something disturbing);
We couldn’t go to picnic because it was
Mostly in negative situations.
-는 바람에 raining.
N -통에 V
V-는 통에 More or less synonymous with 바람에 -는 탓에 아이들이 떠드는 통에 잠을 못 잤다.
and 탓으로 because of, due to. - Can't
use imperative/suggestive I couldn’t sleep because kids were making
noise.

그녀는 할 수 있는 한 딸을 지원하였다.

“So long as; so far as; even if.” She supported her daughter as best as she c
ould.
V To show the situation of VERB2 will be
-는 한
realized as long as the condition of 무리하지 않는 한 음주는 괜찮다.
VERB1 is satisfied
Drinking is all right as long as you don't do it t
o excess.

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 -다가 보니까
-다 보니까
-다 is shortened
form of -다가
한국어를 배우다 보니 내가 전혀 못할 것
which refers to
Used to indicate that the speaker something 같아요.
learned something new after doing occurring in the After trying to learn Korean, I’ve realized that
V some action or behaviour continuously middle of a I’ll never be able to speak it.
-다 보니 continuance
from time in the past or that a certain
situation has occurred as a result of action 운동을 자주 하다 보니 이제 너무 강해졌어요.
-보니 is I exercised a lot and now I realize that I have
shortened form become stronger.
of 보다 and -
(으)니까 which
refers to a
discover or result

If one does something over a period of

time [and then steps back to reflect on
-다 보면
V it] ; if you do something for a while, -다가 보면
then ... . This pattern uses the
(abbreviated) transferentive in -다(가)

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 followed by the verb to see in the
conditional form (-(으)면).

-Common endings for VERB2 (-(으)ㄹ

수 있다/-게 될 거예요/-게-)
-다 보(니까) is slightly different, VERB2
is a result (more definite) of continued
action

V. + 다가 - "while doing," "as

(something) is going on" -는 길에 (Only
when 오다/가다
V. + 었/았다가 - "while/when," "and 길을 가다가 친구를 만났어요.
used in front)
then" On my way, I met a friend.
-다가는
V These connectives indicate an speculates a bad 옷을 입었다가 다른 옷으로 갈아 입었어요.
-다가 interrupted action followed by another result in VERB2 I wore one set of clothes and then changed
action. The actor of both actions is
-다가 말다가 into another set.
usually the same. There are some
exceptions―for example, 비가 오다가 하다 use when
action is on and
해가 났다 "It was raining, and then the off
sun came out."

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 물오리떼가 내려 앉았다가는 날아오르곤 했다.
Does/did and THEN; does/did BUT.
Like in -고는, the presence of 는 -Speaking A flock of ducks would land [on the field] and
V reinforces the and THEN hypothetically then take off again.
-다가는
use -았/었다가는
Warning pattern: if one keeps on doing 놀지 않고 공부만 하다가는 바보 되기 쉽다
then (unfortunately) ...
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

Tsk-tsk pattern in plain base 옷 호사를 못 하다니……

+ -다니 (originally abbreviated from an what a shame that (she) doesn't dress well ...
-다니(요) end of
-다니
V/A/N(I) indirect quotation in -다고 하니) To 이 많은 사람들이 한결같이 이 영화를 보러
sentence
think that...... Just imagine!, Can you 몰려들다니.
believe it?, Who would have thought
to think that this many people would line up to
that?, What a shame to think that ...
see this film

Even though it may be the case 비가 오더라도 꼭 가게에 들르세요.

~더라도 means “even though (it may Even though it may rain, stop by the store for
be the case).” It is constructed from the sure.
V/A/N(I) -아/어도
-더라도 retrospective suffix 더, and the clausal
길이 막히더라도 걱정하지 마세요
conjunctive ~어/아도 “although.” This
Even though the road may get congested, do
conjunctive is used when the speaker
not worry about it.
acknowledges the content of the

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 ~더라도 ending clause but stresses 시험에 떨어지더라도 좌절하지 마세요.
that the following clause must be the
Even though you may fail the test, do not be
case.
discouraged.

"as you (know, see,

선생님께서도 아시다시피 요즘 거리가
hear)"
복잡해요.
-다시피 means "as things are" or "as As you (HON.) know, the streets are crowded
(the way it is)" and is most often used these days.
in the following expressions:
너도 보다시피 여기는 의자가 없지 않니.
-다시피 is used to reconfirm the As you can see, there are no chairs here.
information a listener is expected to be
V 너도 들었다시피 에릭이 내일 온대.
-다시피 aware of already (used with 알다, 보다,
As you heard, (they say) Eric is coming
듣다, 배우다, 느끼다, etc..- as you tomorrow.
know, as you have heard, as you have
seen, etc..) 오늘 바빠서 굶다시피 했어.
I was so busy today I almost starved.
- when -다시피 is used with -하다, the
–다시피 하다 expression has the 늦을까 봐 학교까지 뛰다시피 해서 갔어.
idiomatic meaning of "almost" or Afraid that I might be late, I almost ran all the
"nearly." way to school.

