HISTORY
&
HISTORIOGRAPHY
History
■ Etymology
– from Greek ἱστορία, ‘historia’, meaning
“knowledge”
– Classical Latin as ‘historia’, meaning
“the account of the past of a person or
of a group of people through written
documents and historical evidences”.
History
■ Why there is a need to be inquisitive?
– to search for the truth - history
involves a closer examination of a
matter in search for true information
"NO DOCUMENT,
NO HISTORY"
PAST VS. HISTORY
Goal of Historian:
Reconstruction
of total past of
mankind.
PAST
■ Everything that happened in the
past – the events, the people who
lived, the thoughts they had
HISTORY
■ An interpretation, or rather a process by which
people interpret records left over from the past
■ It exists in:
– Artifacts
– Written accounts
– Memory
– “Left-over” of the past
Historical Knowledge
Limited by
Incompleteness of the
Records
Most human affairs happen without leaving vestiges of records of any
kind of them.
Historical Method
■ The process of critically examining and
analyzing the records and survival of the
past.
Historical Sources
■ Primary Sources
– is an eyewitness account of what occurred and
therefore dates back to the actual time when
the event took place
■ Secondary Sources
– is produced after the event has occurred and
therefore is not an eyewitness account given
by a person who was present when the event
occurred.
Historical Sources
PRIMARY SECONDARY
•Created at the time of event •A summary or collection of existing data
•First-hand information and original data •One step removed from the original event
•Can include: •Will have a full citation of the original
-interviews, diaries, letters, journals, sources (bibliography)
speeches •Can include:
-autobiographies -textbooks
-articles with original research, data, or -Review Articles
new findings -Biographies
-Government documents and public -Historical films, music, and art
records -Articles about people and events
-art, maps, photographs, films, and from the past
music -and more
-artifacts, buildings, furniture, clothing
-and more
EXAMPLES OF
PRIMARY
SOURCES
PHOTOGRAPHS that may
reflect social conditions of
historical realities and
everyday life.
The bodies of Moro insurgents and civilians killed by US troops
during the Battle of Bud Dajo in the Philippines, March 7, 1906.
OLD SKETCHES and DRAWING that may indicate the conditions of life of
societies in the past.
The tribesmen drink the wine with their opponent’s crushed brain to celebrate victory.
(Photo credit: mirrorservice.org)
OLD MAPS that may reveal how space and geography were used to emphasize trade
routes, structural build-up.
Escondrillas Plan of Cebu 1873
CARTOONS for political expression or propaganda
In this 1899 cartoon published, Uncle Sam lectures his new students: The Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and, Cuba.
Past and potentially future U.S. acquisitions fill the rest of the classroom.
The Calatagan Pot
Laguna Copperplate Inscription
Material evidence of the prehistoric past
Boljoon excavation, April 2008
ARCHAEOLOGICAL and ANTHROPOLOGICAL REMAINS
Inside Tabon Cave during excavations in 1964
Other Examples:
■ Statistical table, graphs and charts.
■ ORAL HISTORY OR RECORDINGS be electronic means
of account of eyewitnesses or participants, the recordings
are then transcribed and used for research.
■ PUBLISHED and UNPUBLISHED primary documents,
eyewitness account, and other written sources.
Method of Historical Analysis
1. Selection of subject
2. Collection of sources
3. Examination of genuineness
4. Extraction from sources
Group Work
■ Look for the sources used by the Philippines and China in their
respective claims of sovereignty over the Scarborough Shoal and
identify which are primary sources.
■ Present your findings next meeting.
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
■ Also known as historicism or higher criticism, refers
to the study of literary texts, in terms of their
historical origins and development within those
contexts.
■ More with helping reader understand the work by
reacting the exact meaning and impact it had on
its original audience.
Types of Historical Criticism
EXTERNAL (Content) INTERNAL (Context)
•concerned with establishing the •concerned with the validity,
authenticity or genuineness of credibility, or worth of the
data. content of the document
•Considers the ff: •Considers the ff:
-the historical context of the - author’s main argument or
source (time and place it was points of view
written and the situation at the - biases
time - author’s claim based on the
- the author’s background, evidences presented or other
intent, and authority of the subject available evidence at the time.
- the source’s relevance and
meaning today
