CHAPTER-1

BAGGI POWER PLANT

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Baggi Power Plant comprising two units of 20 MW each conceived three decades ago is yet to be
executed as the partner states of BBMB are fighting over the sharing of benefits from the
project.Baggi Power Plant was to be constructed at the exit point of Pandoh Baggi tunnel to
utilize the optimal natural fall at Baggi. The Baggi control works have been provided at the exit
point of the Pandoh Baggi Tunnel for regulation of out flows from Pandoh Reservoir to meet the
fluctuating demand of dehar power plant.During the construction of Beas Satluj Link Project, it
was observed that a power plant could be constructed at the exit of Pandoh - Baggi Tunnel (PBT)
as sufficient head was available between Pandoh Reservoir and at the start of Sunder Nagar
Hydel Channel (SNHC). Consequently, a by-pass tunnel upstream of Baggi Control Works
(BCW) was constructed to divert the water for the prospective power plant. A 6.1 diameter by
pass tunnel is taken off from PBT at 170.3 m upstream of BCW at Baggi providing a Discharge
of 170 cumecs for the proposed 2 x 20 MW Baggi Power House. BBMB has revived the Baggi
Power project.

fig1.1.baggi power plant

1
1.2.1 THE BEAS PROJECT HAS TWO UNITS CALLED UNIT-I – BSL PROJECT AND
UNIT-II – BEAS DAM
It was considered as the part of the Master plan and it was to construct to harness the waters of
the three eastern rivers through the Satluj, the Beas and the Ravi for irrigation and power-
production in an integrated manner. After the construction of Bhakra-Nangal Project, the water
of Satluj (average flow 16,652 million cum or 13.5 million-acre feet) was entirely utilize.
Through the support of the existing Madhopur-Beas link, which carry-over, on around 2344
million cum (0.9 million acre feet) water of Ravi to the Beas, the Beas dam at Pong jointly with
the Bhakra Dam help India in utilizing around 92% of the average inflow of water of the three
eastern rivers. After finishing of construction work of Beas-Satluj Link project, the figure has
further reached at 97%.

1.2.2 BEAS CONSTRUCTION BOARD

The agency of departmental construction, initiated at the Bhakra Dam, was adopted for the
construction of the Beas Dam also. Punjab Government constituted the Beas Control Board in
1961 to exercise efficient technical and financial control over all matters pertaining to the
construction of the project. Consequent upon the re-organisation of the Punjab in 1966, the
execution of the Project was vested with the Government of India, on behalf of the Partner States,
who reconstituted the Control Board and named it as ‘Beas Construction Board’ (BCB).
The ‘Beas Construction Board’ under the Chairmanship of the Union Minister of Energy
comprises, besides a full-time Secretary, headquartered at New Delhi, the Chief Ministers,
Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh; one Minister each from the States of Punjab,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan; Deputy Ministers, Energy and Irrigation Government
of India; Secretary, Department of Power, Ministry of Energy, Government of India; Secretary,
Irrigation, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Government of India; Chairman, Bhakra and
Beas Management Board; Chairman, Central Water Commission; Member (Hydro-Electric),
Central Electricity Authority; Joint Secretary, Ministry of Energy, Government of India;
Financial Adviser and Joint Secretary, Department of Power, Ministry of Energy, Government of
India; Secretaries, Irrigation and Power, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan; Secretaries, Finance,
Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan; Secretaries, Colonization and Revenue, Rajasthan; Financial
Commissioner-cum-Secretary, Revenue Department, Himachal Pradesh; Chairmen, State
Electricity Boards, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh; General Manager, Beas
Project; Financial Adviser and Chief Accounts Officer, Beas Project; Chief Engineers, Irrigation
Works, Punjab and Haryana; Chief Engineers, Electrical (Power Stations and Transmission),

2
Beas Project; and the Chief Engineer, Rajasthan Canal Project. A Board of Consultants for Beas
Project was constituted under the chairmanship of Dr.A.N.Khosla consisting of some most
eminent and experienced engineers from within the country and outside. The present scheme was
gradually evolved through a detailed and systematic study of the various alternatives after
seeking advice from United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR)

3
 CHAPTER-2
BEAS PROJECT UNIT-1

2.1 BEAS SATLUJ LINK PROJECT

The concept of Beas-Satluj link for diverting some water of river Beas into Satluj through two
tunnels and an open channel to generate power and to increase the storage capacity of Bhakra
reservoir (Gobindsagar) was conceived by Dr. A.N. Khosla, a brilliant engineer and dynamic
leader in the profession and a close and trusted confidant of Jawaharlal Nehru.
The preliminary investigations for Beas Satluj Link Project were started in 1956, which led to the
preparation of a preliminary Project report by the Project Organisation of the Punjab Irrigation
Branch in November 1957.

2.1.1 1957 PROJECT REPORT

The investigation work was taken up by the Project Circle of Punjab Irrigation in 1956 and a
Project Report with a limited scope for providing irrigation to the Southern Punjab was
accordingly prepared by the Project Administration of the Irrigation Branch. Punjab in
November, 1957. This project was intended to form the first stage of the bigger scheme, which in
its final stage envisaged construction of a 213.36 m (700 ft) high dam on the Beas River at Larji.
The entire scheme was to be completed in three stages.

