Family history

Earliest family members

The roots of the Hitler family tree go back to Stefan Hiedler (born 1672) and Agnes
Capeller, whose grandson Martin Hiedler (17 November 1762 � 10 January 1829),
married Anna Maria G�schl (23 August 1760 � 7 December 1854). This couple had at
least three children, Lorenz (1800 - 1861), Johann Georg (baptised 28 February 1792
� 9 February 1857), and Johann Nepomuk (19 March 1807 � 17 September 1888). Johann
Georg was the stepfather of Alois Hitler, who was Adolf Hitler's father, and Johan
Nepomuk was the future F�hrer's maternal great-grandfather. There is no additional
information about Lorenz Hiedler.[3] The Hiedlers were from Spital, part of Weitra
in Austria.[6]

Johann Georg and Johann Nepomuk

Brothers Johann Georg and Johann Nepomuk Hiedler are connected to Adolf Hitler in
several ways, although the biological relationship is disputed.

Johann Georg was legitimized and considered the officially accepted paternal
grandfather of Hitler by Nazi Germany. Whether he was actually Hitler's biological
paternal grandfather remains unknown.[7] He married his first wife in 1824, but she
died in childbirth five months later. In 1842, he married Maria Anna Schicklgruber
(15 April 1795 � 7 January 1847) and became the legal stepfather to her
illegitimate five-year-old son, Alois.

Around age 10, near the time of his mother's death, Alois went to live with Johann
Nepomuk on his farm.[8] Johann Nepomuk Hiedler (also known as Johann Nepomuk
H�ttler) was named after a Bohemian saint, Johann von Nepomuk, an important saint
for Bohemians of both German and Czech ethnicity. Johann Nepomuk became a
relatively prosperous farmer and was married to Eva Maria Decker (1792�1873), who
was fifteen years his senior.

The Nazis issued a pamphlet during the 1932 second elections campaign titled "Facts
and Lies about Hitler" which refuted the rumour spread by the S.P.D. and Center
Party that Hitler had Czech ancestors.[9] There is no evidence that any of Hitler's
known ancestors were of Czech origin.[10]

Father of Alois Hitler

Alois Hitler, Adolf's father

The identity of the biological father of Alois is disputed. Legally, Johann Nepomuk
Hiedler was the step-uncle of Alois Schicklgruber (later Alois Hitler), and Johann
Nepomuk's brother Johann Georg Hiedler, a wandering miller, was his step-father.
[11] For reasons unknown, Johann Nepomuk took in Alois when he was a boy and raised
him. It is possible that he was, in fact, the natural father of Alois but could not
acknowledge this publicly due to his marriage. Another possibility is that he took
pity on the ten-year-old Alois after the death of the boy's mother Maria, as it
could hardly have been a suitable life for a ten-year-old child to be raised by an
itinerant miller. Johann Nepomuk died on 17 September 1888 and left Alois a
considerable portion of his life savings.

It was later claimed that Johann Georg had fathered Alois prior to his marriage to
Maria, although Alois had been declared illegitimate on his birth certificate and
baptism papers. The claim that Johann Georg was the true father of Alois was not
made during the lifetime of either Johann Georg or Maria. In 1877, 20 years after
the death of Johann Georg and almost 30 years after the death of Maria, Alois was
legally declared to have been Johann Georg's son. Johann Nepomuk engineered the
plan to change the surname of Alois to "Hitler" and to have Johann Georg declared
the biological father of Alois in 1876. Johann Nepomuk collected three "witnesses"
(his son-in-law and two others) who testified before a notary in Weitra that Johann
Georg had several times stated in their presence that he was the actual father of
Alois and wanted to make Alois his legitimate son and heir. The parish priest in
D�llersheim, where the original birth certificate of Alois resided, altered the
birth register. Alois was 39 years old at the time and was well-known in the
community as "Alois Schicklgruber".[notes 1]

Accordingly, Johann Georg Hiedler is one of three people often cited as having
possibly been the biological grandfather of Adolf Hitler. The other two are Johann
Nepomuk and a Graz Jew by the name of Leopold Frankenberger (rumored by ex-Nazi
Hans Frank during the Nuremberg Trials). In the 1950s, the third possibility became
popular among historians, but modern historians have concluded that Frank's
speculation has no factual support. Frank said that Maria came from "Leonding near
Linz", when in fact she came from the hamlet of Strones, near the village of
D�llersheim. No evidence has ever been found that a "Frankenberger" lived in the
area; the Jews were expelled from Styria (which includes Graz) in the 15th century
and were not permitted to return until the 1860s, several decades after the birth
of Alois.[12][13][notes 2] Although Alois was legitimized and Johann Georg was
considered the officially accepted paternal grandfather of Hitler by the Third
Reich, whether he was Hitler's biological grandfather remains unknown and has
caused speculation.[notes 3][14][15] However, his case is considered the most
plausible and widely accepted.[7]

