BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

Department of Electronics and Communication

LINEAR IC APPLICATION LAB

LAB MANUAL

Subject Code : EC505PC

Regulations : R16 - JNTUH
Class : III Year B.Tech. ECE I Semester

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

1
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

VISION AND MISSION OF THE INSTITUTION

Vision
To achieve the Autonomous and university status and spread universal
education by inculcating discipline, character and knowledge into the
young minds and mould them into enlightened citizens.

Mission
Our mission is to impart high quality education, in a conducive
ambience, as comprehensive as possible, with the support of all the
modern technologies and make the students acquire the ability and
passion to work wisely, creatively and effectively for the betterment of
our society.

VISION AND MISSION OF ECE DEPARTMENT

Vision
The vision of the department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering is to effectively serve the educational needs of local and
rural students with in the core area of Electronics and Communication
Engineering and develop high quality Engineers and responsible
citizens.

Mission
The Mission of the department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering is to work closely with industry and research organizations
to provide high quality computer education in both the theoretical and
applications of Electronics & Communication Engineering. ogram
Educational

2
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Objectives (PEOs):
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs):
A graduate of the Electronics & Communication Engineering Program should:
Program Educational Objective 1: (PEO1)
Domain Knowledge: Graduates Will Be able to synthesize mathematics,Science,engineering
fundamentals,laboratory & work based experiences to formulate & slove engineering problemsin
Electronics & communication Domains & shall have proficiency in Electronics Engineering and the use
of computational tools.
Program Educational Objective 2: (PEO2)
Professional Employment: Graduates will succeed in entry level engineering positions with in the core
electronics & communication engineering , Computational & manufacturing firms in regional,national or
international industries with government agencies.
Program Educational Objective 3: (PEO3)
Higher Degree: Graduates will succeed in the pursuit of advanced degrees in engineering or other fields
where a solid foundation in mathematics,science & engineering fundamentals is required.
Program Educational Objective 4: (PEO4)
Engineering Citizenship: Graduates will be prepared to communicate & work effectively on team based
engineering projects & will practice the ethics of there profession consistent with a sense of social
responsibility.
Program Educational Objective 5: (PEO5)
Graduates will be prepared to undertake Research and development works in the areas of Electronics and
Communication fields.

Program Outcomes (POs):

PO1Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineeringfundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems related to Electronics & Communication Engineering.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complexengineering problems related to Electronics & Communication Engineering &
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
related to Electronics & Communication Engineering anddesign system components or
processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health
and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
researchmethods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modernengineering and Electronics & Communication Engineering tools including

3
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the

limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assesssocietal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to Electronics & Communication Engineering the professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the Electronics &
Communication Engineering professional engineering solutionsin societal and environmental
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms ofthe engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
indiverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineeringcommunity and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
theengineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
inindependent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs):

PS PSO1Professional Capabilities: Capability to use their knowledge in the design of Electronics and
communication system using techniques like signal processing and technologies such as
VLSI and Embedded systems.
PSO2 Analytical Skills: Capability to analyze a given system and/or design for its specification
based performance and to devise any design changes for performance improvement, if need
be.
PSO3 Responsible Professionalism: Capability to work within the constraints as obtained in a
workplace and/or within a team, with an objective to further the goals of the employer
establishment or self owned one.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

B.TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
III YEAR COURSE STRUCTURE & SYLLABUS (R16)
4
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Applicable From 2016-17 Admitted Batch

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS LAB

B.Tech. III Year I Sem. LTPC
Course Code: EC505PC 0032

Note:
 To perform any twelve experiments
 Verify the functionality of the IC in the given application.