The 1957 project contemplated a link of 254.85 cumecs capacity comprising the following
components:Diversion Dam at Pandoh 11.26 km long tunnel from Pandoh to Riggar 19.31 km
long open channel from Riggar to Sundernagar4.824 km long tunnel from Sundernagar to the
Alsed khad near the Malindi village In the second stage, the tunnel from Sundernagar to the
Alsed khad was proposed to be extended to the power plant site on the right bank of the Satluj
River. The power house was also to be constructed in this stage. In the ultimate stage, it was
proposed to construct dam at Larji. However, the construction of a 213.86 m (700 ft) high dam at
Larji was subject to its technical and financial feasibility.

2.1.2 1960 PROJECT REPORT

14.966 km long twin power tunnels from the southern end of the Suketi Reservoir to the power
plant on the Satluj River.A power plant with installed capacity of 1200 MW on the Right Bank of
the Satluj River. The scheme had the potential to develop 625 MW of firm power at 100 percent
load factor at the Satluj Power Plant and a live storage capacity of 3080 milion cubic metres (2.5

4
million acre ft) in the Suketi Reservoir, besides meeting the additional irrigation needs of
Southern Punjab from the Bhakra Reservoir.
The proposed Suketi Reservoir covered an area of about 9308 hectares (23000 acres) in the Balh
Valley and the fact of its submergence was viewed unfavourably by the Government of Himachal
Pradesh. However, the scheme was abandoned because the feasibility of 134.11 m (440 ft) high
dam in the seismic zone could not be properly established with the data available. Further studies
indicated that a dam of 99.06 m (325 ft) height with a live storage of 1233 million cubic
metres(1.0 x 106 acre ft) would submerge an area of 6475 hectares (16000 acres) only and would
still retain a substantial power potential. Moreover, it was considered feasible to construct a
rockfill dam of this height. But, on account of the objection of Himachal Pradesh Government to
the submergence of the Balh Valley, this scheme was also held in abeyance.

2.1.3 1961 PROJECT REPORT

The scheme as envisaged at present has been dictated by having a direct link from the Beas to the
Satluj River without any reservoir in Suketi Valley, so as to meet the immediate irrigation needs
of erstwhile Punjab (now Punjab & Haryana) and to develop the optimum power potential at
Bhakra, Pong and Satluj Power Plants. These power plants working in a grid would have given a
total firm power of 733 MW.
Such a scheme as a whole offered the best combination of works for the diversion of the Beas
waters to the Satluj River without submerging the Suketi Valley. It was proposed to be completed
in two stages. The first stage provided the work upto the Bumka/Bharari link, thereby the Beas
water could be taken to the Satluj River through the Alsed/Bharari khad for additional irrigation
and power from Bhakra Reservoir. The second stage provided the completion of Sundernagar
Satluj Tunnel and the Satluj Power Plant for additional power from the 304.8 m (1000 ft) fall
available at the tail end of the Beas Satluj Link.

2.2 THE MAIN FEATURES OF THIS SCHEME WERE AS UNDER:

 42.67 m (140-ft) straight gravity type concrete diversion dam above river bed, 13.00 km
upstream of Mandi Town.
 7.62 m dia, 12.84 km long Pandoh Baggi Tunnel for a design capacity of 254.85 cumecs.
 11.59 km long hydel channel with a capacity of 254.85 cumecs in head reach and 233.62
cumecs in remaining reach.
 Balancing reservoir of 6.165 million cubic metres (5000 acre ft) capacity at tail end of hydel
channel or in Bumka Nalah.

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 8.53 m dia, 13.68 km long Sundernagar Satluj Tunnel for design discharge of 212.376
cumecs (7500 cusecs).
 Bumka/Bharari By-pass Link.
 21.95 m dia, 76.2 m high differential type surge shaft with an internal riser of 7.62 m
diameter.
 Satluj Power Plant on the right side of Satluj River with an installed capacity of 636 MW
(Units of 106 MW each).
The features of the proposal of the final scheme as adopted for construction are as below:

2.2.1 FINAL PROJECT REPORT

 Pandoh Dam: An earth-cum-rock fill type 76.25 m (250 ft) high diversion dam at Pandoh.
 Pandoh Spillway: An orifice type gated chute spillway having 9939 cumecs (351000 cusecs)
discharge capacity at maximum reservoir level 896.417 m (2941 ft) with flip bucket type
energy dissipator at its downstream end.
 Pandoh Baggi Tunnel: A 7.62 m finished dia, 13.11 km long tunnel with a design capacity of
254.85 cumecs.
 Sundernagar Hydel Channel: A 11.80 km long hydel channel.
 Sundernagar Balancing Reservoir: A balancing storage of 3.7 million cubic metre capacity
near Sundernagar.
 Sundernagar Satluj Tunnel: A 8.53 m finished dia, 12.35 km long power tunnel with design
capacity of 403.52 cumecs.
 Surge Shaft: A 22.86 m main shaft, 125 m high Surge Shaft having riser of 7.62 m diameter.
 Dehar By Pass: A 6.71 m finished dia, 296.8 m long by pass tunnel followed by a chute of
533.4 m length with design discharge capacity of 212.376 cumecs.
 Dehar Penstocks: Three penstock headers of 4.877 m dia and each header bifurcating into
two branches of 3.353 m dia.
 Dehar Power Plant: A power plant on Right Bank of Satluj river with installed capacity of
990 MW i.e. 6 units of 165 MW each.