P�lzl family
Johanna Hiedler, the daughter of Johann Nepomuk and Eva Hiedler (n�e Decker) was
born on 19 January 1830 in Spital (part of Weitra) in the Waldviertel of Lower
Austria. She lived her entire life there and was married to Johann Baptist P�lzl
(1825�1901), a farmer and son of Johann P�lzl and Juliana (Walli) P�lzl. Johanna
and Johann had 5 sons and 6 daughters, of whom 2 sons and 3 daughters survived into
adulthood, the 3 daughters being Klara, Johanna, and Theresia. Klara�s brothers'
identities are unknown.

1870s
Main article: Alois Hitler
At the age of 36, Alois Hitler was married for the first time, to Anna Glasl-H�rer,
who was a wealthy, 50-year-old daughter of a customs official. She was sick when
Alois married her and was either an invalid or became one shortly afterwards. Not
long after marrying her, Alois Hitler began an affair with 19-year-old Franziska
"Fanni" Matzelsberger, one of the young female servants employed at the Pommer Inn,
house #219, in the city of Braunau am Inn, where he was renting the top floor as a
lodging. Smith states that Alois had numerous affairs in the 1870s, resulting in
his wife initiating legal action; on 7 November 1880 Alois and Anna separated by
mutual agreement. Matzelsberger became the 43-year-old Hitler's girlfriend, but the
two could not marry since under Roman Catholic canon law, divorce is not permitted.

1880s

Klara P�lzl Hitler, third wife of Alois and mother of Adolf.

On 13 January 1882, Matzelsberger gave birth to Hitler's illegitimate son, also
named Alois, but since they were not married, the child was Alois Matzelsberger.
Hitler remained with Matzelsberger while his wife, Anna, grew sicker and died on 6
April 1883. The next month, on 22 May at a ceremony in Braunau with fellow customs
officials as witnesses, Hitler, 45, married Matzelsberger, 21. He then legitimized
his son as Alois Hitler Jr.,[16] later a Berlin restaurateur.[17] Matzelsberger
went to Vienna to give birth to Angela Hitler. When she was still only 23, she
acquired a lung disorder and became too ill to function. She was moved to
Ranshofen, a small village near Braunau.

In 1876, three years after Alois married Anna Glasl-H�rer, he hired Klara P�lzl as
a household servant. She was the 16-year-old granddaughter of his step-uncle (and
possible father or biological uncle) Nepomuk. Matzelsberger demanded that the
"servant girl" Klara find another job, and Hitler sent P�lzl away. During the last
months of Matzelsberger's life, Klara P�lzl returned to the home of Alois to look
after the invalid and their two children.[18] Matzelsberger died in Ranshofen on 10
August 1884 at the age of 23. After her death, P�lzl remained in Hitler's home as
housekeeper.[18]

P�lzl was soon pregnant by Alois. If Johann Nepomuk was the father of Alois, Klara
was the half-niece of Alois; if Johann Georg was his father, she was his first
cousin once removed. Smith writes that if Hitler had been free to do as he wished,
he would have married P�lzl immediately, but because of the affidavit concerning
his paternity, Hitler was now legally P�lzl's first cousin once removed, too close
to marry. He submitted an appeal to the church for a humanitarian waiver.[notes 4]
Permission came, and on 7 January 1885 a wedding was held at Hitler's rented rooms
on the top floor of the Pommer Inn. A meal was served for the few guests and
witnesses. Hitler then went to work for the rest of the day. Even Klara found the
wedding to be a short ceremony. Throughout the marriage, she continued to call him
uncle.

On 17 May 1885, five months after the wedding, the new Frau Klara Hitler gave birth
to her first child, Gustav. A year later, on 25 September 1886, she gave birth to a
daughter, Ida. During the winter of 1887�8, diphtheria struck the Hitler household,
resulting in the deaths of both Gustav (8 December) and Ida (2 January). Klara and
Alois had been married for three years, and all their children were dead, but Alois
still had the children from his relationship with Matzelsberger, Alois Jr. and
Angela. On 20 April 1889, Klara gave birth to Adolf. Recent research indicates that
Otto Hitler, a brother of Adolf Hitler's long thought to have been born in 1887,
[19] may have been born three years after, on 17 June 1892. He died of
hydrocephalus shortly after birth.[20]

1890s

Infant Adolf, son of Alois and Klara.

