ETHICS Dilemma - Refers to a situation in which a tough

choice has to be made between to or more options.

Ethics - Branch of philosophy that studies morality.
Moral Dilemma - Situations in which a difficult
Comes from the Greek “ethos” which means choice has to be made between to courses of action
character. that entails transgressing moral principles.

Moralities - Speaks of a code of behavior in regards Levels of Moral Dilemma

to standards of right or wrong behavior.
 Personal Dilemma
Comes from the latin “moralitas” which means  Organizational Dilemma
Manner.  Structural Dilemma

Rules - Refer to explicit or understood regulations or Reasons why only humans can be ethical:
principles governing conduct within a specific
activity or sphere.  Rational, Autonomous, and self-conscious
 Moral and immoral acts
Social Being - According to Aristotle, man is  Moral community
generally a rational animal and a social being. Comes
from the Greek socius. Minimum Requirements for Morality

Rules benefit social beings in various manners:  Reason

 Impartiality
1. Rules protect social beings by regulating behavior
2. Rules help to guarantee each person certain rights
and freedom EDUKASYONG MURAL AYON KAY KONGZI
3. Rules produce a sense of justice among social
beings Kongzi - Great philosopher of the East
4. Rules are essential for a healthy economic system.
Ta Shueh - “Kung ninanais nating isaayos ang
“Society will not function well without rules.” lipunan, Isaayos natin ang ating Pamilya, Kung
ninanais nating isaayos ang pamilya, Isaayos natin
Morality- Refers to the standards that a person or a ang ating sarili”
group of person has about what is right and wrong or - wag gamitin ang emosyon
good and evil.
Ren 仁 - ang tawag sa ideyal na tao
Moral Standards - Involve the rules people have - tao : 人
about the kinds of actions they believe are right and - at ang numero dos: 二
wrong. - Ayon raw kay Herbert Fingarette, para
kay Kongzi: “Kailangan ng dalawang tao man
MORAL STANDARDS: lamang upang magkaroon ng tao.”
 Includes serious wrongs or significant benefits - nalilinang ang pagkamakatao sa
 Ought to be preferred to other values pakikipagkapwa-tao.
 Not established by authorities
 Are universal Xiao - pagpapakundangan sa magulang.
 Based on impartial considerations
 Associated with special emotions Jiao - edukasyon
Non-moral Standards- Refer to the rules that are Junzi - huwaran : edukadong tao
unrelated to moral or ethical considerations.
Li - mahalagang bvirtue ng Junzi
 - “ang mapitagang pagtupad sa tungkulin” Basic Filipino Values
He - “kaayusan” : kapag tinutupad ng mga
tao ang kanilang mga tungkulin.  Pakikisama
 Hiya
Zheng ming - ang wastong pagtawag ng pangalan  Amor Prorio
 Utang na Loob
Zheng - panukat  Filipino Hospitality
 Respect for elders
Zhong - “matapat” : ang taong iniaangkop ang
pagsasalita sa paggawa Universal Values - generally shared by cultures.
Strong proof that cultural relativism is wrong
Shu - “pagkamapagbigay” : mahalagang simbolo ang
babae ng pagpapaganap sa katuparan ng
pagpapakatao. THE MORAL AGENT

Moral character in philosophical sense, refers to

CULTURE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR having or lacking moral virtue.

Culture - denotes the practices, beliefs, and Moral development should also be understood in the
perception of a given society sense of human flourishing.
- learned from other people while growing up
- “way of life” Lawrence Kohlberg is best known for theory of
stages of moral development.
Social Learning - the process by which individuals - “Heinz Dilemma”
acquire knowledge from others in the groups to
which they belong Kohlberg’s Six Stages of Moral Development:

Enculturation/Sociolization - the process by which Level I: Pre-conventional Morality

infants and children socially learn the culture - preschool children, most elementary school
students, some junior highschool students and a few
Social Convention - refers to the usual or customary highschool students
ways through which things are done within the group
Stage 1: Punishment-avoidance and obedience
Social Conditioning Theory - refers as moral - People make decisions based on what is
consciuosness best for themselves, without regard for others’
needs or feelings.
Cultural Relativism - holds the ethical judgments
have their origins either in individual or cultural Stage 2: Exchange of favors
standards - People recognize that others also have
needs. They may try to satisfy other’s needs if
Moral Relativism - believes that no act is good or their own needs are also met.
bad objectively
Level II: Conventional Morality
EASTERN WESTERN - Seen in a few older elementary school students,
Focus Protocol, repect Finding Truth some junior highschool students, and many
Basis Religious Rational highschool students
Emphasis Family Logic, cause and effect
Approach Holistic, cultural Rational Stage 3: Good boy/girl
Conflict Good and Bad Good must be triumph - People make decisions based on what
and Harm over evil actions will please others
 Stage 4: Law and Order
- People look to society as a whole for
guidelines about right or wrong. They know rules REASON AND IMPARTIALITY
are necessary for keeping society runnin
smoothly and believe it is their “duty” to obey Reason - It refers to the capacity for logical, rational,
them. and analytic thought; for consciously making sense of
things. “Ratio”
Level III: Post-conventional Morality -Is the basis or motive for an action, decision, or
- Rarely seen before college conviction.

Stage 5: Social Contract Impartiality - A principle of justice holding that

- People recognize that rules represents decisions ought to be based on objective criteria
agreements among many individuals about
appropriate behavior. Steps in Moral Decision Making:

Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle 1. Gather the Facts

- hypothetical, “ideal” stage that few people 2. Determine the Ethical Issues
ever reach. They answer to a strong inner 3. Identify the Principles that have a Bearing on the
conscience and willingly disobey laws that Case
violate their own ethical principle. 4. List the Alternatives
5. Compare the Alternatives with the Principles
Combined with Piaget’s theory 6. Weigh the Consequences
7. Make a Decision
Stage 1: Respect for power and punishment
- “Might makes right” Moral Courage means “doing the right thing even at
the risk of inconvenience ridicule ,punishment, loss
Stage 2: Looking out for #1 of job or security or social status.
- “What’s in it for me?”
Developing Will and Moral Courage:
Stage 3: Being a “Good Boy” Or “Nice Girl.”
- ”I want to be nice” 1. Develop and practice self-discipline.
2. Do mental strength training.
Stage 4: Law and order thinking 3. Draw inspiration from people of great courage.
- “I’ll do my duty” 4. Repeatedly do acts that exhibit moral courage and
will. Practice makes perfect.
Stage 5: Justice through democracy 5. Avoid deeds that shows lack of moral
- “I’ll be by the rules” courage and will.

Stage 6: Deciding on basic moral principles by which Framework - Refers to a “set of assumptions,
you will live your life and relate to everyone fairly concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a way
of viewing reality.
Feelings are seen as also necessary in ethical
judgment as they are even deemed by some as Three General Subject Areas of Morality
instinctive and trained response to moral dilemmas.
1. Metaethics - studies the nature of morality
Ethical Subjectivism- Is the meta-ethical view
which claims that: Ethical sentences express Moral Realism –the existence of moral facts and
propositions. the truth of moral judgements are independent of
peoples thoughts
Emotivism - an ethical theory that regards ethical
and value judgments as expressions of feeling or
attitude and prescriptions of action
 Ethical Subjectivism – the truth of ethical d. Sexual Ethics - Studies moral issues
propositions. about sexuality and human sexual behavior.

Non-Objectivism – denies that moral e. Social Ethics - Deals with what is right
judgements are either true or false for a society to do and how it should act as a
whole.
Emotivism - moral judgements are more
expressions of our feelings and emotions.

Moral Empirism - states that facts are

known through observations and experience

Moral Rationalism – moral facts knowable a

priori, that is, by reason alone.

Moral Intuitionism – claims that we have

intuitive awareness of value or morality and that
defines the basis of our ethical knowledge

2. Normative Ethics - Studies how man ought to act

morally speaking .

3 Kinds of Normative Ethics

a. Deontology – it bases morality on

independent moral rules or duties
- “dean” means duty

b. Teleology– refers to moral system that

determines the moral value of actions by their
outcomes or results
- “telos” means end

c. Virtue Ethics – places emphasis on

developing good habits of character

3. Applied Ethics - examines specific, controversial

moral issues.

Five Branches of Applied Ethics:

a. Biotehics - This concerns ethical issues

pertaining to life, biomedical researches,
medicines, healthcare , and medical profession.

b. Environmental Ethics - Deals with moral

issues concerning nature, ecosystem, and its non
human contents.

c. Business Ethics - Examines moral principles

concerning business environment