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 CHAPTER-3
BEAS PROJECT UNIT–II
3.1 BEAS DAM PROJECT

The idea of a storage dam across Beas River at Pong was first mooted by Mr. C.E. Blaker of
the Punjab PWD Irrigation Branch in 1926. A committee, led by Mr. A.J. Willey, Consulting
Engineer, to the United States Bureau of Reclamation, Dr. P.S. Pinfold, the Chief Geologist
to Attock Oil Co., and Mr. W.H. Nicholson, Superintending Engineer of Punjab PWD
Irrigation Branch was appointed by Punjab Government in 1927 to report on the possibilities
of storage of surplus waters of the Punjab rivers and their tributaries. The committee, on the
basis of Mr. Blaker’s report, recommended that in view of high floods which were likely to
occur at that site, an economical storage would be difficult to arrange. The committee was
also of the opinion that in view of the soft, though uniform foundation a shingle and boulder
embankment might prove to be the most practicable proposition.

3.1.1 1955 PROJECT REPORT

Interest in storage on the Beas was revived in 1955.
Geological, hydrological, material and other investigations were accordingly carried out,
resulting in preliminary report on the Beas Dam Project. In this report, an earth dam having
live storage capacity of 6764 million cubic metres and dead storage of 925 million cubic
metres was proposed. The dam was visualized to be an earth-cum-rockfill structure with a
concrete spillway section. No power generation was contemplated in this preliminary report.
Nevertheless, the power potential of the project was recognized.

3.1.2 1959 PROJECT REPORT

Later on, after carrying out further investigations a more detailed report for the Beas Dam at
Pong was prepared and submitted to Punjab Government in 1959. In this report, an earth-
cum-rockfill dam, 100.6 m high above river bed level, was proposed alongwith a hollow
buttress type concrete dam, with an overflow spillway. No power generation was envisaged
at that stage although provision was made for the installation of two power penstocks in the
non-overflow section of the concrete dam.

7
 3.1.3 FINAL PROPOSAL OF THE PROJECT
Subsequent to the preparation of 1959 project report, considerable work on geological
explorations, investigations for materials, preparations of preliminary designs, comparison of
the economics of various types of layout of appurtenant works etc., was carried out. The
Board of Consultants under the Chairmanship of Dr. A.N. Khosla, comprising some of the
most eminent engineers from within the country and abroad contributed towards finalization
of project proposal. The advice of United States Bureau of Reclamation was also sought on
various features of the project. Numerous hydraulic model tests were conducted at Central
Water & Power Research Stations, Pune and Irrigation & Power Research Institute, Amritsar,
as an aid to designs. The final scheme was gradually evolved through a detailed and
systematic study of the various alternatives.
The Proposal of features of the final scheme as adopted for constructions are as below:

 Dam: An earth-core-cum-gravel shell dam is 132.59 m (435 ft) above the deepest foundation
level and 100.58 m (330 ft) above the deepest river bed Beas Dam at Pong.
 Diversion Works: The construction of the dam involved diversion of the river through five
cement concrete lined tunnels which have been designated as T1, T2, P1, P2 & P3 from left
to right. These tunnels each of 9.14 m (30 ft) finished dia, have an aggregate length of 5016.7
m.
 Outlet Works: Permanent intakes alongwith trashrack structures, etc., have been provided on
bench at El. 374.90 m. The gates are normally operated from the control chamber floor at
El.343.66 m and can also be operated from the hoist house, located above El.435.86 m in
case of emergency. Each control chamber is connected to the hoist house through a vertical
shaft.
 Penstock Works: Each of the three penstock tunnels P1, P2, P3 is equipped with 3.048 x
6.401 m (10 x 21 ft) fixed wheel type emergency gate operated by a hydraulic hoist of 150
tonne capacity. The gates are operated from hoist structures located on top of the dam, which
are connected to the tunnels by means of vertical shafts. Downstreams of emergency gates,
steel penstocks of 7280-mm inner dia have been installed in each tunnel of 9.14 m dia.
Butterfly valves are provided at downstream end of each penstock branch.
 Spillway: An overflow type, gated chute spillway, with a discharging capacity of
approximately 12375 cumecs (437000 cusecs) at the highest flood level El.433.121 m has
been provided on the left abutment Beas Dam - Spillway.

8
 Pong Power Plant: Pong Power Plant (396 MW i.e. 6x66 MW) is a multi storeyed re-inforced
concrete framed structure having 143.04 m length 33.11 m width and 43.48 m height, located
in the stilling basin downstream of penstock tunnels Pong Power House.
 Switch-Yard: The 220 kv switch-yard has been located close to the power plant to its right.
Generators are connected to 3 phase step-up transformers for stepping up the generation
voltage of 11 kv to 220 kv.

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 CHAPTER-4
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

4.1 GENRATION
Generation of electricity by hydropower (potential energy in stored water) is one of the
cleanest methods producing electric power. In 2012, hydroelectric power plants contributed
about 16% of total electricity generation of the world. Hydroelectricity is the most widely
used form of renewable energy. It is a flexible source of electricity and also the cost of
electricity generation is relatively low. This article talks about the layout, basic components
and working of a hydroelectric power station.

4.2 LAYOUT AND WORKING

Fig4.1 layout

The above image shows the typical layout of a hydroelectric power plant and its basic
components.

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4.2.1 DAM AND RESERVOIR:

The dam is constructed on a large river in hilly areas to ensure sufficient water storage at
height. The dam forms a large reservoir behind it. The height of water level (called as water
head) in the reservoir determines how much of potential energy is stored in it.\

4.2.2 CONTROL GATE:

Water from the reservoir is allowed to flow through the penstock to the turbine. The amount
of water which is to be released in the penstock can be controlled by a control gate. When the
control gate is fully opened, maximum amount of water is released through the penstock.