Adolf was a sickly child, and his mother fretted over him. Alois, who was 51 when
Adolf was born, had little interest in child rearing and left it all to his wife.
When not at work he was either in a tavern or busy with his hobby: keeping bees. In
1892, Alois was transferred from Braunau to Passau. He was 55, Klara 32, Alois Jr.
10, Angela 9, and Adolf 3 years old. In 1894, Alois Hitler was reassigned to Linz.
Klara gave birth to their fifth child, Edmund, on 24 March 1894, and it was decided
that she and the children would stay in Passau for the time being.

In February 1895, Alois Hitler purchased a house on a 3.6 hectare (9-acre) plot in
Hafeld near Lambach, approximately 50 kilometers (30 miles) southwest of Linz. The
farm was called the Rauscher Gut. He moved his family to the farm and retired on 25
June 1895 at the age of 58 after 40 years in the customs service. He found farming
difficult; he lost money, and the value of the property declined. On 21 January
1896, Paula was born. Alois was often home with his family. He had five children
ranging in age from infancy to 14; Smith suggests he yelled at the children almost
continually and made long visits to the local tavern. Robert G. L. Waite noted,
"Even one of his closest friends admitted that Alois was 'awfully rough' with his
wife [Klara] and 'hardly ever spoke a word to her at home.'" If Hitler was in a bad
mood, he picked on the older children or Klara herself, in front of the rest.

After Alois and Alois Jr had a violent argument, Alois Jr left home at 14, and the
elder Alois swore he would never give the boy a penny of inheritance beyond what
the law required. Apparently Alois Jr's relations with his stepmother Klara were
also strained. After working as an apprentice waiter in the Shelbourne Hotel in
Dublin, Ireland, Alois Jr was arrested for theft and served a five-month sentence
in 1900, followed by a nine-month sentence in 1902.
1900s
Edmund, the youngest Hitler boy, died of measles on 2 February 1900. Alois wanted
his son Adolf to seek a career in the civil service. However, Adolf had become so
alienated from his father that he was repulsed by whatever Alois wanted. Adolf
sneered at the thought of a lifetime spent enforcing petty rules. Alois tried to
browbeat his son into obedience while Adolf did his best to be the opposite of
whatever his father wanted.

Alois Hitler died in 1903, leaving Klara a government pension. She sold the house
in Leonding and moved with young Adolf and Paula to an apartment in Linz, where
they lived frugally. By 1907, Klara had fallen very ill due to breast cancer. Adolf
cried when told by her doctor Eduard Bloch that his mother "had little chance of
surviving".[21] Despite continued medical treatment by Dr. Bloch, Klara's condition
did not improve and in October, he told Adolf her condition was hopeless. Klara
died at home in Linz on 21 December 1907. Adolf and Paula were left with some
financial support from their mother's pension and her modest estate of about 2,000
Kronen, after the medical and funeral costs were paid.[22] Klara was buried in
Leonding. Hitler had a close relationship with his mother during her lifetime. He
was crushed by her death and carried the grief for the rest of his life. Speaking
of Hitler, Bloch later recalled that after Klara's death he had never seen "anyone
so prostrate with grief". Hitler wrote years later that his mother's death was a "
'dreadful blow' ".[22]

On 14 September 1903[23][24] Angela Hitler, Adolf's half-sister, married Leo Raubal

(11 June 1879 � 10 August 1910), a junior tax inspector, and on 12 October 1906 she
gave birth to a son, Leo. On 4 June 1908 Angela gave birth to Geli and in 1910 to a
second daughter, Elfriede (Elfriede Maria Hochegger, 10 January 1910 � 24 September
1993).

1910s
In 1909, Alois Hitler Jr. met an Irishwoman by the name of Bridget Dowling at the
Dublin Horse Show. They eloped to London and married on 3 June 1910. William
Dowling, Bridget's father, threatened to have Alois arrested for kidnapping, but
Bridget dissuaded him. The couple settled in Liverpool, where their son William
Patrick Hitler was born in 1911. The family lived in a flat at 102 Upper Stanhope
Street. The house was destroyed in the last German air-raid on Liverpool on 10
January 1942. Nothing remains of the house or those that surrounded it, and the
area was eventually cleared and grassed over. Bridget Dowling's memoirs claim
Hitler lived with them in Liverpool from 1912 to 1913 while he was on the run to
avoid being conscripted in his native Austria-Hungary, but most historians dismiss
this story as a fiction invented to make the book more appealing to publishers.[25]
Alois attempted to make money by running a small restaurant in Dale Street, a
boarding house on Parliament Street and a hotel on Mount Pleasant, all of which
failed. Alois Jr. left his family in May 1914 and he returned alone to the German
Empire to establish himself in the safety-razor business.

