All objects emit and absorb infrared radiation.

1
(a) Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.

dark matt dark shiny light matt light shiny

The best emitters of infrared radiation have

_____________________________________ surfaces.

The worst emitters of infrared radiation have

_____________________________________ surfaces.
(2)

(b) Diagram 1 shows a sphere which is at a much higher temperature than its surroundings.

Diagram 1

Energy is transferred from the sphere to the surroundings.

The table shows readings for the sphere in three different conditions, A, B and C.

Temperature of Temperature of
Condition
sphere in °C surroundings in °C

A 70 5

B 80 0

C 90 30

Rossett+School Page 2 of 47
 In each of the conditions, A, B and C, the sphere transfers energy to the surroundings at a
different rate.

Put conditions A, B and C in the correct order.

Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Diagram 2 shows a can containing water.

A student investigates how quickly a can of water heats up when it is cooler than room
temperature.

Diagram 2

The student has four cans, each made of the same material, with the following outer
surfaces.

dark matt dark shiny light matt light shiny

Rossett+School Page 3 of 47
 The student times how long it takes the water in each can to reach room temperature.

Each can contains the same mass of water at the same starting temperature.

(i) Which can of water will reach room temperature the quickest?

Give a reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Apart from material of the can, mass of water and starting temperature, suggest three
control variables for the student’s investigation.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) The photographs show two different foxes.

Fox A Fox B

By Algkalv (Own work) [CC-BY-3.0], © EcoPic/iStock

via Wikimedia Commons

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 Which fox is better adapted to survive cold conditions?

Give reasons for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

(a) A company is developing a system which can heat up and melt ice on roads in the winter.
2 This system is called ‘energy storage’.

During the summer, the black surface of the road will heat up in the sunshine.

This energy will be stored in a large amount of soil deep under the road surface.
Pipes will run through the soil. In winter, cold water entering the pipes will be warmed and
brought to the surface to melt ice.

The system could work well because the road surface is black.

Suggest why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) What is meant by specific latent heat of fusion?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

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 (ii) Calculate the amount of energy required to melt 15 kg of ice at 0 °C.

Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.4 × 105 J/kg.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Energy = ___________________ J
(2)

(c) Another way to keep roads clear of ice is to spread salt on them.
When salt is added to ice, the melting point of the ice changes.

A student investigated how the melting point of ice varies with the mass of salt added.

The figure below shows the equipment that she used.

The student added salt to crushed ice and measured the temperature at which the ice
melted.

(i) State one variable that the student should have controlled.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 6 of 47
 (ii) During the investigation the student stirred the crushed ice.

Suggest two reasons why.

Tick ( ) two boxes.

Tick ( )

To raise the melting point of the ice

To lower the melting point of the ice

To distribute the salt throughout the ice

To keep all the ice at the same temperature

To reduce energy transfer from the surroundings to the ice

(2)

(iii) The table below shows the data that the student obtained.

Mass of salt added in grams 0 10 20

Melting point of ice in °C 0 -6 -16

Describe the pattern shown in the table.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Undersoil electrical heating systems are used in greenhouses. This system could also be
used under a road.

A cable just below the ground carries an electric current. One greenhouse system has a
power output of 0.50 kW.

Calculate the energy transferred in 2 minutes.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Energy transferred = ___________________ J

(3)

Rossett+School Page 7 of 47
(e) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

A local council wants to keep a particular section of a road clear of ice in the winter.

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of keeping the road clear of ice using:

• energy storage

• salt

• undersoil electrical heating.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Extra space _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 18 marks)

Rossett+School Page 8 of 47
 Figure 1 shows one way that biscuit manufacturers cook large quantities of biscuits.
3
The uncooked biscuits are placed on a moving metal grid.

The biscuits pass between two hot electrical heating elements inside an oven.

The biscuits turn brown as they cook.

Figure 1

The oven has two control knobs, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

(a) Which type of electromagnetic radiation makes the biscuits turn brown?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Suggest two ways of cooking the biscuits in this oven, to make them turn browner.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Rossett+School Page 9 of 47
 (c) The inside and outside surfaces of the oven are light-coloured and shiny.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

The diagram shows the design of a solar cooker. The cooker heats water using infrared radiation
4 from the Sun.

