SECTION I Time and Reason 1 TIME CLAUSES ‘We can use different linking words and phrases in time clauses to be more precise about + when things started (since, evr since: Ever since she read an article on dishonest hotel ‘owners, Fotini has found things to complain about. + things happening at the same time (as, while, whilst, when) While the bath was running, she checked the state of the towels. As she was doing so, she noticed a hole in one of them. Whilst she waited forthe bath to fil, she switched on the TV. (= formal + one thing following another (after, before, as soon 4s, when, once, ete) She begar to get more irritated when she realised the {TV wasn't working. She decided to ring reception as soon as she'd finished her bath. Once she'd had her bath, she was feeling much better Now that ske was relaxed, she could cope better with the problems. After she'd waited halfan hour for someone to mend the TY, she became edgy. + one thing following another very quickly (no sooner...than, the moment / minute... ete) On phoning reception yet again, she was told that the repairman was on his way, Sheil hardly put down the phone when there was a lock on the door Immediately he'd finished, the repairman left. She'd no sooner switched on the TV than there was an ‘enormous explosion + every time (when, whenever, very time): When she sent letters tothe hotel, they never replied Whenever she went back in person, they said the owner was unavailable. + when things finish (until, by the time..., et.) Fotini wrote and phoned for three months, at which point she lost patience. Ske was determined to fight on until she got some satisfaction. She finally contacted a solicitor, by which time the hotel had closed down. -ING CLAUSES We can use an -ing form after (ever) since, after, before, while, when, whenever Since reading that article, Colin’s refused to cat red meat After waiting for ages for a table, we decided to try another restaurant, 102 2 REASON CLAUSES ‘Ways of introducing reasons: Because is much more common chan the others, especially to answer Why. I didn’ say anything because you'd have been angry Because I'l be in tonight, I'l babysit. often introduce reasons that the listener or reader already knows: ‘Since you don’ ke pizza, e's buy ish and chips. 1s you've sen the fm, ls go somewhere ele (just) in case is used to talk about things that may possibly happen: at leave him alone in case something happens since, as seeing that meaning ‘since’ Seeing that we're agreed, we might as well go ahead. in that, are used in fairly formal English to insofar as, justify what we have just said, often by inasmuch as indicating why the statement is true He's rather untrustworthy, in that he conveniently forgets that he owes you ‘money. We're expecting a busy summer insofar as bookings are already up for August. ‘This product is guaranteed inasmuch as we'll replace it if you return it within thirty days for is used in very formal or literary contexts only He was very nervous for he was being videoed. ing clauses are used to express reason relationships: We queued for over two hours, hoping to ‘get tickets to the concert Having passed my driving test, I thought I could hire a car Which of the phrases can begin the sentence? Immediately he saw her ‘On seeing her He had no sooner seen her Seeing that she hadn't noticed him € The moment he saw her he tried to attract, her attention. aooe© Write a correct version for each of the following sentences. Example: As soon as | will get the answer, I'll let you know. As soon as I get the answer, Fl et you know. a After 1997, exports have been booming. b When I'll get back, I'll tell you all about it ¢ When examining it more closely, he realised that the ticket was for the next day. d_ Once she will have understood the procedures, she'll work much faster. € I'd no sooner taken my seat when the fire alarm went off f As our bus didn't leave for another hour, so we didn’t have to rush © Match the first halves of sentences (1-5) with the second halves (=e) and connect them with one of the linking words listed below. Example: O by which time f while om now that the minute once (by which time) (0 We played tennis from three until six,) a Thad read the first few chapters 1 Tunderstand why you don’t ike herb hearing the result of the tests 2 I think I must have dropped my keys ¢ Twas walking to work this morning. 3. She was bound to contact the policed T've finally met her 4 He phoned his wife immediately she discovered her diamonds missing 5 [began to enjoy the novel (f Iwas exhausted.) © Fill each of the numbered blanks with one suitable word. had no 1) sat down and opened the menu than she came in, smiling, slightly swaying, her arm outstretched (2) catching sight of her, [realised that all the time I had been half hoping for this, (3} since 1 boarded the plane. And the {4) she sat down, it was as if she had been expecting me, as if we had arranged to meet the night before. We had (5) exchanged opening pleasantries when behind me | heard the waiter, with remarkable intuition, ask whether he should bring champagne. We began talking wildly, questioning and answering, laughing between smiles. (6) | complimented her on her English, she pouted, (7) it was nowhere near as fluent as it had been. It was not 8) the first bottle of champagne bad been emptied that the conversation drifted inexorably to the past and it was only (9) that awkwardness and tentativeness crept in. (10) time passed, an air of unreaity seemed to descend upon the proceedings. By the (11) we had finished our starters, our bursts of conversation had become shorter, less animated, and the pauses between them correspondingly longer. We finshed the second bottle in resigned silence, at (12) point her eyes were clearly fling up with tears TIME AND REASON © Rewrite each of the following sentences using the words given in such a way that itis as similar in meaning as possible to the sentence printed before it. Brample: The training covered all the techniques and was therefore pretty comprehensive. (insofar) The training was pretty comprehensive insofar as it covered all the techniques a. I'm half German and so can speak the language fluently. (being) b The traffic may be heavy on the motorway so let's avoid it. in case) © You're not busy so come and give me a hand. (seeing) Their failure to implement even one item in their mansfesto would seem to indicate that this government is ineffective. (inasmuch) @ Finish cach of the following sentences in such a way that it is as similar in meaning as possible to the sentence printed before it. Example: When she finds out what you've done, she'll immediately inform the police. ‘The moment she finds out what you've done, shel inform the police a. Daniel was busy with his computer game, giving me time to look round his room. While Finish eating first. Then you can watch television. You can't € The missing boy was last seen just before Christmas Nobody After the first few minutes, I began to enjoy the film Once € Iturned on the TV and the doorbell rang a moment later. dno 103,