4.2.3 PENSTOCK:
A penstock is a huge steel pipe which carries water from the reservoir to the turbine. Potential
energy of the water is converted into kinetic energy as it flows down through the penstock
due to gravity.

4.2.4 WATER TURBINE:

Water from the penstock is taken into the water turbine. The turbine is mechanically coupled
to an electric generator. Kinetic energy of the water drives the turbine and consequently the
generator gets driven.

4.2.5 GENERATOR:
A generator is mounted in the power house and it is mechanically coupled to the turbine
shaft. When the turbine blades are rotated, it drives the generator and electricity is generated
which is then stepped up with the help of a transformer for the transmission purpose.

4.2.6 SURGE TANK:

Surge tanks are usually provided in high or medium head power plants when considerably
long penstock is required. A surge tank is a small reservoir or tank which is open at the top. It
is fitted between the reservoir and the power house. The water level in the surge tank rises or
falls to reduce the pressure swings in the penstock. When there is sudden reduction in load on
the turbine, the governor closes the gates of the turbine to reduce the water flow. This causes
pressure to increase abnormally in the penstock. This is prevented by using a surge tank, in
which the water level rises to reduce the pressure. On the other hand, the surge tank provides
excess water needed when the gates are suddenly opened to meet the increased load demand.

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4.3 POWER PLANTS ELECTRICITY GENERATING STATIONS

Fig 4.2 Power Plants Electricity Generating Stations

4.4 TYPES OF HYDRO-POWER PLANTS

4.4.1 CONVENTIONAL PLANTS:

Conventional plants use potential energy from dammed water. The energy extracted depends
on the volume and head of the water. The difference between height of water level in the
reservoir and the water outflow level is called as water head.

4.4. 2 PUMPED STORAGE PLANT:

In pumped storage plant, a second reservoir is constructed near the water outflow from the
turbine. When the demand of electricity is low, the water from lower reservoir is pumped into
the upper (main) reservoir. This is to ensure sufficient amount of water available in the main
reservoir to fulfil the peak loads.

4.4.3 RUN-OF-RIVER PLANT:

In this type of facility, no dam is constructed and, hence, reservoir is absent. A portion of
river is diverted through a penstock or canal to the turbine. Thus, only the water flowing from
the river is available for the generation. And due to absence of reservoir, any oversupply of
water is passed unused.

4.5 ADVANTAGES

 No fuel is required as potential energy is stored water is used for electricity generation
 Neat and clean source of energy

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 Very small running charges - as water is available free of cost
 Comparatively less maintenance is required and has longer life
 Serves other purposes too, such as irrigation

4.6 DISADVANTAGES
 Very high capital cost due to construction of dam
 High cost of transmission – as hydro plants are located in hilly areas which are quite
away from the consumers

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 CHAPTER-5
EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN
5.1INTRODUCTION
The Beas Satluj Link Project, the largest hydro- electric-cum-tunneling project in the
country diverts about 4,716 million cubic meter of Beas Waters from a point at Pandoh
in Mandi District, 114 Km. upstream of Beas Dam at Pong, into the Satluj basin near
village Dehar (upstream of the Bhakra Reservoir) through a water conductor system.
Through it water cascades down a 320m (1049.60 feet) fall to generate power at the
Satluj end.
5.2 DAM

Fig 5.1 Dam

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5.3 CONCRETE SPILL WAY
Achute spillway constructed on the left abutment is capable of passing discharge of about
9939 cumecs. At the maximum reservoir level of 896.42m (2940.25 feet. A flip bucket at an
Angle of 35 degree is provided at the downstream end of the chute to focus the jet of water
away from the spillway structure.The crest structure has five 12m wide x 13m (39.36 x 42.64
feet)high orifices separated by 3.50m (11.48 feet) wide piers. Each opening is provided
with a hydraulically- operated radial type gate.

Fig 5.2 concrete spill way

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5.4 PANDOH BAGGI TUNNEL

Fig 5.3 tunnel

The 13.10km long tunnel, with a diameter of 7.62m in concrete lined. It has a maximum
discharge capacity of 254.85 cumecs . the upstream and the down strem invert level of the
tunnel vary from the elevation of 867.54m to 835.15m.

5.5 BAGGI CONTROL WORK AND STILLING BASSIN

The baggi control works are located at the exit end of the tunnel to regulate the flow from the
pandoh reservoir, depending upon the in flow of the beas and the requirement of the power
plant .the control work consist of a gate control house with a steel lined basin transition
upstream and a stilling basin downstream .

16
 Fig 5.4 control work

The circular tunnel at the gated control end has been transitioned in rectangular conducts,
each conduct 2.67m wide and 4.27m high. Each conduct is provided with two gates in
tandem, each 2.67m wide and 4.27m high.The down stream gate is of the slide type and
serves as a regulating gate while the upstream is of fixed wheel type with upstream stealing.
The stilling basin is divided into two compartments by a longitudinal wall.