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 Be like, be worth being, be worthy of
the name, be becoming to, be every bit
a NOUN.
남자답다 – manly, masculine
Used to indicate that something has
N the qualities or characteristics of the -롭다
-답다 바다다운 바다 - the real ocean ... (an ocean
noun, having the qualities that are
typically expected in the particular worthy of the name)
noun

This grammar is a combination of A/V

+ 더 and A/V + (으)니. This pattern
cannot be used in first person and has 수잔이 한국에 가더니 소식이 없네.
several meanings:
Since Susan went to Korea, there has been
1. This pattern is used for the speaker no news.
to talk about something they either
directly saw or experienced in the past 인류학을 공부하더니 지금은 사회학을
V/A/N(I) -더니만
-더니 about someone else is the reason, 공부한다.
cause or consequence for what
She was studying anthropology, and now he
happens the final clause.
has changed to sociology.
2. This pattern is used to talk about the
situation or person the first clause has
changed in the second clause due to
time passing by.

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 -더군(요)
-더라 (only
I learned that
familiar speech
-Used to express
급하게 어디를 가더라고요.
a person's mood,
Used to express the speaker's
emotions or
recollection that he or she directly saw, (He was) going somewhere in a hurry
feelings 3rd
V/A/N(I) heard, or felt some prior event or action
-더라고요 person-아/어 그렇게 생각하니까 편해지더라고요.
-Generally subject isn’t the speaker
하더라고요
-Speaker needs to learn for the first (I learned that) I became (more) relaxed as I
time not something already known -To refer to think that way.
-First person used for expressing a things that
person's mood, emotions or feelings. completed in the
past use -
았/었더라고요

여기가 나 고등학교 때 살던 동네야.

Used to…
This is the neighborhood where I lived when I
-Expresses recollection of something
was in high school.
done repeatedly
V/A
-던 -Can't use with things that only
우리가 자주 가던 그 커피숍 기억나?
occurred once and did not repeat
(았/었던) Do you remember that coffee shop we used
to go to frequently?

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 I found that

던데 is used when you found that 미술관에 사람들 적을 줄 알았는데, 사람들

something was contrary to my previous -Combines -더- 많던데.
opinion/expectation or recollection and
opinions/expectations of others. I thought/figured that there won't be many
-(으)ㄴ데요
people in the art gallery, but there were many
which indicates people.
V/A/N(I) background
-던데(요)
You can also use 던데 when you saw information 짐 집에 있어? Is Jim at home?
someone/something somewhere doing about a
something but now no longer quite contradictory or
아니, 아까 어디 가던데 No, a while ago (I saw
sure what happened to them next, i.e. surprising
situation him) going somewhere.
where they are or what they are doing
now.

앞으로 늦지 않도록 하세요.

Don't be late any more.

"to try to make," "to have someone do"
-게 이제부터 열심히 공부하도록 할게요.
V/A This pattern indicates an effort "to
-도록
make something happen" or "to have -기 위해(서)
From now on I'll study hard.
someone do something."
이틀 내에 고쳐 드리도록 하겠습니다.
=> I'll try to repair it within two days.

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 -게 하다
When someone made -도록 하세요-
(instruct/suggest) someone else do Suggestion to do
V something
-도록 하다 a certain action
- Only imperative/propositive (response -도록

하겠습니다)

누구든지 "whoever," 무엇이든지 "whatever,”

언제든지 "whenever," 어디든지 "wherever,
anywhere, 얼마든지 "any amount, as much
a. Question word + (이)든지=>
"whoever/whatever/whenever/wherever -든지 하다 as," 어떻게든지 "no matter how"
. . ."
N/V -거나 누구를 만나든지 예절을 잘 지키세요.
-든지
b. Question word + V. + 든지=> Whomever you meet, be courteous.
-(이)나
"whoever/whatever/whenever/wherever
. . . (verb)" 어머니는 언제 오시든지 후식을 가지고
오신다.
Whenever she comes, Mother brings
desserts. "

Indicate a sufficient amount of a certain 해롭다 harmful, 이롭다 profitable,

N -답다
-롭다 quality of the noun attached to 외롭다 lonely, 괴롭다 distressing, 새롭다 new

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 집(을) 마저 팔았다

(Including) even; including (even the He went so far as to sell his house (or, He
extreme case of); also (on top of even had to sell his house as the final
-까지
N everything/everyone else); with all the outcome of his misfortunes).
-마저 rest. -조차
길을 잃었는데 거기에다 비마저 오기 시작했다
- Usually used in negative situations
I lost my way and, what was worse, it began t
o rain.

월급이 너무 작아요. 쥐꼬리만해요.

The salary is so small, it’s like a the mouse

As … as tail. (Korean expression.

This Korean grammar point is used to 우리 친구 목소리는 너무 작아서 모깃소리

N
-만 하다 compare a size or a quality of
something to another something it can 만해요.
be used with people or anything else.
My friend’s voice is so small it is as small as a
mosquito noise.