Design and Implementation of:

1. Inverting and Non-inverting Amplifiers using Op Amps.

2. Adder and Subtractor using Op Amp.
3. Comparator using Op Amp.
4. Integrator Circuit using IC 741
5. Differentiator circuit using Op Amp.
6. Active filter applications - LPF, HPF (First order).
7. Waveform generator using Op amp 741.
8. Monostable multivibrator using IC 555.
9. Astable multivibrator using IC 555.
10. Schmitt Trigger using Ic 741
11. Ic 565-PLL applications.
12. Three Terminal Voltage Regulators –7805, 7809, 7912.
* Voltage regulator using IC723

*represents additional experiment.

LINEAR IC APPLICATION LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
5
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

S. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

1. Inverting and Non-inverting Amplifiers using Op Amps 9

2. Adder and Subtractor using Op Amp 12

3. 16
Comparator using Op Amp.

4 18
Integrator Circuit using IC 741
5 22
Differentiator circuit using Op Amp.
6 Active filter applications - LPF, HPF (First order) 26

7 Waveform generator using Op amp 741 30

8 Monostable multivibrator using IC 555 32

9 Astable multivibrator using IC 555 35

10 Schmitt Trigger 37

11 Ic 565-PLL applications 39

12 Three Terminal Voltage Regulators –7805, 7809, 7912 43

* Voltage regulator using IC723 46

*represents additional experiment

Course Outcomes:
CO’S Description Blooms Taxonomy level
CO1 Understand and Analyze the operational amplifier(741) . L2:Understand

CO2 Design circuits using operational amplifiers for various L5:Synthesis

applications.

CO3 Analyze the timers and their applications electronics circuits. L4:Analyze

6
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

CO4 Understand the Voltage Regulators using IC’s L2:Understand

Mapping course outcomes leading to the achievement of the program outcomes:

Program Specific
Course Program Outcomes
Outcomes
Outcome
s PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3
1 3 2 2 2 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 - 3 3 3
2 2 2 3 2 2 - - - 3 3 2 - 3 3 2
3 2 2 2 3 2 - - - 3 3 2 - 2 2 2
4 2 2 3 3 2 - - - 3 3 2 - 2 2 2
1-None 2-Supportive 3-HighlyRelated

7
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

ATTAINMENT OF PROGRAM OUTCOMES

& PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
S.No Name of the Experiment Program Program Specific
Outcomes(pos) outcomes(psos)
Attained attained
1 Inverting and Non-inverting Amplifiers using Op PO1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9 PSO1,PSO2,PSO3
Amps
2 Adder and Subtractor using Op Amp Po1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9 PSO1,PSO2,PSO3

3 Po1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9 PSO1,PSO2,PSO3
Comparator using Op Amp.

4 Po1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9 PSO1,PSO2,PSO3
Integrator Circuit using IC 741

5 Po1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9 PSO1,PSO2,PSO3
Differentiator circuit using Op Amp.

6 Active filter applications - LPF, HPF (First order) Po1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9 PSO1,PSO2,PSO3

7 Waveform generator using Op amp 741 Po1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9 PSO1,PSO2,PSO3

8 Monostable multivibrator using IC 555 Po1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9 PSO1,PSO2,PSO3

9 Astable multivibrator using IC 555 Po1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9 PSO1,PSO2,PSO3

10 Schmitt Trigger Po1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9

PSO1,PSO2,PSO3
11 Ic 565-PLL applications Po1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9 PSO1,PSO2,PSO3

12 Three Terminal Voltage Regulators –7805, 7809, Po1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9 PSO1,PSO2,PSO3

7912
* Voltage regulator using IC723 Po1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9 PSO1,PSO2,PSO3

Note: * mention the beyond syllabus.

8
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Experiment No 1: Inverting and Non-inverting Amplifiers using Op Amps.

(a) Inverting amplifier
Aim: To design and setup an inverting amplifier circuit with OP AMP 741C for a gain of 10,
plot the waveforms, observe the phase reversal, measure the gain.
Apparatus:

Sl .No Name and Specification Quantity required

1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0 - 1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Resistors 2
7 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig:inverting amplifier

9
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Fig:non inverting amplifier

Theory:
Inverting amplifier:

It is a closed loop mode application of opamp and employs negative feedback. The Rf
and Ri are the feedback and input resistance of the circuit respectively. The input terminals of
the opamp draws no current because of the large differential input impedance. The potential
difference across the input terminals of an opamp is zero because of the large open loop gain.
Due to these two conditions, the inverting terminal is at virtual ground potential. So the
current flowing through Ri and Rf are the same.