5.6 SUNDER NAGAR HYDEL CHANNEL

The channel has a capacity of 240.69m cubics.It is aligned almost as a contour canal along
the periphery of the suketi basin. The total length of hydel channel is 11.80km and it
discharges reservoir the bed of the hydel channel is 9.45m wide and the side slops are 1. The

17
full supply depth varies from 6.26m to 5.85m. The channel has a slope of 1 in 6.666 and the
expected maximum velocity is 1.84m

Fig 5.5 hydel channel

5.7 BALANCING RESERVOIR

To meet the fluctuating load requirement of the power plant, a storage reservoir of a
minimum capacity of 370 hectare meter was essential . this reservoir has been located
between the hydel channel and the sunder nagar satluj tunnel in the bed of suketi khad .The
balancing reservoir embankments are of impervious earth core cum rockfill type.The
maximum reservoir and minimum draw down level vary between elevations of 842.47m and
833.32m.

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 fig 5.6 balncing reservoir

5.8 SUNDER SATLUJ TUNNEL

The Sundernagar Satluj Tunnel is the last link of the long water conductor system with
a discharge capacity of 403.52 cumecs (14250.18 Cs.) for feeding the machines of Dehar
Power Plant. This tunnel, 12.35 Kms. Long and having a finished diameter of 8.53 m (27.97
feet), takes off from the balancing reservoir and ends in the surge shaft and penstocks. The
upstream and downstream invert levels of the tunnel vary between 818.08 m (2683.30 feet)
and 762m (2499.36 feet).The intake structure of the tunnel at the Pung is of a conventional
semicircular type-a trash rack structure jutting out of the vertical faced wall. The trashrack
structure which is about 20.12 m (65.99 feet) high has 6 bays of 4.52 m (14.82 feet) each.
The structure is followed by a cut- and- cover conduit 6.10m (20 feet) high and 9.39 m (30.79
feet) wide with a high breastwall at its face. The conduit is transitioned into a 8.53 m (27.97
feet) diameter tunnel.

5.9 SURGE SHAFT

There is provision to cater to the needs of rising pressure due to the sudden closing of
turbines and for the requirement of turbines on “sudden restart”. This comprises a differential

19
type surge shaft of 22.86m (75 feet) finished diameter and 125 m (410 feet) depth with a
reinforced concrete riser of 7.62 m (25 feet) diameter linked with the main shaft

Fig 5.7 surge shaft

5.10 BY PASS SYSTEM

A by pass tunnel of 6.71m diameter and 212cumecs capacity takes off from the reservoir
shaft at an elevation of 789.43m. The by-pass tunnel runs for a length of 296.80m and is then
trifurcated into 2.44m diameter conducts to accommodate 2 sets of gate in tandem, one of the
fixed-wheel type to serve as a guard gate, and the other, a high pressure radial gate to serve as
a rectangular gate.These gates can be operated from the power houses. The conducts
discharge water into an open chute which run along the profile of rock and is nearly 533.40m
long.
5.11 PENSTOCKS
Three penstock header tunnel take off at an elevation of 766.57m from the fan-shaped lower
chamber of the surge shaft. These tunnel have a 4.88m diameter up to the valve chamber
where butterfly valves are housed.The penstock branches enter the power plant at an
elevation of 496.82m.

20
Fig 5.8 Penstocks

21
 CHAPTER-6
ACHIEVMENT

6.1RECORD AVAILABILITY OF MACHINES

Being The Largest Hydroelectric Complex In The Region, Bbmb Plays A Vital Role In The
Day To Day Operation Of The Northern Grid. The Bbmb Powerhouses Provide Much
Needed Peaking Power To The Grid Thus Enabling The Thermal Stations To Work On Base
Load. The Powerhouses Help In Frequency Regulation Of The Grid By Flexing Generation
Between 1900 Mw And 2800 Mw In Summers And Between 500 Mw And 1900 Mw During
Winters. The Average Annual Plant Availability Of Last 5 Years (2013-2014 To 2017-2018)
Of Bbmb Power Houses Is Around 97.51%. Cumulative Machine Availability Of Generating
Units Of Bbmb During 2018-19 Is 97.95%. The Plant Availability Of Bhakra Right Bank
Power House Is The Highest With 99.98%. The Transmission Line Availability Is Around
99%.Almost Every Year During High Silt Conditions, Large Hydro Power Stations In The
Northern Grid Go Under Force Shut-Down Putting The Grid In A Disturbed Condition And
Bbmb Bails Out The Grid From This Vulnerable Condition By Injecting Maximum Power.
Contributing In Stabilizing The Frequency Of The Grid By Scheduling The Generation As
Low As 400mw And As High As 2500mw During The Year 2017-18. Provides Support Of
Black Start Operation In The Grid Through Bhakra. Helped In Stabilizing The Frequency Of
Grid By Placing Generation Between Low As 400 Mw And As High As 2500 Mw During
The Year 2017-18.After, More Than 10 Years Bbmb Managed To Run All The Six
Generating Units Of Dehar Power House Simultaneously During The Peak Hours In The
Month Of August, 2018.This Time Bbmb Also Managed To Run All The Six Generating
Units Of Dehar Power House Simultaneously For One And Half Hour Daily During The
Peak Hours For The First Time.