(a) Why is the inside of the large curved dish covered with shiny metal foil?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 10 of 47
(b) Which would be the best colour to paint the outside of the metal cooking pot?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

black silver white

Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Why does the cooking pot have a lid?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Calculate how much energy is needed to increase the temperature of 2 kg of water by
80 °C.

The specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg °C.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Energy = ___________________________________ J
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Rossett+School Page 11 of 47
 The diagram shows a car radiator. The radiator is part of the engine cooling system.
5

Liquid coolant, heated by the car engine, enters the radiator. As the coolant passes through the
radiator, the radiator transfers energy to the surroundings and the temperature of the coolant
falls.

(a) Why is the radiator painted black?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Rossett+School Page 12 of 47
(b) Different radiators have different numbers of cooling fins along the length of the radiator.

The sketch graph shows how the number of cooling fins affects the rate of energy transfer
from the radiator.

The number of cooling fins affects the rate of energy transfer from the radiator.

Explain how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) When the car engine is working normally, 2 kg of coolant passes through the radiator each
second. The temperature of the coolant falls from 112 °C to 97 °C.

Calculate the energy transferred each second from the coolant.

Specific heat capacity of the coolant = 3800 J/kg °C.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Energy transferred each second = _______________________________ J

(3)

Rossett+School Page 13 of 47
 (d) On cold days, some of the energy transferred from a hot car engine is used to warm the air
inside the car. This is a useful energy transfer.

What effect, if any, does this energy transfer have on the overall efficiency of the car
engine?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

decreases the does not change the increases the

efficiency efficiency efficiency

Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

The diagram shows the apparatus that a student used to investigate the heating effect of different
6 wavelengths of light.

(a) (i) The student put thermometer D outside of the light spectrum.

Suggest why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 14 of 47
 (ii) The table gives the position and reading of each thermometer 10 minutes after the
investigation started.

Thermometer Position of thermometer Temperature in °C

A in violet light 21

B in green light 22

C in red light 24

D outside the spectrum 20

What should the student conclude from the data in the table?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) A similar investigation completed in 1800 by the scientist Sir William Herschel led to the
discovery of infrared radiation.

Suggest how the student could show that the spectrum produced by the glass prism has an
infrared region.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Rossett+School Page 15 of 47
(c) A person emits infrared radiation at a frequency of 3.2 x 1013 Hz.

Calculate the wavelength of the infrared radiation that a person emits.

Take the speed of infrared radiation to be 3.0 x 108 m/s.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Wavelength = _________________________ m
(2)

(d) A thermal imaging camera detects infrared radiation. Electronic circuits inside the camera
produce a visible image of the object emitting the infrared radiation.

At night, police officers use thermal imaging cameras to track criminals running away from
crime scenes.

Thermal imaging cameras work better at night than during the day.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Rossett+School Page 16 of 47
 A wood burning stove is used to heat a room.
7

Photograph supplied by iStockphoto/Thinkstock

The fire in the stove uses wood as a fuel. The fire heats the matt black metal case of the stove.

(a) The air next to the stove is warmed by infrared radiation.

How does the design of the stove help to improve the rate of energy transfer by infrared
radiation?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Rossett+School Page 17 of 47
(b) Burning 1 kg of wood transfers 15 MJ of energy to the stove. The stove then transfers 13.5
MJ of energy to the room.

Calculate the efficiency of the stove.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Efficiency = _________________________
(2)

(c) Some of the energy from the burning wood is wasted as the hot gases leave the chimney
and warm the air outside the house.

Name one other way energy is wasted by the stove.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Some people heat their homes using electric heaters. Other people heat their homes using
a wood burning stove.

Give two environmental advantages of using a wood burning stove to heat a home rather
than heaters that use electricity generated from fossil fuels.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Rossett+School Page 18 of 47
 (e) The metal case of the stove gets hot when the fire is lit.

Here is some information about the stove.

Mass of metal case 100 kg

Starting temperature of metal case 20 °C

Final temperature of metal case 70 °C

Specific heat capacity of metal case 510 J/kg °C

Calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of the metal case to 70 °C.

Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Energy required = _______________________________

(3)
(Total 10 marks)

The diagram shows the equipment a student used to investigate how the colour of a surface
8 affects how fast it emits (gives out) heat.

An equal volume of boiling water was poured into each metal can. The student then recorded the
temperature of the water in each can every minute for ten minutes.

Rossett+School Page 19 of 47
(a) (i) Which of the following was a control variable in this investigation?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.