Ii = I f

That is Vin/Ri = - Vo /Rf

Therefore Vo/Vin = Av = - Rf/ Ri,

Here the –Ve sign indicates that the output will be an amplified wave with 1800 phase
shift (inverted output). By varying the Rf or Ri, the gain of the amplifier can be varied to any
desired value.

Non inverting amplifier:

It is a linear closed loop mode application of op-amp and employs negative feedback.
The Rf and Ri are the feedback and input resistance of the circuit respectively. There will be
no phase difference between the output and input. Hence it is called non-inverting amplifier.

Av = Vo / Vin = 1+ Rf/ Ri ,
10
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Here the +Ve sign indicates that the output will be an amplified wave in phase with
the input. By varying the Rf or Ri, the gain of the amplifier can be varied to any desired value.

Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give 1 Vpp / 1 KHz sine wave as input.
5. Observe input and output on the two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
7. Verify the input and output waveforms are out of phase.
8. Verify the obtained gain is same as designed value of gain.

Observations:

Inverting amplifier:

Amplitude(v) Time period

(msec)
In put
Out put

Non inverting amplifier:

Amplitude(v) Time period

(msec)
In put
Out put

Result: The operation of inverting and non inverting op amp is studied and values are noted.

11
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Experiment No 2: Adder and Subtractor using Op Amp.

Aim: To design and setup a summing amplifier circuit with OP AMP 741C for a gain of 2
and verify the output.
Apparatus:

Sl .No Name and Specification Quantity required

1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 DC power source 1.5V 2
3 Function generator (0- 1MHz) 1
4 Oscilloscope 1
5 Bread board 1
6 IC 741C 1
7 Resistor 3
8 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Circuit Diagram:

12
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Fig: adder

Fig:subtractor

13
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Theory:
Adder:
Op-amp can be used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of several input
signals. Such a circuit is called a summing amplifier or an adder. Summing amplifier can be
classified as inverting & non-inverting summer depending on the input applied to inverting &
non-inverting terminals respectively. Circuit Diagram shows an inverting summing amplifier
with 2 inputs. Here the output will be amplified version of the sum of the two input voltages
with 1800 phase reversal.
Vo = - ( Rf/ Ri )(V1+V2)
Subtractor:
A difference amplifier is a circuit that gives the amplified version of the difference of
the two inputs, Vo =A(V1-V2), Where V1 and V2 are the inputs and A is the voltage gain.
Here input voltage V1 is connected to non-inverting terminal and V2 to the inverting
terminal. This is also called as differential amplifier. Output of a differential amplifier can be
determined using super position theorem. When V1=0, the circuit becomes an inverting
amplifier with input V2 and the resulting output is V02= -Rf /Ri (V2). When V2=0, the circuit
become a non-inverting amplifier with input V1 and the resulting output is V01= Rf/Ri(V1).
Therefore the resulting output according to super position theorem is
Vo = V01+ V02 = Rf/Ri(V1-V2)

Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give V1 =V2 = +1.5V DC with polarity as shown in fig.1.
5. Make sure that the CRO selector is in the D.C. coupling position.
6. Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
7. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
8. Verify that the output voltage is -6VDC
9. Repeat the procedure with V1 =1Vpp / 1 KHz sine wave and V2 = +1.5Vdc as
shown in fig2.

14
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

10. Verify the output .

Observations:
Adder:

v1(v) V2(v) V0(v)

15
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Subtractor:

v1(v) V2(v) V0(v)

Result: The operation of Ic 741 as adder and subtractor is studied and values are noted.

16
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Experiment No 3: Comparator using Op Amp.