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 Even if we talk about N only… 북부 수마트라 만 해도 약 16 만 명이
사망했다.
Used when providing examples to
explain a situation or statement made -의 경우만 봐도 About 160,000 are feared dead in northern Su
N previously
-만 해도 matra alone.
-만 하더라도
-Also used to express a situation that is
opposite to what was the case in the 빚만 해도 천만 원 이상이다.
past
The debt alone is more than $10,000.

ELAPSED TIME/Time word: only after

(marking a passage of time); (only)
after (such and such) a time/interval 1 년 만에 좋은 친구를 만났어요.
-Refers to an event happening a
(After 1 year (interval or lapse), I met my good
certain time after the occurrence of a
friend (again).)
N previous event
-만에
그는 떠나간 지 일 년 만에..
VERB1 usually includes (으)ㄴ 지
which indicates that the action Barely a year after he left..
described in the clause has been
completed in a certain amount of time

-만큼도 (used to
N-만큼
동생이 형만큼 키가 크다.
"(almost) as much as," "as well as" "is emphasize
N/V The younger brother is as tall as his older
V. + ㄴ/은/는/ㄹ/을 + enough to . . ." something with
만큼 brother.
an exaggeration)

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 만큼 indicates that the subject noun is 시애틀은 디트로이트만큼 춥지 않다.
or does almost as well as the noun it is Seattle is not as cold as Detroit.
compared with in the sentence.
공부한 만큼 배울 거다.
The verbal modifiers are -는 for You will learn as much as you study.
present, -ㄴ/은 for past, and -ㄹ/을 for
그 책은 돈 주고 살 만큼 재미있지 않다.
future tense.
The book is not interesting enough for me to
buy it.

한국말을 조금밖에 못해요.

“Only/nothing but”
I only speak a little Korean.
Used to indicate that there is only that
person/matter remaining 지금 200 원밖에 없어.
N -이나 (opposite)
-밖에
-Has to be negative in second part I have only 200won now.
(Like 없다, 안, 못 한다 etc.)
10 분 밖에 안 남았어.
-Can't be imperative/suggestive
We have only 10 minutes.

Just like ~적, ~스럽다 can be added to 자연 = nature

N nouns to turn that noun into an ~적
-스럽다 자연스럽다 = natural
adjective.

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 Has the feeling or quality just like the 실망(하다) = disappointment(disappointed)
noun it is attached to
실망스럽다 = to be disappointing
- Sounds weird used after nouns
denoting places and institutions 사랑스럽다 - to be lovely

촌스럽다 - to be out of style, country like

자연스럽다 - to be natural

자랑스럽다 - to be boastful

뻔뻔스럽다 - to be shameless

수다스럽다 - to be talkative

"even if (I try) doing . . . ," "even if 운전을 배워봤자, 쓸데 없어. 난 자동차도

(something) is . . ."
-(으)ㄴ/는다고 없어.
- When it is expected that regardless of
V/A 해도 (1) Even if I learn to drive, it's no use. I don't even
-아/어 봤자 doing VERB1's work, the expected
result does not seem to be realized -(으)나 마나 (1) have a car.
(even if)
- When VERB1's condition is great 길이 아무리 막혀봤자 3 시간안에 도착할거야.

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 -Can't use with imperative or We can arrive in 3 hours even if the traffic is
suggestive blocked.
-소용이 없다 commonly used in
VERB2 (it is useless meaning)

-가다-Used when the current situation

is continuously maintained in the future
(now to future)

"to do . . . and take," "to

건물이 완성되어 가요.
progress/go . . . (ADV.)"
-오다- Used when the past condition The building is going to complete.
V
-아/어 가다/오다 has long been maintained to the
present (past to now) 저는 그 할머니를 어머니처럼 모셔 왔어요.

"to do . . . and bring" I've cared for that old lady like my own mother

-Use for a long time only

-This can be used when something is
about to be finished 다 -아/어 가다

"having done. . . ," "after doing . . ." -아/어 갖고

은행에서 돈을 찾아 가지고 나가겠어요.
V/A/N(I) -When VERB1's completed result -아/어 서
-아/어 가지고 After withdrawing money from the bank, I will
becomes the reason for VERB2 (Since
go out.
VERB1 ~ VERB2 happened) - ㄴ/은 후에

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 -With V used only to express the order 한국어를 배워 가지고 한국 회사에
of something (Imperative/suggestive
ok) 취직하겠어요.
-With Adjective used only to indicate After learning Korean, I will get a job in a
the speaker's reason for a certain Korean company.
action (can't use
imperative/suggestive) 공부를 해 가지고 와.

Come after you study.

“End up/manage to complete 드디어 내가 그 일을 해냈다.

something”
At last I managed to do it.
-Used to the result that has been
V accomplished after certain process 그녀는 좋은 아이디어를 생각해냈다.
-아/어 내다
-Usually some sort of problem that you
She came up with a good idea.
need to find a solution for
-Past tense follows

창문을 열어놓으세요.
When certain action continues after -아/어 두다
being finished (continuance, -With Please open the window (and leave it open).
V maintaining)
-아/어 놓다 놓다=놓아두다/
방을 청소해 놓았어요.
-Don't use with verbs used to indicate
놔두다
wearing things on your body I cleaned the room.