Paula had moved to Vienna, where she worked as a secretary. She did not have
contact with Hitler during the period comprising his difficult years as a painter
in Vienna and later Munich, military service during the First World War and early
political activities back in Munich. She was delighted to meet him again in Vienna
during the early 1920s, though she later claimed to have been privately distraught
at his subsequent rising fame.

First World War

Main article: Military career of Adolf Hitler
When the First World War broke out, Alois Jr. was stranded in Germany and it was
impossible for his wife and son to join him. He married another woman, Hedwig
Heidemann (or Hedwig Mickley[26]), in 1916. After the war, a third party informed
Bridget that he was dead.
At the outbreak of the First World War, Adolf Hitler was a resident of Munich and
volunteered to serve in the Bavarian Army as an Austrian citizen.[27] Posted to the
Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (1st Company of the List Regiment).[28][27]
Hitler's case was not exceptional as he was not the only Austrian soldier in the
List Regiment. It is likely Hitler was accepted into the Bavarian army either
simply because nobody had asked him whether he was a German citizen when he first
volunteered or because the recruiting authorities were happy to accept any
volunteer and simply did not care what Hitler's nationality was, or because he
might have told the Bavarian authorities that he intended to become a German
citizen.[29]

Hitler (sitting far right) with his army comrades of the Bavarian Reserve Infantry
Regiment 16 (c. 1914�1918)
He served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium,[30]
spending nearly half his time well behind the front lines.[31][32] He was present
at the First Battle of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Arras and the
Battle of Passchendaele, and was wounded at the Somme.[33]

He was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross, Second Class, in 1914.[33]
Recommended by Hugo Gutmann, he received the Iron Cross, First Class, on 4 August
1918,[34] a decoration rarely awarded to one of Hitler's rank (Gefreiter). Hitler's
post at regimental headquarters, providing frequent interactions with senior
officers, may have helped him receive this decoration.[35] Though his rewarded
actions may have been courageous, they were probably not highly exceptional.[36] He
also received the Black Wound Badge on 18 May 1918.[37]

During his service at the headquarters, Hitler pursued his artwork, drawing
cartoons, and instructions for an army newspaper. During the Battle of the Somme in
October 1916, he was wounded either in the groin area[38] or the left thigh by a
shell that had exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout.[39]

Hitler as a soldier during the First World War (1914�1918)

Hitler spent almost two months in the Red Cross hospital at Beelitz, returning to
his regiment on 5 March 1917.[40] On 15 October 1918, he was temporarily blinded by
a mustard gas attack and was hospitalised in Pasewalk.[41] While there, Hitler
learnt of Germany's defeat,[42] and�by his own account�on receiving this news, he
suffered a second bout of blindness.[43]

Hitler became embittered over the collapse of the war effort, and his ideological
development began to firmly take shape.[44] He described the war as "the greatest
of all experiences", and was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery.
[45] The experience reinforced his passionate German patriotism and he was shocked
by Germany's capitulation in November 1918.[46] Like other German nationalists, he
believed in the Dolchsto�legende (stab-in-the-back legend), which claimed that the
German army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" on the home
front by civilian leaders and Marxists, later dubbed the "November criminals".[47]

The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany must relinquish several of its
territories and demilitarise the Rhineland. The treaty imposed economic sanctions
and levied heavy reparations on the country. Many Germans perceived the
treaty�especially Article 231, which declared Germany responsible for the war�as a
humiliation.[48] The Versailles Treaty and the economic, social, and political
conditions in Germany after the war were later exploited by Hitler for political
gains.[49]

1920s
On 14 March 1920, Heinrich "Heinz" Hitler was born to Alois Jr and his second wife,
Hedwig Heidemann. In 1924, Alois Jr was prosecuted for bigamy, but acquitted due to
Bridget's intervention on his behalf. His older son, William Patrick, stayed with
Alois and his new family during his early trips to Weimar Republic Germany in the
late 1920s and early 1930s.