Aim: To design and setup a zero crossing detector circuit with OP AMP 741C and plot the
waveforms.
Apparatus:

Sl .No Name and Specification Quantity required

1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0- 1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig:comparator
Theory:
It is the open loop/ saturation mode operation of op-amp. Here the signal is given the non-
inverting terminal. So the output signal is in phase with the input signal. Such a circuit is called non-
inverting zero
crossing detector. In open loop configuration, the gain of the op-amp is very high, so when the input
voltage is above zero voltage, output of the circuit goes to+ Vsat which is approximately +13V.
Similarly when the input voltage is below zero voltage, the output goes to - Vsat which is approximately
-13V.

17
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give Vin= 2 Vpp/ 1KHz sine wave.
5. Observe input and output on the oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
7. Verify the output .

Observations:

Amplitude(v) Time
period(msec)
In put
Out put

Result: The operation of Ic 741 as comparator is studied and values are noted.

18
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Experiment No 4: Integrator Circuit using IC 741

Aim: To design and setup an integrator circuit using OP AMP 741C and plot its pulse
response.
Apparatus:

Sl. No Name and Specification Quantity required

1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0-1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Resistor 1
7 Capacitor 0.01µF 1
8 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig: integrator

19
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Theory:
It is a closed loop op-amp circuit which performs the mathematical operation of
integration. That is the output waveform is the integral of the input voltage and is given by
Vo = ( -1/RfC) ∫Vindt. The integrator circuit is constructed from basic inverting amplifier by
replacing the feedback resistance Rf with capacitor C. This circuit also works as low pass
filter.
Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give Vi= 2Vpp, 1KHz square wave.
5. Keep the oscilloscope in AC coupling mode.
6. Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
7. Draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.

Observations:

For sine wave:

Amplitude(v) Time
period(msec)
input
output

For square wave:

Amplitude(v) Time period

(msec)
In put
Out put

20
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

21
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Result: For a given sine and square wave, the output waveforms of integrator are observed.

22
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Experiment No 5: Differentiator circuit using Op Amp.

Aim: To design and setup a Differentiator circuit using OP AMP 741C and plot their pulse
response.
Apparatus:

Sl. No Name and Specification Quantity required

1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0- 1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Resistor 1
7 Capacitor 1
8 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig: differentiator
Theory:
It is an opamp circuit which performs the mathematical operation of differentiation.
That is the output waveform is the derivative or differentia l of the input voltage. That is
Vo= - RfCd(Vin)/dt. The differentiator circuit is constructed from basic inverting amplifier by
23
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

replacing the input resistance Ri with capacitor C. This circuit also works as high pass filter.
Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Keep the oscilloscope in AC coupling mode.
5. Give Vi= 2Vpp, 1KHz square wave.
6. Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
7. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.

Observations:

For sine wave:

Amplitude(v) Time period

(msec)
In put
Out put

For square wave:

Amplitude(v) Time period

(msec)
In put
Result: For a given sine and square
Out put wave, the output waveforms of
differentiator are observed.

24
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Experiment No 6: ACTIVE FILTER APPLICATIONS - LPF, HPF [ FIRST ORDER ]

25
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

26
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

27
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

For LPF:

s.no Input Output Gain=vo/vin Gain

voltage voltage(vo) in db
(vin)

For HPF:

s.no Input Output Gain=vo/vin Gain

voltage voltage(vo) in db
(vin)

28
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Result: The characteristics of LPF,HPF are studied and graphs has been plotted.

29
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Experiment No 7: Waveform generator using Op amp 741

Aim:To generate triangular and square waveforms and to determine the time period Of the waveforms.