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 -Focus action completed
-Can't use for emotional state

농담을 하고 웃어 댄다.

They joked and kept laughing.

"to keep on doing," "to do repeatedly"
사람들이 떠들어 댔다.
Used when a certain action is done
V repeatedly The people talked loudly on and on.
-아/어 대다
Used to deliver negative feeling of
아이들이 스키 가자고 졸라 댔다.
speaker
The children begged on and on to go skiing.

-Used to mean that the action that has

been done in advance (usually to -아/어 놓다 (but 여행을 가려고 돈을 모아 뒀다.
prepare for an event) is being normally prefer I saved money to make a trip.
continued to use -아/어
-Fact that something is already in such 친구 생일에 주려고 선물을 사 뒀다.
a state (in advance) 두다 for long I bought a gift (and saved it) for my friend's
V
-아/어 두다 birthday.
time period,
-Focus on action being completed
more often used
already 이사 갈 아파트를 봐 두어야겠다.
to describe
-Can't use for emotional state
storing or saving I must go and see the apartment that I'll be
-Don't use with verbs used to indicate
something moving to (to prepare it).
wearing thing on your body

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 Used to emphasize that something is 어제 숙제를 다 끝내 버렸어요.
completely done (refers to the final
state or resulting of a situation) I've finished all my homework yesterday.
-아/어 버리다
V -고 말다
-Subject usually plans in advance and 돈을 다 써 버렸어. I spent all money.
does intentionally
-Past tense follows 돈을 다 써 버렸어요. I forgot my appointment.

피곤해 보여. 도와줄까?

-아/어/여 보이다 is the grammatical -게 보이다
structure that expresses “to seem” or You look tired. Do you want my help?
“to look.” This structure is added at the - 같아
end of the verb stem, and the tense 가방이 무거워 보여요.
A and the mood are expressed through
-아/어 보이다 - 같아 + 보이다
Your bag looks heavy.
the verb 보이다. When used with
nouns, the verb 같다, which means “to 저의 남자친구는 교수님 같이 보여요.
be like,” is used with this structure.
My boyfriend looks like a professor.

-Difference with -
This pattern expresses the existence of 오늘 하루 종일 서 있었어.
a state or a fact, the continuation of an 고 있다 is this
V action is Today I had to stand all day.
-아/어 있다 action after it is done. For example,
when you sit, you remain seated or completed not in
process 여동생은 지금 누워 있다.
when you stand, you remain standing.

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 Must be distinguished from V + 고 My sister is laying down.

있다 which is used to express a

continuing action or a process.

- The honorific form is Verb + 아/어

계시다

-Used with verbs that don't need

objects (앉다, 서다, 눕다) or passive

verbs (걸리다, 열리다, 닫히다)

Expression indicates that the action in

the VERB2 is done based on the result 햄버거 사다가 먹었어요.
of first completing the action in VERB1
I bought a hamburger and ate it.
-아/어다 주다
V -Phrase indicates that the speaker
-아/어다가
performed the second action in -아/어다 식사 만들어다가 친구한테 배달했어요.
different location than that of the first I made a meal and then delivered it to my
action friend.
-Tense shown in VERB2

By adding ~아/어도 to the stem of a 여자들이 예뻐도 똑똑하지 않으면 매력이

V/A -다라도 (only
-아/어도 word at the end of one clause, you can
when VERB1's 없어요.
create the meaning of “regardless of

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 how much……” 아도 gets added to matter is not Regardless of how pretty girls are, if they are
taking place) not smart, they have no charm
stems where the last vowel is 아 or 오,
and 어도 gets added to all other stems

(except 하다 which changes to 해도)

The word ‘아무리’ can also be used

with this pattern.

나는 다른 나라에서 와서 그런지 모두들 나를

쳐다 보는 것 같았다.
It means "I guess it is because of~ " Everyone stared at me; may be because I
-아/어서 그럴 was from another country.
To speculate that VERB1 is the reason
V/A/N(I) 거예요 used at
-아/어서 그런지 for VERB2 (guess maybe…) 봄이라 그런지 나비가 많다.
end of sentence
- Can't use imperative/suggestive
I think there are many butterflies because it is
spring.

“One should/must not” 선생님을 무시해서는 안 돼요.

V/A When something in VERB1 makes it You shouldn’t ignore your teacher.
-아/어서는
impossible for something to be
accomplished 밥을 많이 먹어서는 안 돼요.

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 - VERB2 needs to be negative –안 You shouldn’t eat a lot
사람을 겉모습으로 평가해선 안 돼요.
된다/없다/힘들다
You shouldn’t judge somebody on their looks

Only after ..., only after having done. 그날 밤도 나는 자정이 다 되어서야 집에 왔다.
-When the VERB2's action is taken
That night, too, I didn't come home until after
when it reaches certain timing
midnight.
-To emphasize that it is difficult for
V/A VERB2 to take place having VERB1 as 저녁 때가 거의 다 되어서야 그들은 산에서
-아/어서야
the condition
내려왔다.
- Used as second meaning -(으)ㄹ
It was almost night when they came down
수없다/ -겠어요 often follow from the mountain.