When Adolf was confined in Landsberg, Angela made the trip from Vienna to visit
him. Angela's daughters, Geli and Elfriede, accompanied their mother when she
became Hitler's housekeeper in 1925; Geli Raubal was 17 at the time and would spend
the next six years in close contact with her half-uncle.[50] Her mother was given a
position as housekeeper at the Berghof villa near Berchtesgaden in 1928.[51] Geli
moved into Hitler's Munich apartment in 1929 when she enrolled in the Ludwig
Maximilian University to study medicine. She did not complete her medical studies.
[52]

As he rose to power as leader of the Nazi Party, Hitler kept a tight rein over his
half-niece and behaved in a domineering and possessive manner.[53] When he
discovered she was having a relationship with his chauffeur, Emil Maurice, he
forced an end to the affair and dismissed Maurice from his personal service.[52]
[54] After that he did not allow her to freely associate with friends, and
attempted to have himself or someone he trusted near her at all times, accompanying
her on shopping trips, to the movies, and to the opera.[53]

Adolf met Eva Braun, 23 years his junior, at Heinrich Hoffmann's photography studio
in Munich in October 1929.[55] He occasionally dated other women as well, including
Hoffmann's daughter, Henrietta, and Maria Reiter.[56]

1930s
Hitler's half-niece Geli Raubal took her own life in 1931. Rumours immediately
began in the media about a possible sexual relationship, and even murder.[52][57]
Historian Ian Kershaw contends that stories circulated at the time as to alleged
"sexual deviant practices ought to be viewed as ... anti-Hitler propaganda".[53]

After having little contact with her brother Adolf, Paula was delighted to meet him
again in Vienna during the early 1930s.[58]

When the NSDAP won 107 seats in the Reich parliament in 1930, the Times Union in
Albany, NY, published a statement of Alois Jr.[59]

Second World War

As Hitler led Germany into the Second World War, he became distant from his family.
Angela and Adolf became estranged after she disapproved of Adolf's relationship
with Eva Braun, but eventually re-established contact during the war. Angela was
his intermediary to the rest of the family, because Adolf did not want contact. In
1941, she sold her memoirs of her years with Hitler to the Eher Verlag, which
brought her 20,000 Reichsmark. Meanwhile, Alois Jr. continued to manage his
restaurant throughout the duration of the war. He was arrested by the British, but
released when it became clear he had played no role in his brother's regime.

A couple of Adolf's relatives served in Nazi Germany during the war. Adolf's nephew
Heinz was a member of the Nazi Party. He attended an elite military academy, the
National Political Institutes of Education (Napola) in Ballenstedt/Saxony-
Anhalt[1]. Aspiring to be an officer, Heinz joined the Heer (army) as a signals NCO
with the 23rd Potsdamer Artillery Regiment in 1941, and he participated in the
invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa. On 10 January 1942, he was
captured by Soviet forces and sent to the Moscow military prison Butyrka, where he
died, aged 21, after interrogation and torture. He never married nor had children.

Adolf's other nephew, Leo Rudolf Raubal, was conscripted into the Luftwaffe. He was
injured in January 1943 during the Battle of Stalingrad,[60] and Friedrich Paulus
asked Hitler for a plane to evacuate Raubal to Germany.[61] Hitler refused and
Raubal was captured by the Soviets on 31 January 1943. Hitler gave orders to check
out the possibility of a prisoner exchange with the Soviets for Stalin's son Yakov
Dzhugashvili, who was in German captivity since 16 July 1941.[62] Stalin refused to
exchange him either for Raubal or for Friedrich Paulus,[63] and said "war is
war."[64]

In the spring of 1945, after the destruction of Dresden in the massive bomb attack
of 13/14 February, Adolf moved Angela to Berchtesgaden to avoid her being captured
by the Soviets. Also, he let her and his younger sister Paula have over 100,000
Reichsmark. Paula barely saw her brother during the war. There is some evidence
Paula shared her brother's strong German nationalist beliefs, but she was not
politically active and never joined the Nazi Party.[65] During the closing days of
the war, at the age of 49, she was driven to Berchtesgaden, Germany, apparently on
the orders of Martin Bormann.

After midnight on the night of 28�29 April 1945, Adolf and Eva Braun were married
in a small civil ceremony within the F�hrerbunker in Berlin.[66] At the same
location, on the following day of 30 April, the couple committed suicide.[67]

Post-Second World War

In Hitler's last will and testament, he guaranteed Angela a pension of 1,000
Reichsmark monthly. It is uncertain if she ever received any of this amount.
Nevertheless, she spoke very highly of him even after the war, and claimed that
neither her brother nor she herself had known anything about the Holocaust. She
declared that if Hitler had known what was going on in the concentration camps, he
would have stopped them.