6.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM(IMS)
Entire Bbmb Is Already Covered Under Qms(Iso 9001)& Ems(Iso 14001). In An Endeavour
For Continual Improvement, Bbmb Has Gone For Acquiring New Health And Safety
Management System Certification I.E. Ohsms 18001 And Simultaneously Implemented Ims
Including Qms, Ems & Ohsms. Chief Engineer/System Operation And Board Secretariat Has
Already Been Recommended By Bis For New Ohsms Certifications Under Ims

22
Implementation Programme.E-Procurement Has Been Implemented For Procurements
Having Threshold Value Of Over Rs.10 Lacs.Integrity Pact Has Been Implemented And Two
Independent External Monitors Have Been Appointed With Whom Regular Meetings Are
Being Held
.
6.3 NATIONAL HYDROLOGY PROJECT
World Bank Aided National Hydrology Project For Real Time Decision Support System To
Facilitate Optimum Operation Of Reservoirs Was Successfully Completed. This Is First Of
Its Kind Project In The Country Which Will Further Improve And Expand The Water
Resources Monitoring System, Strengthen Water Resources Operation And Planning And
Will Enhance Institutional Capacity For Water Resources Management.
In Technical Collaboration With Central Board Of Irrigation And Power, Central Water
Commission Supported By World Bank. Delegates From India And Across The World
Participated In The Conference. The Conference Provided Interactive Platform For Eclectic
Brainstorming And Sharing Path Breaking Ideas & Case Studies In Respect Of Flood And
Drought Management, System, Storage Projects Etc.To Address Pressing Issues Regarding
Sustainable Management Of Water Resources.

6.4 SUPPLY OF WATER

The Bhakra Nangal And Beas Projects Are Harbinger Of Green Revolution And White
Revolution In The States Of Punjab, Haryana And Rajasthan.The States Of Punjab, Haryana,
Rajasthan And Delhi Are Being Supplied, On An Average, About 34537.44 Mcm (28 Maf)
Of Water Per Year Which Irrigates 135 Lac Acres Of Land.
By Judicious Reservoir Management, Close Monitoring And Utilizing Inflows From Rivulets
Downstream Of The Dams In Order To Meet Irrigation Requirement During The Monsoon
Season. Bbmb Saved 0.674 Million Acre Feet Water Of The Satluj & Beas Rivers Which
Otherwise Would Have Gone Down Stream Of The International Border.Based On Technical
Parameters Bbmb Stored Water Upto The Level Of 1393.30 Feet In Pong Reservoir To
Avoid Synchronization Of Any Releases With The Floods In Rivulets Downstream Of The
Dam. Thus Preventing Flooding Of Down Stream Areas Of Punjab.

23
6.5 RENOVATION, MODERNIZATION AND UPRATING (R,M&U)
All The Five Units Of Bhakra Right Bank Powerhouse Have Been Renovated, Modernized
And Uprated From 120 Mw To 157 Mw Each, Resulting In An Additional Installed Capacity
Of 185 Mw And Additional Annual Generation Of 310 Mu.The Ministry Of New And
Renewable Energy Set The Target Date Of 13 Oct.,2017 Of Commissioning Of 175kwp
Solar Power Plant On The Roof Top Of Bbmb Secretariat Sector-19 And Sldc Building,
Industrial Area, Chandigarh. This Solar Power Plant Has Been Commissioned On 18th July,
2017 Much Before The Target Date.Bbmb, A Pioneer In Hydro Electric Generation Added
Another Feather In Its Cap On 18.12.2018 By Installing Grid Connected Roof Top Solar
Power Plant Of Total Capacity Of 100kwp At 220kwp Sub-Station, Jalandhar And 60kwp At
220kwp Sub-Station, Bbmb, Jamalpur.Installing Of 20kwp And 80kwp Solar Roof Top Pv
Plant Have Been Also Commissioned On 29.01.2019 At Control Room Building Of 220kv
Sub-Staton At Narela And Punjabi Bagh, Delhi Respectively.Installing Of 300kwp And
850kwp Solar Roof Top Pv Plant Have Been Commissioned At Talwara On 16.05.2019
& At Nangal (From 01.06.2019 To 24.06.2019) Respectively.Bbmb Has Replaced Old
Transformer At 220 Kv Sub-Stations Dhulkot, Jagadhari And Jalandhar And Commissioned
With Higher Capacity New Power Transformers Of Rating 100mva.The Commissioning Of
These Three Power Transformers Has Helped In Achieving The Target 24x7 Power Supply
Initiative Of The Ministry Of Power, Govt. Of India And The People Of These Areas Would
Get Uninterrupted Power Supply.

24
 CHAPTER-7
COMPONENTS
7.1 COMPONENT USED IN BAGGI CONTROL ROOM
1. Water Flow Control System/Control Gate.
2. Substation
3. Eot Cranes
4. Control Panels
5. Genrating System

7.1.1 WATER FLOW CONTROL SYSTEM

Water flow control system consist of water controlling gate which are used to control water
level throughout. There are eight controlling gate in the system in order to control the water
level. Flood gate are adjustable gates used to control water floe in flood, Reservoir,
river,stream,or levee systems. They may be designed to set spillway crests heights in dams, to
adjust flow rates in sluices and canals, or they may be designed to stop water flow entirely as
part of a levee or storm surge system.

fig 7.1 water flow control system

25
7.1.2 SUB-STATION
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may
flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may
include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.

Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large
industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying
on SCADA for remote supervision and control. handling the emergency situation aptly.
The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. As
central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to
distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their
own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the
generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.

Fig 7.2 single line diagram

26
7.1.3 ELECTRIC OVERHEAD TRAVELING CRANE
Electric overhead traveling crane or EOT crane is one of the most common types of
overhead crain, or called bridge cranes, which consist of parallel runways with a traveling
bridge spanning the gap. As obvious from the name, EOT crane is operate by electric,
generally there is an operator cabin or a control pendant along with the EOT crane.