-To show that VERB1 is necessary 여행을 자주 가야 다른 나라의 문화를 알 수

condition to accomplish VERB2
-To indicate the futility of expecting the 있어요.
-아/어야(만)
result described in VERB2 regardless (used in You can know the culture of various countries
of VERB1 speeches only if you travel a lot.
V/A/N(I) reports)
-아/어야 --Can't end with past tense/propositive/
imperative sentences -이/가 아니어야 합격해야 입학을 할 수 있어요.
-Used in conversation
-이/가 아니라야 You can get admission only if you pass the
-을 수 있다/-을 것 같다/-지요 will often test. (You must pass the test to get
follow admission)

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 Used when the speaker is making a
promise to oneself, making a decision
나중에 죽기 전에 자서전을 써야지요.
to do something or used when ~아/어야지
reprimanding someone else for not Later, before I die, I’ll have to write my
V
-아/어야지요 doing something they should have. autobiography.
~아/어야죠
Equivalent to “I’ll have to…” OR “You
ought to…”

"is becoming . . . ," "is getting . . ."

Used to express the change in 날씨가 더워진다.

condition (turn/become <Adjective The weather is getting warm.
Attached>)
길이 복잡해졌다.
A --Past tense expresses a change
-아/어지다 The street got crowded.
resulting from an action performed in
the past
-Present tense used to describe a
change that generally occurs when a
particular action is performed

글씨가 지워졌다.
The characters were erased.
Used when something is not done
V directly by the subject but done by 나무가 넘어졌다.
-아/어지다
something else
The tree has fallen.

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 -When something else takes place that
drastically contrasts with something
that happened before (-았/었 express
completion of action)
슈퍼에 갔다가 연구실에 들르겠어요.
-Do an action and then experience
V I’ll go to the supermarket and then stop by
-았/었다가 something noteworthy/unexpected
(usually unplanned event) your office [after that].

-Action must be completely finished

-Subjects should be the same
-Actions should be related/opposite

오랜만에 고향에 갔더니 많은 것이 변해

-For something that has been
recognized after doing certain action 있었어.
(Because VERB1 action new thing When I visited my hometown, a lot had
recognized <VERB2>) changed.
-To state the result after doing
-았/었더니 V something -(으)니까 어제 술을 많이 마셨더니 오늘 머리가 아파요.
-When 3rd person recalling completed I’ve got a headache because I drank a lot
action and VERB2 subject different, yesterday.
VERB1 subject usually speaker
-It is not past form of –더니 내가 공부를 열심히 했더니 성적이 올랐다.
Since I studied hard, my grade went up.

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 “If I had done sth…”
-았/었으면
When supposing something (in past) 내가 공부했더라면 시험을 합격했을 것이다.
opposite (what actually happened) and -아/어야 했는데
then think about it (If past even -(았/었)는다면 If I studied, I would have passed the test
V/A/N(I) happened different guess on the result)
-았/었더라면 (this can be used 친구를 만났으면 재미있었을 것이다.
both if or if not a
-Sometimes used with -(으)ㄹ 뻔하다
situation If I met my friend, it would have been fun
to say it was lucky you didn't do happens
something in the past

~었/았던 is a Past tense modifier and

adding it to verb stems allows you to
describe nouns with a very similar
meaning to ~ㄴ/은. Don’t confuse it
우리가 지난 번에 먹었던 곳에서 먹고 싶어요.
with ~던 which can be added to verbs
I want to eat at the place that we ate at last
to describe something that happened
time.
in the past repeatedly,
V/A/N(I)
-았/었던
내가 읽은 책 = the book I read 끝이 좋았던 기억이 하나도 없다.

내가 읽었던 책 = the book I read He had not a single memory of anything

turning out well.
내가 읽던 책 = the book I used to read
(repeatedly over a period of time)

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 “I should have…” 어제 일찍 잤어야 했는데.

Used to regret or feel sorry for I should have slept early yesterday.
something (Necessary action was not -(으)ㄹ 걸
V/A/N(I)
-았/었어야 했는데 completed/achieved) 그 여자한테 전화번호를 물어봤어야 했는데.
(그랬다)
- Regret because they did not do I should have asked for that girl's phone
something they should have done number.

내일 일이 없었으면 좋겠어요.
It would have been good if…./ I
I wish I didn’t have work tomorrow.
hope/wish

Used to show one's hope or wish -는다면 좋겠다 비가 안 왔으면 좋겠어요.

-았/었으면 V/A/N(I)
(싶다/하다/좋겠다) --More strongly emphasizes the verb -(으)면 좋겠다 I hope it doesn’t rain.
-Desire for situation opposite of what it
currently is 맛있었으면 좋겠어요.