Adolf's sister Paula was arrested by US intelligence officers in May 1945 and
debriefed later that year.[68] A transcript shows one of the agents remarking she
bore a physical resemblance to her sibling. She told them the Russians had
confiscated her house in Austria, the Americans had expropriated her Vienna
apartment and that she was taking English lessons. She characterized her childhood
relationship with her brother as one of both constant bickering and strong
affection. Paula said she could not bring herself to believe her brother had been
responsible for the Holocaust. She also told them she had met Eva Braun only once.
Paula was released from American custody and returned to Vienna, where she lived on
her savings for a time, then worked in an arts and crafts shop.

Other relatives of Hitler were approached by the Soviets. In May 1945, five of
Hitler's relatives were arrested, his first cousins, Maria, Johann and Eduard
Schmidt, along with Maria's husband Ignaz Koppensteiner, their son Adolf, and
Johann Schmidt Jr., son of Maria and Eduard's deceased brother Johann.
Koppensteiner was arrested by the Soviets on the basis that he "approved of
[Hitler's] criminal plans against the USSR." He died in a Moscow prison in 1949.
Both Eduard and Maria died in Soviet custody in 1951 and 1953, respectively. Johann
Jr. was released in 1955. These relatives were posthumously pardoned by Russia in
1997.[69][70][71]

In 1952, Paula Hitler moved to Berchtesgaden, reportedly living "in seclusion" in a

two-room flat as Paula Wolff. ("Wolf" was Adolf Hitler's self-adopted nickname.)
[72] During this time, she was looked after by former members of the SS and
survivors of her brother's inner circle.[68] In February 1959, she agreed to be
interviewed by Peter Morley, a documentary producer for British television station
Associated-Rediffusion. The resulting conversation was the only filmed interview
she ever gave and was broadcast as part of a programme called Tyranny: The Years of
Adolf Hitler. She talked mostly about Hitler's childhood. Angela died of a stroke
on 30 October 1949. Her brother, Alois Jr., died on 20 May 1956 in Hamburg. At that
time, his name was Alois Hiller.[73] Paula, Adolf's last surviving sibling, died on
1 June 1960, at the age of 64.[74]

Alleged children
It is alleged that Hitler had a son, Jean-Marie Loret, with a Frenchwoman named
Charlotte Lobjoie. Jean-Marie Loret was born in March 1918 and died in 1985, aged
67.[75] Loret married several times, and had up to nine children. His family's
lawyer has suggested that, if their descent from Hitler could be proven, they may
be able to claim royalties for Hitler's book, Mein Kampf.[76] However, several
historians such as Anton Joachimsthaler,[77] and Sir Ian Kershaw,[78] say that
Hitler's paternity is unlikely or impossible to prove.

Angela married Leo Raubal Sr. (1879�1910). They had three children: Leo Rudolf
Raubal Jr had one son, Peter Raubal, in 1931[citation needed]; Geli Raubal
committed suicide without having ever had a child in 1931; and Elfriede Raubal who
married Ernst Hochegger in 1937 and had a son, Heiner Hochegger, in 1945[citation
needed] and a daughter.[79]

Heinz, who was the son of Alois from his second marriage, died in a Soviet military
prison in 1942 without children. William Patrick, the son of Alois from his first
marriage, married Phyllis Jean-Jacques in 1947 in the US, where they had four
children. Also in that year, he changed his surname to Stuart-Houston; some have
commented on its similarity with the name of the British anti-semitic writer
Houston Stewart Chamberlain.[80] Their children, Alexander Adolf Stuart-Houston
(1949), Louis Stuart-Houston (1951), Howard Ronald Stuart-Houston (1957), and Brian
William Stuart-Houston (1965) have all had no children.[81] Only Howard, who died
in a car crash in 1989, was ever married.

According to David Gardner, author of the Last of the Hitlers: "They didn�t sign a
pact, but what they did is, they talked amongst themselves, talked about the burden
they�ve had in the background of their lives, and decided that none of them would
marry, none of them would have children. And that�s...a pact they�ve kept to this
day."[82] Though none of Stuart-Houston's sons had children, his son Alexander, now
a social worker, said that contrary to this speculation, there was no pact to
intentionally end the Hitler bloodline.[83]