ACCOUNTING
SERVICE AND MERCHANDISING
What is Accounting
•Accounting is the systematic and
comprehensive recording of financial
transactions pertaining to a business.
•Accounting also refers to the process of
summarizing, analyzing and reporting
(BUSINESS) transactions to oversight agencies,
regulators and tax collection entities.
ACCOUNTING EQUATION
•The accounting equation is considered to be the
foundation of the double-entry accounting
system. The accounting equation shows on a
company's balance sheet whereby the total of
all the company's assets equals the sum of the
company's liabilities and shareholders' equity.
BASIC ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is the accounting standard
• Accrual principle. This is the concept that accounting transactions
should be recorded in the accounting periods when they actually
occur, rather than in the periods when there are cash flows associated
with them.
• Conservatism principle. This is the concept that you should record
expenses and liabilities as soon as possible, but to record revenues
and assets only when you are sure that they will occur.
• Consistency principle. This is the concept that, once you adopt an
accounting principle or method, you should continue to use it until a
demonstrably better principle or method comes along.
• Cost principle. This is the concept that a business should only
record its assets, liabilities, and equity investments at their original
purchase costs.
• Economic entity principle. This is the concept that the transactions
of a business should be kept separate from those of its owners
and other businesses.
• Full disclosure principle. This is the concept that you should
include in or alongside the financial statements of a business all of
the information that may impact a reader's understanding of
those statements.
• Going concern principle. This is the concept that a business will
remain in operation for the foreseeable future. This means that
you would be justified in deferring the recognition of some
expenses, such as depreciation, until later periods.
• Matching principle. This is the concept that, when you record
revenue, you should record all related expenses at the same time.
Thus, you charge inventory to the cost of goods sold at the same
time that you record revenue from the sale of those inventory
items.
• Materiality principle. This is the concept that you should record a
transaction in the accounting records if not doing so might have
altered the decision making process of someone reading the
company's financial statements.
• Monetary unit principle. This is the concept that a business should
only record transactions that can be stated in terms of a unit of
currency.
• Reliability principle. This is the concept that only those
transactions that can be proven should be recorded. For
example, a supplier invoice is solid evidence that an
expense has been recorded.
• Revenue recognition principle. This is the concept that you
should only recognize revenue when the business has
substantially completed the earnings process.
• Time period principle. This is the concept that a business
should report the results of its operations over a standard
period of time. This may qualify as the most glaringly
obvious of all accounting principles, but is intended to
create a standard set of comparable periods, which is
useful for trend analysis.
What Is the Accounting Cycle?
•The accounting cycle is a collective process
of identifying, analyzing, and recording the
accounting events of a company. The series
of steps begin when a transaction occurs
and end with its inclusion in the financial
statements. Additional accounting records
used during the accounting cycle include the
general ledger and trial balance.
CHART OF ACCOUNTS
•The chart of accounts is a listing of
all accounts used in the general ledger of an
organization. The chart is used by
the accounting software (or the accountant) to
aggregate information into an entity's financial
statements.
•The chart is usually sorted in order by account
number, to ease the task of locating
specific accounts
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONSISTS OF THE
FOLLOWING:
•INCOME STATEMENT
•STATEMENT OF CHANGES TO OWNER’S
EQUITY
•BALANCE SHEET
•CASH FLOWS
•NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
INCOME STATEMENT
•An income statement is one of the three
important financial statements used for reporting a
company's financial performance over a specific
accounting period.
•Also known as the profit and loss statement or the
statement of revenue and expense, the income
statement primarily focuses on the company’s
revenues and expenses during a particular period.
STATEMENT OF CHANGES TO OWNER’S
EQUITY
•The statement of changes in equity shows
the change in an owner's or shareholder's
equity throughout an accounting period.
•Also called the statement of retained
earnings, or statement of owner's equity, it
details the movement of reserves that make
up the shareholder's equity.
BALANCE SHEET OR STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL
POSITION
•A balance sheet is a financial statement that
reports a company's assets, liabilities and
shareholders' equity at a specific point in time,
and provides a basis for computing rates of
return and evaluating its capital structure.
•It is a financial statement that provides a
snapshot of what a company owns and owes, as
well as the amount invested by shareholders.
CASH FLOW STATEMENT OR STATEMENT OF
CASH FLOWS
• In financial accounting, a cash flow statement, also
known as statement of cash flows, is a
financial statement that shows how changes in balance
sheet accounts and income
affect cash and cash equivalents, and breaks the analysis
down to operating, investing, and financing activities.
• Cash flow is the net amount of cash and cash-
equivalents being transferred into and out of a business.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
•Also referred to as footnotes. These provide
additional information pertaining to a
company's operations and financial position
and are considered to be an integral part of
the financial statements. The notes are
required by the full disclosure principle.
Frater Luca Bartolomes Pacioli