I hope it is delicious

“..depends on..”
행복은 자기 마음에 달려 있다고 생각해요.
N Used to show that something is more
-에 달려 있다 I think happiness is there in (depends on)
important in deciding something
(depends on <N attached> your heart.

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 -느냐에 달려 있다 used with 이 일의 성공은 너에게 달려 있다.
interrogatives (who, when, where, what
The success of this job depends on you.
and how many)

“It depends on…”

김치는 지방에 따라 맛이 달라요.
Used to say that result changes
because of something (according to <N The taste of Kimchi varies according to the
attached>) region.
N
-에 따라 (서) 다르다
V-기에 따라서 다르다/ V-는지에 따라 월급이 어떤 일을 하느냐에 따라 다르다.
다르다/ V-느냐에 따라 다르다/ V- The salary depends on what kind of work one
느냐에 달려 있다 are also used does.

밥을 냉장고에다가 넣어.

Put it in the fridge.

Particle 에 + copula transferentive -
(이)다(가) on top of, in addition to, 냄비에다 물을 많이 끓이거라.
N thrown into the bargain. Shows -에 Boil a lot of water in a pot.
-에다 (가)
movement or transfer of one thing into
or onto another or on top of, to boot, in 그녀는 약간 곱슬거리는 긴 금발에다 파란
addition to.
눈이다.

She has long wavy blond hair and blue eyes.

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 -는/은커녕 negates the noun or verb
that it follows and leads to revealing
another fact by comparing the noun or
verb with another noun or verb that 그는 소주는커녕 맥주도 못 마셔요.
comes after. It is often used in pair with -은/는 말할 것도
He can't even drink beer, let alone soju.
N-은/는커녕 N/V -도 못 or -도 안 in the later part of the 없고
V-기는커녕 글을 고치기는커녕, 실수를 더 많이 했어요.
sentence. -는/은커녕 follows a noun,
-는 고사하고 I made even more mistakes, rather than
so a verb has to be in its noun form of - correcting the writing.
기 and be followed by -는 커녕. This
grammatical phrase is translated as 'let
alone' or 'not even that'.

When VERB2's action takes place as 서울에 도착하자 은행으로 갔다.

soon as VERB1's action is finished (as
Shortly after I arrived in Seoul, I went to a
soon as)
bank.
V -Action must be completely finished -자마자
-자
-Can't use for imperative and 영화가 시작하자 아기가 울기 시작했다.
suggestive sentences As the movie started, a baby started to cry.

"as," "soon after"

-기(가) 무섭게
When an action of VERB1 is taken as 그 소식을 듣자마자 전화를 걸었다.
V soon as certain action of VERB1 has -는 대로 (present
-자마자 As soon as I heard the news, I made a phone
been taken tense only) call.
-자 (can't for

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 -Subjects can be different imperative/sugge 엄마를 보자마자 아기가 웃었다.
-Tense expressed in VERB2 stive)
The baby smiled as soon as she saw her
As soon as.. mother.

그렇게 말하면 내 마음이 아프잖아.

-Used when talking about something
that both the speaker and listener are You know talking like that makes my heart
aware of or should be aware of (as you hurt.
know.)
-잖아(요)
V/A/N(I) - Used when the speaker emphasizes A: 장미꽃 좋아하세요?
something that he/she said to the
listener (Like I told you.) A: Do you like roses?
B: 네. 예쁘잖아요.
-Typically spoken not written
B: Yes, they're pretty (you know this).

-마저
Used when something is considered to 그것에 대해서 이야기 조차 하지 않는다.
be fair or easy is different than what -까지
had been expected (not even <N He doesn't even bother to talk about it.
-(으)ㄹ 수조차
N attached>/"worst case scenario")
-조차 없어요 (used for
-Speaker either did not expect or could
verbs) 나는 서 있기조차 힘들었다
not anticipate an extreme situation
-Use with negative statements -used with -은/는
I wasn't even able to stand.
커녕 has the

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 meaning of not
even../let
alone../not to
mention..

길을 잘 모르면 택시를 타지 그래요?

Used to suggest or recommend If you don't know the way, why not take a
something to someone else (what taxi?

-지 그래(요)?
V about <V attached>) 자꾸 고장이 나면 수리만 하지 말고 새

Can't use with -아/어서 걸로 바꾸지 그래요?

If it gives you a lot of problems, why not just
get a new one instead of getting it repaired?

Citation- Suggestive sentences Let’s not worry too much.

(negative)
-지 말자고 하다
너무 걱정하지 말자고요.
Sb said, “let’s not …

-Used when everything is the same 사람치고 사랑을 받고 싶지 않은 사람이

without an exception
없어요.
N
-치고 (는)
Often used with -는 편이다
There is no one who would not want to
(tend/generally so) receive love.

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 들으면 들을수록 이 노래가 좋아질 거예요.
Used to express that the degree of The more you listen to it, the more you will
VERB2 increases as the action or like this song.

V/A situation of VERB1 continues

(-으면) -(으)ㄹ수록 쓰면 쓸수록 편해요.
The more <V/A attached> VERB2 The more you use it, the more convenient it
happens is.

