Hим – столица Италии, огромный многонациональный город, история которого насчитывает почти

три тысячи лет. Его архитектура и произведения искусства оказали огромное влияние на мировую
культуру. Развалины античного Форума и Колизея демонстрируют былое величие Римской
империи. Ватикан, резиденция руководства Римско-католической церкви, пользуется огромной
популярностью у туристов благодаря собору Святого Петра и многочисленным музеям. Среди них
– Сикстинская капелла, где можно увидеть знаменитые фрески Микеланджело.

As in 2019 Rome is ranked as an Alpha - global city in the Globalization and World Cities Research
Network.[12] In 2016, Rome ranked as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the
European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy.[13] Its historic centre is listed by
UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.[14] Host city for the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rome is the seat of
several specialized agencies of the United Nations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),
the World Food Programme (WFP) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The
city also hosts the Secretariat of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean[15]
(UfM) as well as the headquarters of many international business companies such as Eni, Enel, TIM,
Leonardo S.p.A., and national and international banks such as Unicredit and BNL. Its business district,
called EUR, is the base of many companies involved in the oil industry, the pharmaceutical industry, and
financial services. Rome is also an important fashion and design centre thanks to renowned international
brands centered in the city. Rome's Cinecittà Studios have been the set of many Academy Award–
winning movies.[16]

Contents

1 1Etymology
2History

2.1Earliest history

1 2.1.1Legend of the founding of Rome

2 2.2Monarchy, republic, empire
3 2.3Middle Ages
4 2.4Early modern
5 2.5Late modern and contemporary
3Government

3.1Local government

1 3.1.1Administrative and historical subdivisions

6 3.2Metropolitan and regional government
7 3.3National government
4Geography

8 4.1Location
9 4.2Topography
2 5Climate
6Demographics

1 6.1Ethnic groups
7Religion

2 7.1Vatican City
3 7.2Pilgrimage
8Cityscape

8.1Architecture

1 8.1.1Ancient Rome
2 8.1.2Medieval
3 8.1.3Renaissance and Baroque
4 8.1.4Neoclassicism
5 8.1.5Fascist architecture
4 8.2Parks and gardens
5 8.3Fountains and aqueducts
6 8.4Statues
7 8.5Obelisks and columns
8 8.6Bridges
9 8.7Catacombs
3 9Economy
4 10Education
11Culture

1 11.1Entertainment and performing arts

2 11.2Tourism
3 11.3Fashion
4 11.4Cuisine
5 11.5Cinema
6 11.6Language
5 12Sports
6 13Transport
7 14International entities, organisations and involvement
15International relations

1 15.1Twin towns and sister cities

2 15.2Other relationships
8 16See also
9 17Notes
10 18References
11 19Bibliography
12 20External links

Etymology[edit]

Roman representation of Tiber as a god, Capitoline Hill in Rome

According to the founding myth of the city by the Ancient
Romans themselves,[17]Â the long-held tradition of the origin of
the name Roma is believed to have come from the city's founder
and first king, Romulus.[18]
However, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself.[19]Â As early
as the 4th century, there have been alternative theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma.
Several hypotheses have been advanced focusing on its linguistic roots which however remain uncertain:
[20]
 from Rumon or Rumen, archaic name of the Tiber, which in turn has the same root as the
Greek verb á¿¥Îω (rhéō) and the Latin verb ruo, which both mean "fow"; [b]
 from the Etruscan word 𐌓𐌖𐌌𐌀 (ruma), whose root is *rum- "teat", with
possible reference either to the totem wolf that adopted and suckled the cognately named
twins Romulus and Remus, or to the shape of the Palatine and Aventine Hills;
 from the Greek word ῥώμη (rhṓmē), which means strength. [c]

History[edit]
Main articles: History of Rome and Timeline of the city of Rome
Historical affiliations

 Latins (Italic tribe) c. 2nd millennium – 753 BC

 Albanis (Latins) 10th century – 753 BC

(Foundation of the city) 9th–c. BC
 Roman Kingdom 753–509 BC
 Roman Republic 509–27 BC
 Roman Empire 27 BC–285 AD
 Western Roman Empire 285–476
 Kingdom of Odoacer 476–493
 Ostrogothic Kingdom 493–553
 Eastern Roman Empire 553–754
 Papal States 754–1870
 Kingdom of Italy 1870–1946
 Vatican City 1929–present

