Introduction to Laboratory

Victor Rodríguez Cod.45141025, vrodriguez25@unisalle.edu.co Salle University,

Circuit´s General Theory,

Abstract—for the development of the practice of laboratory 2. What is a variable voltage source?
instruments it is intended as first have knowledge of the devices
found in the laboratory, and learn how each instrument. Variable power supply by the power supply voltage that can
continuously be changing, according to what is needed, for
Index Terms— Circuit,, Electric equipment, example in transistor bias circuits will be obtained.

I. INTRODUCTION 3. What is a voltmeter?

The importance of electrical measuring instruments is A voltmeter is an instrument used to measure the potential
incalculable, because by using them are measured and indicate difference between two points of an electrical circuit. to effect
electrical quantities such as current, charge, potential energy, or the measurement of the potential difference must voltmeter
electrical circuit characteristics, such as resistance, capacity, placed in parallel, ie shunt on the points between which try to
capacitance and inductance. Besides allowing locate the causes
perform the measurement. This leads to the voltmeter must
of faulty operation in electrical apparatus in which, as is well
have a resistance internal as high as possible, so that no
known, it is not possible to appreciate his performance in a visual
form, as in the case of a mechanical device. appreciable consumption occurs

II. OBJETIVES
4. What is a ammeter?
 Recognition, operation and proper use of
existing equipment and components in the
An ammeter is an instrument used to measure the intensity of
laboratory for the study of current continues.
current that is flowing through an electrical circuit. Ammeters
.
essentially consist of a galvanometer whose scale has been
graded in amperes.
III. PROPOSED QUESTIONS
To perform the measurement of the intensity of the circulating
1. What is a voltage source? current ammeter must be placed in series, to be crossed by said
current. This leads to the ammeter must have an internal
It is a device that converts AC mains voltage supply, in one or resistance as small as possible, so that no appreciable drop
more strains, substantially continuous feeding the various
produces a voltage. To do this, in the case of electromagnetic
circuits of the electronic device to which it is connected
effects based on electric current instruments they will be
(computer, TV, printer, router, etc.). The power supplies for
equipped with thick wire coils and with few turns.
electronic devices, can be classified basically as sources of
linear and switching power supplies. Linear have a relatively
simple design, which can become more complex the higher the 5. What will you do if you don't know how operate any
current to be supplied, however its voltage regulation is equipment requested in the CDT?
inefficient. A switching power supply, the same power as a
linear, will be smaller and usually more efficient but will be Article 12 Use of laboratories. For the use of the following
more complex and therefore more susceptible to breakdowns. laboratories will be considered:

The source consists of four main blocks:  User who is unskilled in handling equipment, used
Transformer, rectifier, filter and regulator or stabilizer, under the guidance of laboratory staff or faculty.
 The teacher or researcher in charge of directing the
labs of a particular subject or a research project to
report, during the first five (5) business days of the
enrollment period, the head of the laboratory, the
practices developed during the semester .
 Comply with the statements made by the head of the
laboratory or auxiliary thereof.
6. Which are the penalties for non-fulfillment the
CDT rules?
 instructions contained in this Regulation and according  Operating mode constant voltage and constant
to the seriousness of the act, shall be punished by the current
competent authority, as follows:  Low noise ripple overload protection and reverse
 Immediate suspension from practice and should polarity
leave the laboratory.  Ideal for dynamic loads or continuous #control to
enable or disable the output
 Suspension of some or all services provided by the
 rotation speed controlled fan sink temperature
laboratory in which the infringement occurred.
 6 1/2 digit measurement resolution
 Application of fines established by the Committee
 Dual voltage and current measurement
 -AC & DC current measurement range: 30 mA / 300
MULTIMETER IN THEIR MEASURING RANGES DIFRENTES mA / 3A / 30A /
300A (Max)
Range voltmeter: A voltmeter (or  measurement
multimeter performing that range AC voltage:
function) always has avery large 200 mV / 2 V / 20
internal resistance (several V / 200 V / 600 V
milliohms) and is alwaysplaced in (Max)
parallel. If the resistances in the  DC voltage
circuit are small compared to the measuring range: 200 mV / 2 V / 20 V / 200 V / 1000
internal resistance of the V (Max)
voltmeter, it can be assumed that this is infinite without  Auto zero circuit
introducing appreciable error in equations. However, in cases
in which resistance is being measured the potential difference RESOLUTION AND ACCURACY FUNCTION GENERATOR
is large circuit must take into account the internal resistance of
the voltmeter.