학교에 아무도 없어요. There's nobody at

school.
아무 refers to "any", depending on the
-아무한테나, 질문을 했는데 아무도 대답을 안 했어요. I
particle that follows it can either refer to
아무 곳이나, asked a question, but nobody answered me.
people or things, 아무+도 is used to
indicate "no one" 아무거나
N
아무+(이)나/아무+도 비밀이니까 아무한테도 말하지 마. It's a
-아무하고도,
-Positive expression follows 아무 +
secret, so don't tell anyone.
아무 데도,
(이)나
아무것도 우리 개는 아무나 보고 꼬리를 흔들어요. Our
-Negative expression follows 아무 +도
dog wags his tail whenever he sees anyone.

아무나 들어갈 수 있어요. Anyone can enter.

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 이 쿠키 먹고 싶으면 아무나 먹어도 돼.
Anyone can eat this cookie if they want.

그 학생은 어찌나 열심히 공부하는지 잠도

많이 안 자요.
Used to emphasize VERB1 when it is
the cause of VERB2 (I can't believe
The student works so hard that he doesn't
<V/A attached> describing VERB1
sleep much.
V/A resulting in VERB2 -얼마나 -는지
어찌나 -(으)ㄴ/는지
When using a V usually a degree
adverb is present 그 차가 어찌나 빨리 가던지 못 따라갔어요.

The car went so fast that I couldn't follow it.

나는 얼마나 급한지 신발도 못 신고 뛰어

Used to emphasize the greatness of 나갔어요.
the degree of the fact or situation (You -았/었는지
have no idea how <V/A/N attached> I was in such a hurry that I ran out without
몰라요 (used to wearing shoes.
얼마나 V/A/N(I) -Only declarative sentences
-(으)ㄴ/는지 모르다 refer to past
-Need a degree adverb (잘, 많이) in situations or
from of V in this form states of affairs)
날씨가 얼마나 추웠던지 죽을 뻔 했어요.
-Can't use to express feelings/attitude
It was so cold that I nearly died.

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 집에 있다가 하도 심심해서 혼자 시장에
When an extreme degree of an action
or state becomes the reason for 쇼핑했어요.
V/A VERB2
하도 -아/어서 I was at home but got so bored, I went
The A/V in between the clause shows shopping at the market by myself.
what is the extreme reason

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*Indirect statements
An indirect statement is one in which the speaker is reporting something that was said
by another individual. (This form of speech, called indirect speech, is also referred to
as reported speech.)

The basic ending for indirect statements, -다고 하다, changes depending on the tense
of the statement that is being reported. It also changes depending on whether a
descriptive or an action verb was used in the statement that is being reported.

a. Present
D.V. + 다고 하다
A.V. + ㄴ/는다고 하다
N. + (이)라고 하다
b. Past
V. + 었/았다고 하다
N. + (이)었다고 하다
c. Future
V. + ㄹ/을 거라고 하다
N. + 일 거라고 하다

(a)

• 그 아이는 키가 크다고 해요.

=> They say that the child is tall.
• 그 분이 한국에 간다고 한다.
=> They say that he is going to Korea.
• 그래서 요즘 한국 책을 많이 읽는다고 한다.
=> They say that, therefore, he is reading many Korean books these days.
• 올해는 빨간 색이 유행이라고 해.
=> It is said that red is in fashion this year.
• 꽃무늬 스카프도 인기라고 해.
=> It is said that floral scarves are popular.

(b)

• 론은 네 살 때 키가 작았다고 해요.
=> They say that Ron was short when he was four years old.

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 • 그 분이 한국에 가셨다고 한다.
=> They say that he went to Korea.
• 한국 역사 책을 많이 읽었다고 한다.
=> They say that he read many Korean history books.
• 작년에도 빨간 색이 유행이었다고 해.
=> They say that red was also in fashion last year.
• 꽃무늬 스카프도 인기였다고 해.
=> They say that floral scarves were popular, too.

(c)

• 지나는 장래에 키가 클 거라고 해요.

=> They say that Ji-na will be tall in the future.
• 그 분이 한국에 가실 거라고 한다.
=> They say that he will go to Korea.
• 그 분이 책을 많이 읽으실 거라고 한다.
=> They say that he will read many books.
• 내년에는 노란 색이 유행일거라고 해.
=> They say that yellow scarves will be in fashion next year.

Indirect Commands
a. A.V. + (으)라고 하다

=> "(they) tell/ask/order to do . . ."

A.V. + 지 말라고 하다

=> "(they) tell/ask/order not to . . ."

An indirect command is one in which the speaker is reporting a directive that is being
given by someone else.

• 이리 오라고 한다.
=> (He) tells (us) to come here.
• 이 책을 읽으라고 했어요.
=> (He) told (me) to read this book.
• 여기로 오라고 해서 왔어요.
=> I was told to come here, so I came.
• 박 과장님을 찾으라고 했어요.
=> I was told to find Manager Park.
• 학교 컴퓨터를 사용하지 말라고 해요.
=> (He) tells me not to use the school computer.