 Italian Republic 1946–present

Earliest history[edit]
Main article:Â Founding of Rome
There is archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000
years ago, but the dense layer of much younger debris obscures Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites.[6]Â
Evidence of stone tools, pottery, and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence.
Several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine
Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the bronze age and the
beginning of the Iron age, each hill between the sea and the Capitol was topped by a village (on the
Capitol Hill, a village is attested since the end of the 14th century BC).[21]Â However, none of them had
yet an urban quality.[21]Â Nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city developed gradually
through the aggregation ("synoecism") of several villages around the largest one, placed above the
Palatine.[21]Â This aggregation was facilitated by the increase of agricultural productivity above theÂ
subsistence level, which also allowed the establishment of secondary and tertiary activities. These in
turn boosted the development of trade with the Greek colonies of southern Italy (mainly Ischia andÂ
Cumae).[21]Â These developments, which
Monarchy, republic, empire[edit]
Main articles: Ancient Rome, Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, and Roman Empire
The conquest of Gaul made Caesar immensely powerful and popular, which led to a second civil war
against the Senate and Pompey. After his victory, Caesar established himself as dictator for life.[32] His
assassination led to a second Triumvirate among Octavian (Caesar's grandnephew and heir), Mark
Antony and Lepidus, and to another civil war between Octavian and Antony.[33] The former in 27 BC
became princeps civitatis and got the title of Augustus, founding the principate, a diarchy between the
princeps and the senate.[33] During the reign of Nero, two thirds of the city was ruined after the Great
Fire of Rome and the persecution of Christians commenced.[34][35][36] Rome was established as a de
facto empire, which reached its greatest expansion in the second century under the Emperor Trajan.
Rome was confirmed as caput Mundi, i.e. the capital of the world, an expression which had already been
given in the Republican period. During its first two centuries, the empire saw as rulers, emperors of the
Julio-Claudian,[37] Flavian (who also built eponymous amphitheatre, known as the Colosseum)[37] and
Antonine dynasties.[38] This time was also characterised by the spread of the Christian religion,
preached by Jesus Christ in Judea in the first half of the first century (under Tiberius) and popularized by
his apostles through the empire and beyond.[39] The Antonine age is considered the apogee of the
Empire, whose territory ranged from the Atlantic Ocean to the Euphrates and from Britain to Egypt.[38]

The Roman Empire at its greatest extent controlled approximately

6.5 million square kilometres (2.5 million square miles)[40] of land
surface.

The Roman Forum are the remains of those buildings

that during most of the Ancient Rome's time
represented the political, legal, religious and
economical center of the city and the neuralgic center
of all the Roman civilization.[41]
After the end of the Severan Dynasty in 235, the Empire entered into 50-year period known as the Crisis
of the Third Century during which there were numerous putsches by generals, who sought to secure the
region of the empire they were entrusted with due to the weakness of central authority in Rome. There
was the so-called Gallic Empire from 260-274 and the revolts of Zenobia and her father from the mid-
260s which sought to fend off Persian incursions. Some regions – Britain, Spain, and North Africa – were
hardly affected. Instability caused economic deterioration, and there was a rapid rise in infation as the
government debased the currency in order to meet expenses. The Germanic tribes along the Rh

Augustus ﾧ

Julius Caesar ﾧ

After the legendary foundation by Romulus,[23] Rome

was ruled for a period of 244 years by a monarchical
system, initially with sovereigns of Latin and Sabine origin, later by Etruscan kings. The tradition handed
down seven kings: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius
Tullius and Tarquinius Superbus.[23]