Range Ammeter: An ammeter (or multimeter performing that

function) always has a small internal resistance, and must be
placed in series. If, by mistake, be placed in parallel there is a
danger that the intensity entering the ammeter exceeds the
maximum allowed, because internal resistance is very small. To
exceed that maximum can damage the unit or, if using a
protected entry, the fuse will blow.

Ohmmeter range: Measuring the resistance (the meter

functioning as ohmmeter) is basically made from Ohm's Law:
a voltage is applied (from an internal battery of the device) and Figure 3. Function Generator
the current flowing through the circuit is measured measure. To
obtain a correct measurement it is necessary to measure the
resistance Free, that is, that is not connected to a circuit Based on the Direct Digital Synthesized (DDS) technology and
unique FPGA design, the SFG-2100 Series Function Generators
are built with exceptionally high performance far exceeding that
function Precision resolution Maximum
of any conventional function generators at a very competitive
Volts CC ± (0.15% + 2) 1 mV 1.000V price. Stable output frequency, low distortion, and fine frequency
Volts AC ± (1.0 + 3 %) 0.1 mV 1.000V resolution are the most remarkable characteristics of this product
CC ± (1.0 + 3 %) 0.01 mV 10 A series.
AC ± (1.5 + 3 %) 0.01 mA 10 A
Resistance ± (0.9 + 1 %) 0.1 Ω 50 MΩ  DDS Technique and FPGA Chip Design
 Frequency Range : 0.1Hz~10MHz
 High Frequency Accuracy : ± 20ppm
INSTEK GW POWER SOURCE  Frequency Resolution : 100mHz
 Low Distortion Sine Wave : -55dBc,0.1Hz~200kHz
 Three Independent Outputs: Two 0-30 V and a fixed  Front Panel Setting Save/Recall with 10 Groups of
5V 0-3A to 5A Four LED displays 3 digits each, to Setting Memories
display voltage and current of the variable sources  INT/EXT AM/FM Modulation
simultaneously.  LIN/LOG Sweep Mode
 Operation in series or parallel mode to provide up to
60 Volts to 6 Amperes, tracking mode (tracking)
Product Specifications,
 Bandwidth: 10MHz
 External Depth: 293mm
 External Height: 107mm
 External Width: 266mm
 Modulation Type: AM, FM IV. CONCLUSIONS
 No. of Channels: 1  It´s very important to know the different laboratory
 Plug Type: Euro, UK and developmental technological center rules to don´t
 Product Range: SFG-2000 Series have to sanction.
 SVHC: No SVHC (15-Jun-2015)
 Only qualified personal could manage the different
 Signal Generator Modulation: AM, FM kind of tools and equipment.
 Signal Generator Type: Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS)
 It is important to have a laboratory plan to get a
 Supply Voltage Max: 230V successful laboratory practice following every single
 Supply Voltage Min: 115V step. That helps to know what to do and how to use
 Supply Voltage Range: 115V to 230V correctly the laboratory equipment.
 Sweep Rate Range: 100:1 lin/log
 We must comply with the rules of laboratory to make
use of this and develop without a hitch our practices.
OSCILLOSCOPE RESOLUTION AND ACCURACY  We must make proper use of laboratory equipment and
pay attention to the explanation of their use to avoid
problems later.

Introduction to Orcad program

as taught by the teacher was possible to acquire knowledge

of how program OrCAD simulate electrical circuits such as
that presented

Figure 4. Oscilloscope

Banco Digital Oscilloscope 100 MHz; 2 Channel; Sample Rate:

1 GS / s Record Length 2.5 Kp; It has connections: USB;
Monochrome Display. Tektronix TDS1012B model
Figure 5. Circuit
Characteristics

 Banco digital oscilloscope 100 MHz Tektronix TDS

1012B
 Bandwidth 100 MHZ
 Sampling Rate1 Gs / s
 Record length 2
 5 Kp
 2 Channels
 Monochrome LCD Display
 Removable Data Storage using the Front panel USB
port
 FFT Standard on all Models
 12 Automatic Measurements
 Multiple language User Interface context sensitive
Help
 Advanced triggers including pulse V. BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Normas centro de desarrollo tecnológico (cdt),

Facultad de ingeniería, Universidad de la Salle, 2015