The volume of boiling water.

The decrease in temperature of the water.

The outside colour of the metal can.

(1)

(ii) Give one advantage of using a temperature sensor and datalogger rather than a
thermometer to measure the temperature of the water.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 20 of 47
(b) The student’s results for both cans are plotted on the graph.

Which line, A or B, shows how the temperature of the water inside the black-coloured
metal can changed?

Draw a ring around your answer. A B

Explain the reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Some gardeners make soil darker by digging black soot into the soil. Other gardeners use
straw to protect plants from the cold.

(i) Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.

On a warm day, the temperature of darker coloured soil will increase

slower than

as fast as the temperature of lighter coloured soil.

faster than

(1)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer to part (c)(i).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 21 of 47
 (iii) The statement in the box is false.

Straw keeps plants warm by trapping air. This is because air is a good conductor.

Change one word in the statement to make the statement true.

Write down your new statement. The answer has been started for you.

This is because air is a ______________________________________

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

(a) Use the words from the box to complete the following sentences.
9

conduction convection radiation

(i) The transfer of thermal energy (heat) by the movement of hot liquids

is called _______________________ .
(1)

(ii) The transfer of thermal energy (heat) from one particle to another

is called _______________________ .
(1)

Rossett+School Page 22 of 47
(b) A student set up the following equipment. The 3 metal plates are the same distance from
the heater. The surfaces of each of the 3 metal plates are different colours.

The student switched the heater on for 10 minutes. The thermometers were read before
the heater was switched on. The thermometers were read again just after the heaters were
switched off.
The readings are shown in the table.

Temperature before Temperature after

switching on in °C switching on in °C

1 19 21

2 19 29

3 19 23

(i) Which set of readings, 1, 2 or 3, is most likely to have been taken from the
thermometer labelled L?

____________________

Give a reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Rossett+School Page 23 of 47
 (ii) Which one of the following was not a control variable in this experiment?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.

the distance between the heater and the metal plates

the power of the heater

the temperature before the heater was switched on

the colour of the metal plates

(1)

(iii) Suggest one advantage of using a temperature sensor, data logger and computer,
rather than a thermometer to carry out this experiment.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The picture shows a fire fighter putting out a forest fire. The fire fighter’s clothing has thick
thermal padding inside and a light coloured, fire proof, shiny layer outside.

(i) What is the main way that heat is transferred through the air from the fire to the fire
fighter?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 24 of 47
 (ii) Why is the outside layer of the clothing shiny?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) The graph shows the result of a laboratory test on two types of thermal padding. Each type
of padding was put onto a very hot metal surface and the temperature inside the padding
was taken every minute.

Which type of padding, M or N, would it be best to use inside the fire fighter’s clothing?

_____________________________________________

Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Rossett+School Page 25 of 47
 A student investigated the effect of shape and colour on heat transfer.
10
The student used metal containers with the same volume but with different shapes and outside
colour. The containers were each filled with water at 100 °C.
After 20 minutes the temperature of the water inside each container was measured.

A B C D

The results from the investigation are given in the table.

Temperature after Temperature fall

Container Colour
20 minutes in °C in °C

A White 86 14

B Black 86 14

C White 73 27

D Black 60 40

(i) The student uses the results in the table to see if shape has affected heat transfer.

Which containers should the student compare to do this?

___________________________________________________________________

Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 26 of 47
 (ii) Explain why the temperature of the water in both containers A and B fell by the same
amount.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) A central heating system has several radiators joined together. The hot water goes from the
boiler, through each radiator in turn and then back to the boiler for reheating.

Give one reason, other than appearance, why it might not be a good idea to paint radiators
black.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

The diagram shows a simple type of portable shower. The water container is a strong plastic bag
11 that is black on one side and white on the other. To warm the water, the bag is placed on the
ground in direct sunlight, with the black side facing the Sun.

(a) (i) Name the process by which heat is transferred from the Sun to the outside of the
bag.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 27 of 47
 (ii) Explain why the black side of the bag and not the white side should face the Sun.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The graph shows how the temperature of the water inside a full bag increases after the bag
is placed outside on a sunny day.

(i) How long does it take for the water to reach 37 °C?

______________________
(1)

(ii) Describe how the temperature of the water changes during the three hours.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 28 of 47
 (c) A different manufacturer makes the same type of portable shower but uses a bag with a
larger surface area. The bag is made from the same coloured plastics and holds the same
amount of water.