Apparatus:
Sl. No. Name and Quantity
specifications
1. Op-amp 741 1
2 Capacitor 1
3 Zener diode 2
4 resistors 10k,150k,1.5k,1m
5 Patch cards As required
6 Connecting wires As require

Circuit diagram:

Fig: waveform generator

Theory:
The function generator consists of a comparator U1and an integrator A2.The comparator U2
compares the voltage at point P continuously with the inverting input ie, at zero volts. When voltage at
Posess lightly below or above zero volts, the output of U1 is at the negative or positive saturation level,
respectively.
To illustrate the circuit operation let us set the output of U1at positive saturation
+Vsat(approximately +Vcc). This +Vsat is an input to the integrator U2.Theoutputof U2 ,therefore will
be a negative going ramp. Thus, one end of the voltage divider R2-R3 is the positive saturation voltage
30
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

+Vast of U1 and the other is the negative going ramp ofU2. When the negative going ramp attains a
certain value–Vramp, point p is slightly below zero volts; hence the output of U1 will switch from
positive saturation to negative saturation–Vsat (approximately Vcc). This means that the output of U2
will now stop going negatively and will begin to go positively. The output of U2 will continue to
increase until it reaches +Vramp. At this time the point P is slightly above zero volts. The sequence then
repeats. The frequencies of the square are a function of the d.c supply voltage. Desired amplitude can be
obtained by using approximate zeners at the output ofU1.

MODEL GRAPH:

Procedure:
1. The circuit is connected as shown in the figure.
2. The output of the comparator U1 is connected to the cro through channel 1,to generate a square
wave
3. The output of the comparator U2 is connected to the CRO through chennal2, to generate a
triangular wave.
4. The time periods of the square wave and triangular waves are noted and they are found to be equal.

Precautions:
31
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

1. Make null adjustment before applying the input signal.

2. Maintain proper Vcc levels.

Result: Generated and plotted sine, square and triangular waveforms using op-amp.

32
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Experiment No 8: Monostable multivibrator using IC 555

Aim: To design and construct a monostable multivibrator using 555 IC and (i) Plot the
output waveform (ii) Measure the time delay

Apparatus:
Sl. No. Name and specification Quantity
1 Power Supply 10V 1
2 Resistors 2
3 Capacitor 0.01µF ,0.1 µF 2 +1
4 IC 555 1
5 Diode 1N 4001 1
6 Oscilloscope 1
7 Function generator 0 – 1MHz 1
8 Bread board 1
9 Connecting wires and probes As required

Circuit Diagram :

D is diode 1N4001

fig: mono stable multivibrator

33
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Theory:
The monostable multivibrator has one stable state and one quasi stable state.
Monostable multivibrator produces an output pulse with defined time period for each external
trigger pulse applied. It comes out of the stable state only by use of an external signal called
trigger.
When the output is low, that is, the circuit is in stable state. Upon application of
trigger pulse to pin 2, the output of the comparator II becomes high which sets the flip flop
high. As the output is high, the transistor becomes OFF since it is connected to the of the
flip flop. Capacitor starts to charge through R towards VCC, as soon as the capacitor voltage
crosses 2/3 VCC (threshold voltage) the output of the comparator I becomes high so the flip-
flop will reset and out goes to low. At the same time transistor turns ON and hence capacitor
rapidly discharges through the transistor. The output of this circuit remains low until a
trigger pulse is again applied . The time during which the output remains high is given by
T = 1.1 RC.
Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the monostable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and check the
connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.

4. Put the function generator output to square wave mode. Adjust the amplitude to 5V.
5. Observe trigger input , output and capacitor voltage on different channels of the
oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
7. Measure the time delay .

Observations:

Trigger Output wave Capacitor

output

34
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Result: Designed the monostable multivibrator by using IC555 and graphs has been plotted.

35
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Experiment No 9 : Astable multivibrator using IC 555

Aim: To design and setup symmetrical and asymmetrical astable multivibrators using IC 555
and (i) Plot the output waveform (ii) Measure the frequency of oscillation.

