INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY, environment, ideology, education

DEFINITION, ISSUES, SOURCE AND and influences

METHODOLOGY - His interpretation of the historical
facts is affected by his context
and circumstances
History- is derived from the Greek word - His subjectively, will inevitably
“historia” means knowledge acquired influence the process of his
through inquiry or investigation. historical research; the
methodology he will use, the
Historiography- history of history facts he shall select and deem
- Let’s have a better understanding relevant, his interpretation and
on history the form of his writings
- Not only get to learn historical HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY
facts, but also provided with the
understanding of the facts and -compromises certain techniques
historians context. and rules that historians follow in
order to properly utilize sources and
POSITIVISM- emerged between 18 th to historical evidences in writing history.
19th centuries
-certain rules apply in case of
- Thought requires empirical and conflicting accounts in different
observable evidence before one sources, and on how to properly
can claim that a particular treat eyewitness accounts and oral
knowledge is true sources as valid historical evidence
- Positivist historians are expected
to be objective and impartial not ANNALES SCHOOL of HISTORY
just in their arguments but also -a school of history born in France
on their conduct of historical that challenged the canons of history.
research.
- annales scholars:
POSTCOLONIALISM
Lucien Febvre
- Emerged in early 20th century Marc Bloch
while formerly colonized nation’s Fernand Braduel
grapples with the idea of creating Jacques le Goff
their identities and understanding - Studied other subjects in a
their societies against the historical manner
shadows of their colonial past. - They were concerned with social
HISTORIAN- to seek historical history and studied longer
evidences and facts but also interpret historical periods
these facts - They advocated that the people
and classes who were not
- To give meaning to these facts reflected in the history of society
and organize them into timeline. in the grand manner be provided
- Establish causes with space in the records of
- Write history mankind
- A person of his own who is
influenced by his context,
 - Annals thinkers married history behind its creation, the knowledge which
with other disciplines like informed it, and its intended purpose
geography.
-entails that the historian acknowledge
HISTORICAL SOURCES and analyze how such reports can be
manipulated to be used as a war
-primary sources, resources propaganda.
produced at the same time as the
event, period or subject being -validating historical sources is
studied. important because the use of unverified,
falsified, and untruthful historical
-eyewitness accounts of convention sources can lead to equally false
delegates and their memoirs are conclusions
used as primary sources
-without thorough criticisms of historical
-artifacts, memorabilia, and evidences, historical deceptions and lies
government records will all be probable.
-secondary sources; sources that Philippine Historiography
are produced by an author who used
primarly sources to produce the - Underwent several changes
material since the precolonial period until
present
-are historical sources, which studied - Ancient FILIPINOs narrated their
a certain historical subjects history through communal songs
EXTERNAL CRITICISM and epics that they passed orally
form a generation to another
-the practice of verifying the authenticity - Spaniards came, their chroniclers
of evidence by examining its physical started recording their
characteristics; consistency with the observations through written
historical characteristics of the time accounts. The Spanish colonizers
when it was produced; and the materials narrated the history of their
used for the evidence colony in bipartite view.
-examples of the things that will be - Filipino historian Zeus Salazar
examined when conducting, external introduced the new guiding
criticism of a document include the philosophy for writing and
quality of the paper, the type of ink, and teaching history
the language and the words used in the - Pantayong pananaw (for-us- from
material among others us perspective) this perspective
highlights the importance of
INTERNAL CRITICISM facilitating an internal
conversation a discourse among
-Looks at content of the source and
Filipinos about our own history,
examine the circumstances of its
using the language that is
production
understood by everyone.
-looks at the truthfulness and factuality
of the evidences by looking at the author
of the source, its context, the agenda