(i) To compare the efficiency of the two bags at heating water, several variables need to
be controlled.

Name two variables that need to be controlled.

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) The second bag has a larger surface area.

Draw a line on the graph to show how the temperature of the water inside the second
bag would change over the first hour.
Assume that the two bags are tested in exactly the same way.
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

A vacuum flask is designed to reduce the rate of heat transfer.

12

Rossett+School Page 29 of 47
(a) (i) Complete the table to show which methods of heat transfer are reduced by each of
the features labelled in the diagram.

The first row has been done for you.

Feature Conduction Convection Radiation

vacuum * *

silveredsurfaces

plastic cap

(2)

(ii) Explain why the vacuum between the glass walls of the flask reduces heat transfer by
conduction and convection.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The diagram shows a gas flame patio heater.

(i) Explain why the top surface of the reflecting hood should be a light, shiny surface
rather than a dark, matt surface.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Rossett+School Page 30 of 47
 (ii) Most of the chemical energy in the gas is transformed into heat. A small amount of
chemical energy is transformed into light.

Draw and label a Sankey diagram for the patio heater.

(2)

(iii) State why the total energy supplied to the patio heater must always equal the total
energy transferred by the patio heater.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

(a) The graph compares how quickly hot water cooled down in two glass beakers with different
13 surface areas.

The volume of water in each beaker was the same.

Describe how the surface area of the water affected how fast the water cooled down.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 31 of 47
(b) Some foxes live in a hot desert environment.

This type of fox has very large ears.

Explain how the size of the fox’s ears help it to keep cool in a hot desert.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Polar bears and reindeer are adapted to live in cold environments.

Use the words in the box to complete the following sentences.

conduction convection radiation

(i) The white colour of a polar bear’s fur helps to keep the polar bear warm by

reducing the heat lost by _________________________ .

(1)

(ii) The hairs of a reindeer are hollow. The air trapped inside the hairs reduces

the heat lost by _________________________ .

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Rossett+School Page 32 of 47
 The diagram shows a fridge-freezer.
14

(a) By which method is heat transferred through the walls of the fridge-freezer?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The inside of the fridge is at 4 °C. The inside of the freezer is at –18 °C.

Into which part of the fridge-freezer will the rate of heat transfer be greater?

Draw a ring around your answer.

the fridge the freezer

Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The outside surface of the fridge-freezer is white and shiny.

Give two reasons why this type of surface is suitable for a fridge-freezer.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Rossett+School Page 33 of 47
 (a) Infra red radiation can be reflected, absorbed and transmitted by glass.
15

(i) What percentage of infra red is absorbed by the glass?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct word or
phrase.

increases
Theabsorbed infra red does not change the temperature of the glass.
decreases

(1)

(b) Two of the following statements are true. One of the statements is false.

Tick ( ) the boxes next to the two true statements.

All objectsabsorb infra red radiation.

Blacksurfaces are poor emitters of infra red radiation.

A hot objectemits more infra red than a cooler object.

(1)

(c) The following statement is false.

Blacksurfaces are good reflectors of infra red radiation.

Change one word in this statement to make it true.

Write down your new statement.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Rossett+School Page 34 of 47
 A student was asked to investigate the heat loss from two metal cans, L and M. The cans were
16 identical except for the outside colour.

The student filled the two cans with equal volumes of hot water. He then placed the temperature
sensors in the water and started the data logger. The computer used the data to draw the graph
below.

Rossett+School Page 35 of 47
(a) Which one of the following is a categoric variable?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.

the outside colour of the cans

the starting temperature of the hot water

the time

the volume of hot water

(1)

(b) For can L, state the temperature drop of the water:

(i) in the first two-minute interval

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) in the second two-minute interval.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) In both cans the water cooled faster at the start of the investigation than at the end of the
investigation. Why?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) One can was black on the outside and the other can was white on the outside.

What colour was can L? _______________________

Explain the reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Rossett+School Page 36 of 47
 The drawing shows water being heated in a metal saucepan.
17

(a) Explain, in terms of the particles in the metal, how heat energy is transferred through the
base of the saucepan.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Energy is transferred through the water by convection currents. Explain what happens to
cause a convection current in the water. The answer has been started for you.