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 • 두 사람을 비교하지 말랬어요.
=> (He) told me not to compare the two people with each other.

When an indirect command ends in -(어/아) 주다, (드리다 for honorific), or -(어/아)
달라다, the speaker must consider who is commanding whom and the relationships
among the speaker, the addressee, and the person spoken of, as in the following
context:

• (선생님이 나에게) 동생에게 책을 읽어 주라고 하셨어요.

=> (My teacher told me) to read books to my younger brother.
• (선생님이 나에게) 어머니한테 전화 걸어 드리라고 하세요.
=> My teacher tells (me) to call my mother.
• 선생님께서 로사에게 내일 전화를 걸어 달라고 하셨어.
=> Her teacher asked Rosa to call her tomorrow.
• 아들이 아버지에게 컴퓨터를 사 달라고 했어.
=> The son asked his father to buy him a computer.

b. Indirect Questions
D.V. + (으)냐고 하다

A.V. + (느)냐고 하다

N. + (이)냐고 하다

=> "(Someone) asks whether/if . . ."

Indirect questions are ones in which the speaker is reporting a question that is being
asked by another individual. -(으)냐고 하다 is used after descriptive verbs, and -
(느)냐고 하다 is used after action verbs. 으 and 느 may be dropped for some verbs.
For example, one may say 길이 좁냐고 한다 or 길이 좁으냐고 한다 "(Someone) asks
if the road is narrow," and 지금 눈이 오냐고 한다 or 지금 눈이 오느냐고 한다
"(Someone) asks whether it's snowing now."

• 방이 넓으냐고 해요.
=> (He) asks if the room is spacious.
• 언제 오냐고 해요.
=> (He) asks (me) when I will come.
• 언제 밥을 먹(느)냐고 했어요.
=> (He) asked when we are eating.
• 내일이 초하루냐고 했어요.
=> (He) asked whether tomorrow the first of the month is.

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 • 어제가 그믐이었냐고 했어요.
=> (He) asked whether yesterday was the end of the month.
• 학교가 클 거냐고 해요.
=> (He) asks whether the school is going to be large.
• 언제 올 거냐고 해요.
=> (He) asks (me) when I will come.

c. Indirect "let's"
A.V. + 자고 하다

=> "(they) say, let's . . ."

This construction is used only with an action verb. There are no tense changes.

Indirect speech endings chart

Sentence Statement Statement Command

Types

Plain Form V. + 다고 하다 N. + (이)라고 하다 V. + (으)라고 하다

V. + 었/았다고 하다 N. + (이)었다고 하다
V. + ㄹ/을거라고 하다 N. + 일거라고 하다

Polite Informal -대요 (이)래요 -(으)래요

Short Form -었/았대요 -(이)었대요
-ㄹ/을거래요 -일거래요

Polite Formal -답니다 -(이)랍니다 -(으)랍니다

Short Form -었/았답니다 -(이)었답니다
-을거랍니다 -일거랍니다

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Meaning it is said that . . . (present) they say that . . . is . . . they tell us to do . . .
it is said that . . . (past) they say that . . . was . . .
it is said that . . . (future) they say that . . . will be . . .

Sentence Types Question "let's"

Plain Form D.V. + (으)냐고 하다 V. + 자고 하다

A.V. + (느)냐고 하다
N. + (이)냐고 하다
V. + 었/았냐고 하다
N. + (이)었냐고 하다
V. + ㄹ/을거냐고 하다
N. + 일거냐고 하다

Polite Informal -(느)냬요 -재요

Short Form -(느)냬요
-(이)냬요
-었/았냬요
-였냬요
-ㄹ/을거냬요
-일거냬요

Polite Formal -냡니다 -잡니다

Short Form -냡니다
-(이)냡니다
-었/았냡니다
-(이)었냡니다
-ㄹ/을거냡니다
-일거냡니다

Meaning ask whether/if . . . (present) they ask/invite to do . . .

ask whether/if . . . (present)
ask whether/if . . . (present)
ask whether/if . . . (past)
ask whether/if . . . (past)
ask whether/if . . . (future)
ask whether/if . . . (future)

Examples:
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 • 영화 보러 가자고 한다.
=> (She) says, let's go to see a movie.

• 할머니께서 내일 미국에 오신대.

=> (They say that) Grandma is coming to the United States tomorrow.
• 내일도 또 비가 온대.
=> (They say that) it will rain again tomorrow.
• 그 사람이 가수래.
=> (They say that) he is a singer.
• 이 물건이 그 회사의 수출품이래.
=> (It's said that) this is the company's export item.
• 친구가 나에게 지금 나오래.
=> My friend tells me to come out now.
• 전화를 빨리 받으래.
=> (Someone) says to answer the phone.
• 친구가 공원에 놀러 가래.
=> My friend tells us go to the park to play.
• 요즘 기분이 어떠냬요.
=> (He/She asks) how I/you feel.
• 날씨가 좋냬요.
=> (They ask) whether the weather is nice.
• 숙제하러 도서관에 가재.
=> (He/She) invites us to go to the library.

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