Fig 7.3 EOT Crain

27
 CHAPTER-8
GENRATION
8.1 GENERATORS:
In hydro generation, a generator is a device that converts motive power (mechanical energy)
into electrical power for use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical energy include
steam turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, and internal combustion engines and even hand
cranks. The first electromagnetic generator, the Faraday disk, was invented in 1831 by British
scientist Michael Faraday. Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power
grids.
Electromagnetic generators fall into one of two broad categories, dynamos and alternators.
Dynamos generate pulsing direct current through the use of a commutator
Alternators generate alternating current

MECHANICALLY A GENERATOR CONSISTS OF A ROTATING PART AND A

STATIONARY PART.
ROTOR: The rotor is a moving component of an electromagnetic system in the electric
motor, electric generator, or alternator. Its rotation is due to the interaction between the
windings and magnetic fields which produces a torque around the rotor's axis
STATOR: Stationary part of a rotary system, found in electric generators, electric
motors, sirens, mud motors or biological rotors. Energy flows through a stator to or from the
rotating component of the system. In an electric motor, the stator provides a rotating magnetic
field that drives the rotating armature; in a generator, the stator converts the rotating magnetic
field to electric current.

Fig 8.1 Generator

28
8.2 CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS:
Basically, a generator is consisting of 2 parts

8.2.1 STATOR:
A stator is a stationary part of a genitor that means the stator do not move physically at all. In
entire process of generation, the stator remains stationary. In a large synchronous
machines/generators the stator is consist of a magnetic material core and a copper winding.
The core is made up of silicon steel stamped together. It is done so to reduce the leakage
current and the eddy current losses. The 3phase winding is made up of copper and are
inserted in the core of the stator. The core has slots in them to hold on the windings. There
are 2 types of windings done in the stator one is lap winding and the other one is wave
winding. The wave winding is a complex and commonly used winding type in synchronous
generators. Stator winding terminals are connected with the bus bar connections in the circuit.

Fig 8.2 Stator

29
8.2.2 ROTOR:
A rotor is a rotating device which means the rotor rotates physically all the time during
the/1generation.

Fig 8.3 Rotor

In a large synchronous generator, the rotor consists of a core mounted on the shaft and the
field copper windings the windings are of single phase. The rotor is connected with the
turbine and the windings of the rotor are connected with the battery bank first and then short
circuited with the stator windings of the generator. The rotor plays the main role in the
generation of the electricity a rotor may be of silent pole and non-silent pole rotor. The silent
pole rotor basically consists of the more then 4 to 5 poles and an no silent pole is consist of 2
to 4 poles. The non-silent pole is more fast then the silent pole rotor. By joining these two
components together we can make a large synchronous generator to reduce the effect of
vibration and friction in the alternator the fluid friction reduction process is used. And the
flooring process is used to reduce the vibration effect of the power station. The turbine is
attached to the shaft of the rotor and the rotor windings are mounted on the shaft.

8.3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE:

A synchronous generator works on the faraday law of electromagnetic induction. This law
states that, when a current carrying conductor placed in the rotating magnetic field an EMF is
induced in the conductor. In the majority of designs, the rotating assembly in the centre of the
generator—the "rotor"—contains the magnet, and the "stator" is the stationary armature that
is electrically connected to a load. As shown in the diagram, the perpendicular component of
the stator field affects the torque while the parallel component affects the voltage. The load

30
 Fig 8.4 Rotating Magnetic field

Supplied by the generator determines the voltage. If the load is inductive, then the angle
between the rotor and stator fields will be greater than 90 degrees which corresponds to an
increased generator voltage. This is known as an overexcited generator. The opposite is true
for a generator supplying a capacitive load which is known as an under excited generator. A
set of three conductors make up the armature winding in standard utility equipment,
constituting three phases of a power circuit— that correspond to the three wires we are
accustomed to see on transmission lines. The phases are wound such that they are 120
degrees apart spatially on the stator, providing for a uniform force or torque on the generator
rotor. The uniformity of the torque arises because the magnetic fields resulting from the
induced currents in the three conductors of the armature winding combine spatially in such a
way as to resemble the magnetic field of a single, rotating magnet. This stator magnetic field
or "stator field" appears as a steady rotating field and spins at the same frequency as the rotor
when the rotor.

8.4 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

They are known as synchronous generators because, the frequency of the induced voltage in
the stator (armature conductors) conventionally measured in hertz, is directly proportional to
RPM, the rotation rate of the rotor usually given in revolutions per minute (or angular speed).
If the rotor windings are arranged in such a way as to produce the effect of more than two
magnetic poles, then each physical revolution of the rotor results in more magnetic poles

31
moving past the armature windings. Each passing of a north and South Pole corresponds to a
complete "cycle" of a magnet field oscillation. Therefore, the constant of proportionality is,
where P is the number of magnetic rotor poles (almost always an even number), and the
factor of 120 comes from 60 seconds per minute and two poles in a single magnet;

RPM and TORQUE

The power in the prime mover is a function of RPM and torque,/1where mechanical power is
in Watts, and the torque with units of N-m, and RPM is the rotations per minute which is
multiplied by a factor of a given units of torque. By increasing the torque on the prime
mover, a larger electrical power output can be generated.