Apparatus:
Sl. No. Name and specification Quantity
1 Power Supply 10V 1
2 Resistors 4
3 Capacitor 0.01µF 2
4 IC 555 1
5 Diode 1N 4001 1
6 Oscilloscope 1
7 Bread board 1
8 Connecting wires and probes As required

Circuit Diagram :

36
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Theory:
The 555 timer is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delay .The
internal structure of 555 is shown in which there are two comparators, a flip flop, an output
stage, a voltage divider network and a transistor. The comparator is a device whose output is
high when the non-inverting input voltage is greater than inverting input voltage and output is
low when inverting input voltage is greater than non-inverting input voltage. The voltage
divider network consist of three 5KΩ resistors and provides a trigger voltage level of 1/3VCC
and threshold voltage level of 2/3VCC.The control voltage is used for changing the threshold
and trigger voltages externally.
555 as Astable multivibrator: Astable multivibrator means it has no stable states. It has two
quasi stable states (high and low).In the figure given , there are 2 external resistors RA and RB
and a capacitor C. When the power is given to the circuit the capacitor C will charge towards
VCC through RA and RB ,when the capacitor voltage exceeds the level of 2/3VCC (threshold
voltage) the output of the comparator I goes high which resets the flip flop so the output Q of
the flip-flop becomes low and becomes high. Now the transistor which is connected to
becomes ON. The capacitor C started to discharge through RB and transistor exponentially.
When voltage across capacitor reaches just below of 1/3VCC (trigger voltage) the output of
the comparator II becomes high and sets the flip flop, turning OFF the transistor since it is
connected to the of the flip flop. The capacitor C will begin to charge towards VCC through
RA and RB. when the capacitor voltage exceeds the level of 2/3VCC, the output of the
comparator I goes high which resets the flip-flop so the output Q of the flip flop becomes
low and becomes high. The cycle continues which gives a square wave at the output (pin
3) and charging and discharging wave form across capacitor (pin 2&6).

Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the symmetric astable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and check the
connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Observe output and capacitor voltage on different channels of the oscilloscope
simultaneously.
5. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
6. Measure the frequency of oscillation and duty cycle .
7. Repeat the procedures for asymmetric astable multivibrator.

Result: Designed the monostable multivibrator by using IC555 and graphs has been plotted.

Experiment No 10: Schmitt Trigger using Ic 741

37
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Aim: To design and setup a Schmitt trigger, plot the input output waveforms and measure
VUT and VLT.
Apparatus:

Sl .No Name and Specification Quantity required

1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator(0- 1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Resistor 3
7 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig: schmitt trigger

Theory:
It is a regenerative comparator or it is a comparator with hysteresis. This circuit uses
positive feedback and the op-amp is operated in saturation. The output can take two values
+Vsat and –Vsat. When output = +Vsat, the voltage appearing at the non-inverting terminal
is VUT or UTP = +Vsat( R1/R1+R2) called the upper threshold point. Similarly When output
= - Vsat, the voltage appearing at the non-inverting terminal is V LT or LTP =
-Vsat( R1/R1+R2) called the lower threshold point. When Vin is greater than UTP, the output
will switch from +Vsat to –Vsat. Similarly When Vin is less than LTP; the output will switch
from -Vsat to +Vsat which is shown in the graph. The difference between UTP-LTP is called
38
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

hysteresis. Hysteresis avoids false triggering of the circuit by noise. Hysteresis curve is the
plot of Vo versus Vin . Schmitt trigger circuit is used to convert any irregular wave into
square wave.
Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give Vi= 10 Vpp / 1KHz sine wave.
5. Observe input and output on two channels of oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.

Observations:

Amplitude(v) Time period

(msec)
In put
Out put

39
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Result: Generated and plotted the input output waveforms of Schmitt trigger.

Experiment No 11: IC 565-PLL APPLICATIONS.

40
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

41
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

42
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

43
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

44
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Experiment No 12: Three Terminal Voltage Regulators –7805, 7809, 7912

Aim: To construct a +5v, 1A Power supply using IC 7805.

