7/19/2016 Endometrial polyp Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Endometrial polyp
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An endometrial polyp or uterine polyp is a mass in the
inner lining of the uterus.[1] They may have a large flat base Endometrial polyp
(sessile) or be attached to the uterus by an elongated pedicle
(pedunculated).[1][2] Pedunculated polyps are more common
than sessile ones.[3] They range in size from a few
millimeters to several centimeters.[2] If pedunculated, they
can protrude through the cervix into the vagina.[1][4] Small
blood vessels may be present, particularly in large polyps.[1]
Contents
1 Signs and symptoms Endometrial polyp, viewed by sonography.
2 Cause
3 Diagnosis Classification and external resources
4 Treatment Specialty urology, gynaecology
5 Prognosis
6 Epidemiology ICD10 N84.0 (http://apps.who.int/classification
7 See also s/icd10/browse/2016/en#/N84.0)
8 References ICD9 621 (http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9C
CM ode.ashx?icd9=621)
Signs and symptoms
They often cause no symptoms.[3] Where they occur, symptoms include
irregular menstrual bleeding, bleeding between menstrual periods,
excessively heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), and vaginal
bleeding after menopause.[2][5] Bleeding from the blood vessels of the
polyp contributes to an increase of blood loss during menstruation and
blood "spotting" between menstrual periods, or after menopause.[6] If
the polyp protrudes through the cervix into the vagina, pain
(dysmenorrhea) may result.[4]
Cause Uterine Polyps
No definitive cause of endometrial polyps is known, but they appear to be affected by hormone levels and grow
in response to circulating estrogen.[2] Risk factors include obesity, high blood pressure and a history of cervical
polyps.[2] Taking tamoxifen or hormone replacement therapy can also increase the risk of uterine polyps.[2][7]
The use of an intrauterine system containing levonorgestrel in women taking tamoxifen may reduce the
incidence of polyps.[8]
Diagnosis
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7/19/2016 Endometrial polyp Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Endometrial polyps can be detected by vaginal ultrasound
(sonohysterography), hysteroscopy and dilation and curettage.[2] Detection
by ultrasonography can be difficult, particularly when there is endometrial
hyperplasia (excessive thickening of the endometrium).[1] Larger polyps
may be missed by curettage.[9]
Endometrial polyps can be solitary or occur with others.[10] They are round
or oval and measure between a few millimeters and several centimeters in Micrograph of an endometrial
diameter.[6][10] They are usually the same red/brown color of the polyp. H&E stain.
surrounding endometrium although large ones can appear to be a darker
red.[6] The polyps consist of dense, fibrous tissue (stroma), blood vessels
and glandlike spaces lined with endometrial epithelium.[6] If they are pedunculated, they are attached by a thin
stalk (pedicle). If they are sessile, they are connected by a flat base to the uterine wall.[10] Pedunculated polyps
are more common than sessile ones.[3]
Treatment
Polyps can be surgically removed using curettage with or without hysteroscopy.[11] When curettage is
performed without hysteroscopy, polyps may be missed. To reduce this risk, the uterus can be first explored
using grasping forceps at the beginning of the curettage procedure.[6] Hysteroscopy involves visualising the
endometrium (inner lining of the uterus) and polyp with a camera inserted through the cervix. If it is a large
polyp, it can be cut into sections before each section is removed.[6] If cancerous cells are discovered, a
hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus) may be performed.[2] A hysterectomy would usually not be
considered if cancer has been ruled out.[6] Whichever method is used, polyps are usually treated under general
anesthetic.[9]
It is unclear if removing polyps affects fertility as it has not been studied.[12]
Prognosis
Endometrial polyps are usually benign although some may be precancerous or cancerous.[2] About 0.5% of
endometrial polyps contain adenocarcinoma cells.[13] Polyps can increase the risk of miscarriage in women
undergoing IVF treatment.[2] If they develop near the fallopian tubes, they may lead to difficulty in becoming
pregnant.[2] Although treatments such as hysteroscopy usually cure the polyp concerned, recurrence of
endometrial polyps is frequent.[6] Untreated, small polyps may regress on their own.[14]
Epidemiology
Endometrial polyps usually occur in women in their 40s and 50s.[2] Endometrial polyps occur in up to 10% of
women.[1] It is estimated that they are present in 25% of women with abnormal vaginal bleeding.[7]
See also
Cervical polyp
Uterine fibroids
References
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7/19/2016 Endometrial polyp Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1. Jane A. Bates (1997). Practical Gynaecological 9. Macnair, Trisha. "Ask the doctor – Uterine polyps".
Ultrasound. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University BBC Health. Retrieved 20071021.
Press. ISBN 1900151510. 10. Bajo Arenas, José M.; Asim Kurjak (2005). Donald
2. "Uterine polyps". MayoClinic.com. 20060427. School Textbook Of Transvaginal Sonography. Taylor
3. Sternberg, Stephen S.; Stacey E. Mills; Darryl Carter & Francis. p. 502. ISBN 184214331X.
(2004). Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology. 11. "Uterine bleeding – Signs and Symptoms". UCSF
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 2460. ISBN 0 Medical Center. 20070508. Retrieved 20071020.
781740517. 12. Jayaprakasan, K; Polanski, L; Sahu, B; Thornton, JG;
4. Dysmenorrhea: Menstrual abnormalities (http://www. RaineFenning, N (Aug 30, 2014). "Surgical
merck.com/mmpe/sec18/ch244/ch244d.html) at Merck intervention versus expectant management for
Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Professional endometrial polyps in subfertile women.". The
Edition Cochrane database of systematic reviews 8:
5. "Endometrial Polyp". GPnotebook. Retrieved CD009592. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009592.pub2.
20071020. PMID 25172985.
6. DeCherney, Alan H.; Lauren Nathan (2003). Current 13. Rubin, Raphael; David S Strayer (2007). Rubin's
Obstetric & Gynecologic Diagnosis & Treatment. Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of
McGrawHill Professional. p. 703. ISBN 08385 Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 806.
14014. ISBN 0781795168.
7. Edmonds, D. Keith; Sir John Dewhurst (2006). 14. Kaunitz, Andrew M. (20020826). "Asymptomatic
Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Endometrial Polyps: What Is the Likelihood of
Blackwell Publishing. p. 637. ISBN 1405156678. Cancer?". Medscape Ob/Gyn & Women's Health.
8. Chan SS, Tam WH, Yeo W, et al. (2007). "A Retrieved 20080420.
randomised controlled trial of prophylactic
levonorgestrel intrauterine system in tamoxifen
treated women". BJOG 114 (12): 1510–5.
doi:10.1111/j.14710528.2007.01545.x.
PMID 17995495.
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Categories: Noninflammatory disorders of female genital tract
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