Lecture 02 Usman Muhammad Buksh
The Industrial Revolution
Began in England, (1750-1920)
Time of major changes in
•Agriculture
•Manufacturing
•Mining
•Transport
•Technology
These had a profound effect on the socio-economic
and cultural conditions, starting in the United
Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout
Europe, North America, and eventually the world.
It marked a major turning point in human history,
almost every aspect of daily life was eventually
influenced in some way.
The Stockton and Darlington Railway
At the beginning of industrial revolution, as industries
expanded in the country, the transportation upgraded.
Canal was the first technology to allow bulk materials to be
easily transported across the country.
The original British road system was poorly maintained.
Stage coaches carried the rich from the goods.
Wagon ways for moving coal in the mining area starting in
17th century
1825, steam-hauled public railways began with the Stockton
and Darlington railway and the liverpool and manchester
railway in 1830.
Railways were very important invention in Britain country
because it helped Britain’s trade enormously, providing a
quick and easy way of transport and an easy way to transport
mail and news.
Development and growth of new socio- economic
classes: working class, wealthy industrial class.
The urban population dramatically increased, towns and
cities multiplied in number and size, a new urban society
emerged. The demand for new buildings was greater that
ever before.
Brought a flood of new building materials
Iron was mined efficiently.
The formula for concrete was rediscovered 1756 by John
Smeaton.
To the fashionable architects the central problem was to
discover a style appropriate to this time of change.
Cont…
The invention of machines to
do the work of hand tools .
The use of steam, and later of other
kinds of power, in place of the
muscles of human beings and of
animals .
But in the 1800’s, there was a
great amount of production in
Iron. These made architects and
engineers design buildings made
out of iron. There are 3 types of iron:
cast, wrought, and steel.
A new method of
producing glass, known
as the cylinder process,
was developed in Europe
during the early 19th
century. In 1832, this
process was used by the
Chance Brothers to create The Crystal Palace held the Great Exhibition o
1851
sheet glass. They became
the leading producers of
window and plate glass.
In 1763, James Watt invented
the steam engine
the steam engine was became
the king of the industries to
produce more goods.
Gas lighting was introduced later by
William Murdoch.
This invention allowed the night life
to flourish in cities and towns as
interiors and streets could be lighted
on a larger scale than before.
Nicholas Louis Robert
invented the
Fourdriner.
The Fourdriner effects
the printing of books
and others became
more cheaper than
before.
After the Baroque slowly faded away, the 18th
century architecture considered primarily of revivals
of previous periods.
Building materials were made out of only a few
manmade materials along with those available in
nature: timber, stone, lime.
Mortar and concrete
Iron
Brick
Glass
Portland Cement – strong, durable, fire resistant type
of cement developed in 1824.
Architecture and the art turned into the past. Architects searched for their
own style but they searched for it in the previous styles returning to the style of
Bramante, Palladio and Michelangelo .
Neo-Classical
Neo-Gothic
Renaissance
Baroque
Romantic
Chinese
Saracenic
But Neo-Classical and Neo-Gothic were the main
contenders in the Battle of the Styles of the 19th C.
The Neo-Classicists
Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841)
Sir John Sloane (1753-1837)
Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1766-1820)
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
The Gothic Revival
Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812-1852)
Richard Upjohn (1802-78)
Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814-1879)
Neo-Gothic buildings have many of these features:
- Strong vertical lines and a sense of great height
- Pointed windows with decorative tracery
- Gargoyles and other carvings
- Pinnacles
The Trinity
Church in New
York, USA
House of Parliament,
London, 1836-1867
French architect and theorist
Famous for interpretive
“restorations” of
medieval buildings Gothic
Revival Architect
Notre Dame de Paris
The leading proponent of the
Gothic Revival in France was
Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-
Duc (1814-1879), an architect
who shared Pugin’s enthusiasm
for medieval works.
He saw the system of the rib
vault, pointed arch, and flying
buttress as analogous to 19th C
iron framing, and he aspired to a
modern architecture based on
engineering accomplishments
that would have the integrity of
form and detail found in medieval
works.
A Merry Mix of Styles
Neo-Renaissance, Italian
Renaissance, French Renaissance,
Neo-Romanesque offered the
architect and client other choices.
The Industrial Revolution is the biggest effect to the environment to all
countries.
In this revolution, some of the people try to invent something that can
helps in the productivity in the industries.
This revolution makes our life change a lot of our environment whether in
culture, education, politics and others.
Also marked a change in architecture by introducing newer technology.
Curtain walls were used.
Steel skeletons were covered with masonry .
Large skylights were popular.
Lacked in imagination and style.
Main focus was functionality.