Apparatus:

Sl. No. Name and specifications Quantity

1 Multimeter 1
2 Diode 1N4007 2
3 Capacitor 3
4 IC 7805 1
5 Transformer (230 / 6-0-6 , 1A) 1
6 Bread board 1
7 Connecting Wires As required

Circuit Diagram:

IC 7805 pin details

Theory:
45
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits where a regulated power
supply is required due to their ease of use and low cost. IC 7805 has a 5volt output.The78xx
series are positive voltage regulator, while 79xx devices are negative voltage regulators. IC
7805 has 3 terminals.7805 can deliver up to 1.5A current. The device may get damaged if there
is any deviation from the rated voltage, A regulated power supply is very much essential for
several electronics devices. The AC power gets converted into constant DC by this circuits. The
circuit is made up of linear voltage regulator 7805 along with capacitors and resistors with a full
wave rectifier. A regulator is employed with capacitor connected in parallel to the input terminal
and the output terminal. The capacitor C2 is bypass capacitor and is employed to bypass
extremely tiny duration spikes to ground. C1 is the filter capacitor employed in the circuit to
steady the slow alterations in the voltage.
Procedure:
1. Check all the components
2. Set up circuit on the breadboard and check the connections
3. Switch on the AC supply
4. Measure input AC and output DC voltages using multimeter.

Observations:

(a) Line regulation(IC 7805)

input voltage (b)Load regulation(IC 7805)

(vo) Output voltage
(vo) Load current Output
I(mA) voltage(vo)

(a)Line regulation(IC 7912)

46
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

input voltage
(vo) Output voltage
(vo)

(b)Load regulation(IC 7912)

input current
I(mA) Output voltage
(vo)

47
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Experiment No 13: Voltage regulator using IC723

48
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Aim: To set up a low voltage regulator using IC723 and plot the regulation characteristics.

Apparatus:

Sl. No. Name and specifications Quantity

1 Variable Power Supply (0- 30 V) 1
2 Resistors, rheostat 3
3 Capacitor 2
4 IC 723 1
Volt meter (0-30V) 1
5 Voltmeter (0-10V) 1
6. Ammeter (0-10 mA) 1
7 Bread board 1
8 Connecting Wires As required

Circuit Diagram:

Fig: voltage regulator IC 723

Theory:
Type 723 is the most versatile of the monolithic voltage regulators. It can be used to

49
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

provide high and low positive regulated voltages .Current can be boosted to provide 5A or more.
It has short circuit protection. The input voltage of IC723 vary from 9.5V to 40V and provide
output voltage from 2V to 37V.
IC 723 regulator has two separate sections. One section provides a fixed voltage of 7.15v at the
terminal Vref, other section consists of an error amplifier. These two sections are not internally
connected. For constructing low voltage regulator using 723, Vref point is connected through a
resistance to the non-inverting terminal and the output is feedback to the inverting terminal of
the error amplifier. If the output voltage becomes low, the voltage at the inverting terminal of
error amplifier also goes down. Thus make the output of the error amplifier become more
positive, there by driving transistor more into conduction. This reduces the voltage across
transistor and drives more current into the load, causing voltage across the load to increase.
Thus the initial decrease in the load voltage is compensated.
Similarly any increase in the load voltage gets regulated.

Procedure:
1. Check all the components
2. Set up circuit on the breadboard and check the connections
3. Switch on the power supply
4. Vary the input dc voltage and measure the input and output voltages using voltmeter
5. Vary the load resistance potentiometer and measure output voltage and current
6. Plot line regulation and load regulation characteristics on the graph
7. Calculate percentage load regulation

Observations:

(a) Line regulation: vo set to 3v

vo set to 5v
Vi(v) Vo(v)
Vi(v) Vo(v)

(b) Load regulation

50
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Vo set to 5v

I(mA) Vo(v)

Vo set to 3 v

I(mA) Vo(v)

51
 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

Result: Line and load regulation characteristics of Ic723 are plotted

52
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication

53