The Ancient-Imperial-Roman palaces of the Palatine are a series of

palaces located in the Palatine Hill visibly express the power and
wealth of emperors from Augustus until the 4th century.
In 509 BC, the Romans expelled the last king from their city and
established an oligarchic republic. Rome then began a period characterized by internal struggles
between patricians (aristocrats) and plebeians (small landowners), and by constant warfare against the
populations of central Italy: Etruscans, Latins, Volsci, Aequi, Marsi.[27] After becoming master of Latium,
Rome led several wars (against the Gauls, Osci-Samnites and the Greek colony of Taranto, allied with
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus) whose result was the conquest of the Italian peninsula, from the central area up
to Magna Graecia.[28]
The third and second century BC saw the establishment of Roman hegemony over the Mediterranean
and the East, through the three Punic Wars (264–146 BC) fought against the city of Carthage and the
three Macedonian Wars (212–168 BC) against Macedonia.[29] Then were established the first Roman
provinces: Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, Hispania, Macedonia, Achaea and Africa.[30]
From the beginning of the 2nd century BC, power was contested between two groups of aristocrats: the
optimates, representing the conservative part of the Senate, and the populares, which relied on the help
of the plebs (urban lower class) to gain power. In the same period, the bankruptcy of the small farmers
and the establishment of large slave estates provoked large-scale migration to the city. The continuous
warfare made necessary a professional army, which was more loyal to its generals than to the republic.
Because of this, in the second half of the second century and during the first century BC there were
conficts both abroad and internally: after the failed attempt of social reform of the populares Tiberius
and Gaius Gracchus,[31] and the war against Jugurtha,[31] there was a first civil war between Gaius
Marius and Sulla.[31] To this followed a major slave revolt under Spartacus,[32][32] and then the
establishment of the first Triumvirate with Caesar, Pompey and Crassus.[32]
and north of the Balkans made serious, uncoordinated incursions from the 250s-280s that were more
like giant raiding parties rather than attempts to settle. The Persian Empire in the East invaded several
times during the 230s to 260s but were eventually defeated.[42] Emperor Diocletian (284) undertook the
restoration of the State. He ended the Principate and introduced the so-called dominate which tried to
give the impression of absolute power. The most marked feature was the unprecedented intervention of
the State down to the city level: whereas the State had submitted a tax demand to a city and allowed it
to allocate the charges, from his reign the State did this down to the village level. In a vain attempt to
control infation, he imposed price controls which did not last. He or Constantine regionalized the
administration of the empire which fundamentally changed the way it was governed by creating regional
dioceses (the consensus seems to have shifted from 297 to 313/14 as the date of creation due to the
argument of Constantin Zuckerman in 2002 "Sur la liste de Verone et la province de grande armenie,
Melanges Gilber Dagron). The existence of regional fiscal units from 286 served as the model for this
unprecedented innovation. The emperor quickened the process of removing military command from
governors. Henceforth, civilian administration and military command would be separate. He gave
governors more fiscal duties and placed them in charge of the army logistical support system as an
attempt to control it by removing the support system from its control. Diocletian ruled the eastern half
(with residence in Nicomedia). In 296, he elevated Maximian as Augustus of the western n 1418, the
Council of Constance settled the Western Schism, and a Roman pope, Martin V, was elected.[61] This
brought to Rome a century of internal peace, which marked the beginning of the Renaissance.[61] The
ruling popes until the first half of the 16th century, from Nicholas V, founder of the Vatican Library, to
Pius II, humanist and literate, from Sixtus IV, a warrior pope, to Alexander VI, immoral and nepotist, from
Julius II, soldier and patron, to Leo X, who gave his name to this period ("the century of Leo X"), all
devoted their energy to the greatness and the beauty of the Eternal City, to the power of their
stock[clarification needed], and to the patronage of the arts.[61]
During those years, the centre of the Italian Renaissance moved to Rome from Florence. Majestic works,
as the new Saint Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel and Ponte Sisto (the first bridge to be built across the
Tiber since antiquity, although on Roman foundation) were created. To accomplish that, the Popes
engaged the best artists of the time, including Michelangelo, Perugino, Raphael, Ghirlandaio, Luca
Signorelli, Botticelli, and Cosimo Rosselli.
The period was also infamous for papal corruption, with many Popes fathering children, and engaging in
nepotism and simony. The corruption of the Popes and the huge expenses for their building projects led,
in part, to the Reformation and, in turn, the Counter-Reformation. Under extravagant and rich popes,
Rome was transformed into a centre of art, poetry, music, literature, education and culture. Rome
became able to compete with other major European cities of the time in terms of wealth, grandeur, the
arts, learning and architecture.
The Renaissance period changed the face of Rome dramatically, with works like the Pietà by
Michelangelo and the frescoes of the Borgia Apartments. Rome reached the highest point of splendour
under Pope Julius II (1503–1513) and his successors Leo X and Clement VII, both members of the Medici
family.

Carnival in Rome circa 1650

A View of the Piazza Navona,

Rome, Hendrik Frans van Lint,
circa 1730
In this twenty-year period, Rome became one of the greatest centres of art in the world. The old St.
Peter's Basilica built by Emperor Constantine the Great [62] (which by then was in a dilapidated state)
was demolished and a new one begun. The city hosted artists like Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli and
Bramante, who built the temple of San Pietro in Montorio and planned a great project to renovate the
Vatican. Raphael, who in Rome became one of the most famous painters of Italy, created frescoes in the
Villa Farnesina, the Raphael's Rooms, plus many other famous paintings. Michelangelo started the
decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue of the Moses for the tomb
of Julius II. Rome lost in part its religious character, becoming increasingly a true Renaissance city, with a
great number of popular feasts, horse races, parties, intrigues and licentious episodes.
Its economy was rich, with the presence of several Tuscan bankers, including Agostino Chigi, who was a
friend of Raphael and a patron of arts. Before his early death, Raphael also promoted for the first time
the preservation of the ancient ruins. The fight between France and Spain in Europe caused the first
plunder of the city in less than five hundred years