As heat energy is transferred through the saucepan, the water particles at the bottom

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Some energy is transferred from the hotplate to the air by thermal radiation. What is meant
by thermal radiation?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Rossett+School Page 37 of 47
 The vacuum flask shown has five features labelled, each one designed to reduce heat transfer.
18

(a) (i) Which labelled feature of the vacuum flask reduces heat transfer by both conduction
and convection?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain how this feature reduces heat transfer by both conduction and convection.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) (i) Which labelled feature of the vacuum flask reduces beat transfer by radiation?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 38 of 47
 (ii) Explain how this feature reduces heat transfer by radiation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

The diagram shows part of a solar water heater. Water circulating through the solar panel is
19 heated by the Sun.

(i) Complete the following sentence.

Heat energy is transferred from the Sun to the solar panel by

___________________ .
(1)

(ii) The pipe inside the solar panel is black. Why?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) There is a layer of expanded polystyrene behind the black pipe. Why?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 39 of 47
 (iv) A silvered surface is used at the back of the solar panel. Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

(a) When an electric kettle is switched on it will take a few minutes to boil the water.
20 Once switched off it will gradually cool down.

(i) When the kettle is switched on the water heats. Explain how all of the water
is heated.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The kettle is now switched off and begins to cool.

(1) Describe how heat energy is transferred through the walls of the kettle.

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

(2) Describe how the heat energy is transferred from the walls of the kettle.

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

(iii) Describe how heat losses from the surface of a metal kettle may be kept small.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

Rossett+School Page 40 of 47
(b) A shiny metal can and a dull black can are filled with the same amounts of cold water.
A radiant heater is placed exactly half way between the cans as shown in the
diagram below.

Two thermometers are used to measure the temperature of the water in each can every
minute.

(i) Suggest how the temperature of the water in the dull can would be different from the
temperature of the water in the shiny can after ten minutes.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Explain your answer to part (i).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

Rossett+School Page 41 of 47
(c) The radiant heater was removed and both the cans were filled with the same amount of
boiling water, as shown in the diagram below.

The temperature was recorded every minute for ten minutes.

(i) Suggest how the temperature of the water in the dull can would be different from the
temperature of the water in the shiny can after ten minutes.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Explain your answer to part (i).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Rossett+School Page 42 of 47
 The diagram comes from a leaflet about a “coal effect” gas fire.
21 It shows how air circulates through the fire.

(a) Explain in detail why the air travels from C to A.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) The black “fuel effect” lumps become very hot.

(i) Name the process by which the lumps transfer thermal energy to the room as shown
at B.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Suggest one feature of the black “fuel effect” lumps which make them efficient at
transferring energy.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

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 A student did two experiments on radiation. The apparatus he used is shown in the diagram.
22

Experiment 1

• The student put the same volume of cold water into the two cans.
• He then switched on the heater.
• Ten minutes later the water in the can with the dull black surface was much hotter than the
water in the other can.

Experiment 2

• The student filled both cans with boiling water.

• This time he left the heater off.
• Ten minutes later the water in the can with the dull black surface was much cooler than the
water in the other can.

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.

absorber conductor emitter reflector

Experiment 1 shows that the dull black surface is a good ______________ of radiation

and that the shiny silver surface is a good _____________ of radiation.

Experiment 2 shows that the dull black surface is a good __________________ of radiation.
(Total 3 marks)

Rossett+School Page 44 of 47
 The diagram shows four identical pieces of aluminium. Each had been painted with a different
23 type of paint. A drop of water was placed on each and they were then heated by a radiant heater
held about one metre above them.

(i) Suggest in which order the pieces of aluminium would become dry.

first ___________ __________ ___________ __________ last

(1)

(ii) Explain why you chose your order.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 3 marks)

The diagram shows an experiment to find out what happens to infrared waves when they strike
24 different surfaces.

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(a) The water in the black tube gets hotter than the water in the shiny tube.
Choose words from the list to complete the sentences below.

absorbs conducts convects radiates reflects

The infrared lamp _________________________ energy to the tubes of water.

The black surface ________________________ most of the energy that reaches it.

The shiny surface _______________________ most of the energy that reaches it.
(3)

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(b) Put the sentences A- E below into the correct boxes on the flow diagram so that they tell
you how to do the experiment

(You may use just the letters if you want to.)

(5)
(Total 8 marks)

Rossett+School Page 47 of 47