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It's A Tentative Explanation of Some Process, Wether That Process Is Natural or Artificial

This document discusses hypothesis testing and analysis of variance (ANOVA). It defines a hypothesis as a tentative explanation of a process. The key steps in hypothesis testing are stating the null and alternative hypotheses, determining the confidence level or alpha, and deciding whether to reject or fail to reject the null based on the calculated test statistic and critical value. ANOVA is used to analyze variability between and within groups. It examines differences between sample means to determine if they are significantly different. The document provides an example of a one-way ANOVA comparing student grades on prelims, midterms, and finals.

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41 views11 pages

It's A Tentative Explanation of Some Process, Wether That Process Is Natural or Artificial

This document discusses hypothesis testing and analysis of variance (ANOVA). It defines a hypothesis as a tentative explanation of a process. The key steps in hypothesis testing are stating the null and alternative hypotheses, determining the confidence level or alpha, and deciding whether to reject or fail to reject the null based on the calculated test statistic and critical value. ANOVA is used to analyze variability between and within groups. It examines differences between sample means to determine if they are significantly different. The document provides an example of a one-way ANOVA comparing student grades on prelims, midterms, and finals.

Uploaded by

GervinBulatao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as XLSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING

HYPOTHESIS
it’s a tentative explanation of some process, wether that process is natural or artificial
mean ng mean 74.52381
74.52381

sum of squares between

mean of sq bet
mean of sq witn
al or artificial null
assumption
walang pagkakaiba yung data walang variation
no significant difference
alternative
may variation, may pagkakaiba
there is significant difference

DECISION
type 1
inaccept mo yung null mo pero ang correct decision mo is yung alternative

type 2
inaccept mo yung alternative mo pero ang correct decision is yung null

z-test tinitignan mo yung significant relation ship of variables (2 or more) yung sample data is nag
STEPS
null 1st inistate yung hypothesis (null and alternatives)
alternative

2nd state alpha degree of error


ilang percent yung dika sigurado
usual
confidence level

3rd decision rule


malaki yung calculate sa sa table fvalue

NOTE reject yung null pag mas malaki yung zcalculated sa zcritical

25 STUDENTS
478 434 694 457 534 720 400
612 514 563 370 499 640 501

POPULATION MEAN 500


POPULATION SD 100
T-TEST
same procedure
dito gagamitin is sample

population mean 4 2.8481012658


sample mean 7
degree of error 0.05
critical 1.65

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
variability nung differences sa data mo
variation ng within the group
each sample has sub groups, tinitignan mo is yung difference within the groups. Pag kakaib
ginagamit is f-test

2 types of anova 1 way same proceedure


1 way tsaka 2 way state null
1way within and between state aplha
2way may kasama ng block kaya lang dito may kasama na sya kakalculate mo na
k-1 tsaka n-1
state decision rule
Student Grade
Prelim Midterm Finals
82 71 64 (mean) prelim = midterms = finals
93 62 73
61 85 87 x sub j means between each group
74 94 91
69 78 56 f critical
70 66 78 kukunin yung degrees of freedome 1 tsaka 2
53 71 87 DF 1 k-1
71.71428571 75.28571 76.57143 DF 2 n-1

number of sample per group 7 DF1 SA TAAS PAHIGA


DF2 SA PABABA
INTERSECTION NUNG DALAWA IS YUNG F CRITICAL
para makuha yung fratio msb over mse

SSB 88.6666666667 = 88.6666666667


SSE 1039.428571 751.4286 1021.714 2812.57142857 = 2812.5714286
mean of sq bet 44.33333333
mean of sq witn 156.2539683
kuskalwalis 23000 45000
same procedure 41000 55000
define 54000 60000
state 66000 70000
calculate 78000 72000

ALTERNATIVE 2 8
6 10
9 11
12 13
15 14
SUM 44 56
#OF SAMPLE EACH GROUP 5 5
s yung alternative

on is yung null

2 or more) yung sample data is nag exceeds sa 30

equal yung data ng 1 sa 2 sa 3


hindi equal yung data ng 1 sa 2 sa 3

dika sigurado
5%
95%

ed sa zcritical

484 610 641 425 636 454


625 471 598 509 531
crit

ence within the groups. Pag kakaiba nung different groups

kasama na sya kakalculate mo na yung degrees of freedome

prelim = midterms = finals

etween each group

ees of freedome 1 tsaka 2


2
18

REJECT PAG YUNG FCRITICAL SI GREATER THAN OR EQUAL SA 3.55

NG DALAWA IS YUNG F CRITICAL


fratio msb over mse

substitute solution
substitute solution
18000 18000 1 1
30000 23000 2 2
34000 30000 3 3
40000 34000 4 4
44000 40000 5 5
41000 6 6
1 44000 7 7
3 45000 8 8
4 54000 9 9
5 55000 10 10
7 60000 11 11
20 66000 12 12
5 70000 13 13
72000 14 14
78000 15 15
LESS THAN OR EQUAL SAT
GREATER THAT 500

1.7608695652

535.2173913043 AVERAGE
500 POPULATION
36 / 100
* SQUAREROOT OF 25
1.8

THAN OR EQUAL SA 3.55

* kasama yung title


Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Prelim 7 502 71.71429 173.2381
Midterm 7 527 75.28571 125.2381
Finals 7 536 76.57143 170.2857

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 88.66667 2 44.33333 0.283726 0.756278 3.554557
Within Groups 2812.571 18 156.254

Total 2901.238 20

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