In practice, the typical load is inductive in nature. The diagram above depicts such an
arrangement. It is the voltage of the generator, and is the voltage and the current in the load
respectively and is the angle between them. Here, we can see that the resistance, R, and the
reactance, play a role in determining the angle. This information can be used to determine the
real and reactive power output from the generator.

EXPLANATION WITH THE DIAGRAM

Diagram of a simple alternator with a rotating magnetic core and stationary wire also
showing the current induced in the stator by the rotating magnetic field of the rotor
Alternator generator electricity using the same principle as DC generator, namely, when the
magnetic field around the conductor changes, a current is induced in the conductor.
Typically, a rotating magnet called rotor turns with in a stationary set of conductors wound in
coil on an iron core called stator. The field cuts across the conductor, generator an EMF as
the mechanical i/p causes the rotor of turn.

32
The rotating magnetic field induced an as voltage in the stator winding. often there are three
sets of stator windings, physically offset so that the rotating magnetic field produce a three
phase current, displaced by 1/3 of a period with respect to each other. The rotor magnetic
field may be produced by induction by permanent magnet or by a rotor winding energized
with direct current through slip rings and brushes. The rotor magnetic field may even be
provided by stationery field winding. with moving pole in the rotor. Automotive voltage by
varying the current in the rotor field winding. Permanent magnet machine avoids, the loss due
to magnetizing current in the rotor, but the restricted in size, due to cost of magnet materials.

Alternator used in central power station may also control the field current regulate reactive
power and held to stabilize the power system against the effect of momentary fault

8.5 AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

An automatic voltage regulator consists of several components such as diodes, capacitors,
resistors and potentiometers or even microcontrollers, all placed on a circuit board. This is
then mounted near the generator and connected with several wires to measure and adjust the
generator

8.6 POWER TRANSFORMERS:

A transformer is a static apparatus which transforms a.c electrical power from one voltage to
another voltage at the same frequency. It consists of a closed magnetic core and two or more
windings. When one of the winding (primary) is connected to a.c supply, alternating current
magnetic flux is produced in the core. The flux linkage of other windings on the same core
alternates. Thereby e.m.f of the same frequency is induced in the winding called secondary
windings. The e.m.f is induced in the transformer by electromagnetic induction effect of
alternating magnetic flux. Main features of a transformer are Main tank, Core, Winding, Tap
Changer, Radiator Bank,
Insulating oil, Transformer Bushing. Conservator Tank, Transformer Accessories, Buchholzs
Relay, Winding Temperature indicator, Oil Temperature Indicator, Silica gel breather,
Magnetic oil level Indicator, Pressure relieve Device (PRD)

33
 Fig 8.6 Power Transformer

8.7 COMPONENTS OF POWER TRANSFORMER

8.7.1 CONSERVATOR:
It is a large cylinder connected by pipe to the transformer. Transformer oil is filled up to
certain level in the conservator. Remaining upper portion is filled with air. Conservator oil is
in communication with tank oil. Expansion and contraction of transformer tank oil is
accumulated by the air cushion in the conservator. Direct contact with air is avoided.

8.7.2 BREATHER:
Installed in a pipe from conservator. One end is connected to air cushion in conservator.
Other end to external air. Air cushion in upper portion of conservator is in communication
with external atmosphere through the breather. Breather is filled with dry silica gel (PINK).
When oil is contracted during low temperature/loads, air is breathed in by the conservator
through the breather. Silica gel absorbs the moisture and admits only dry air.

8.7.3 OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR:

The thermometer is placed in the pocket provided with the tank near hot oil. Thermocouple
leads are connected to oil temperature indicator.

34
8.7.4 WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR:
It takes input from thermocouple placed in the tank near hot oil and from the CT secondary
which measures the current in winding.

8.7.5 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE:

Fitted on the tank to permit venting out of gases formed of oil.

8.7.6 BUCHHOLZ RELAY:

Fitted in pipe between tank and conservator. It gives alarm for incipient faults in the
transformer which form gas. Gas pressure operates alarm contacts. Short circuit gives very
high pressure and flow of oil through the relay resulting in closing of trip contacts in the relay
Transformer is protected from bursting.

8.8 LIGHTENING ARRESTORS:

To provide protection of Switchyard equipment’s from dangerous voltage due to lightning
and switching, these are used in power system./1principle of operation: When lightning
strokes occurs (by direct stroke) or through traveling wave from transmission line due to the
several kilo volt of the surge, the material inside the LA started conducting and provides a
path for the surge to flow to the ground. For normal operating voltage the material inside the
LA is non-conductive and provides open circuit between the conductor and the ground.

Fig 8.7 Lightning Arrester

8.9 132 KV ISOLATOR:

Circuit breaker always trip the circuit but open contacts of breaker cannot be visible
physically from outside of the breaker and that is why it is recommended not to touch any.

35
Electrical circuit just by switching off the circuit breaker. So for better safety, there must be
some arrangement so that one can see the open condition of the section of the circuit before
touching it. The isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of the circuit from the
system as when required. Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe
maintenance works. So the definition of isolator can be rewritten as an isolator is a manually
operated mechanical switch which separates a part of the electrical power. Isolators are used
to open a circuit under no load. Its main purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit from
the other and is not intended to be opened while current is flowing in the line. Isolators are
generally used on both ends of the breaker so that repair or replacement of circuit breaker can
be done without any danger.

Fig 8.8 Isolator

8.10 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS:

Instrument transformers are used to step-down /step up the current or voltage to measurable
values. They provide standardized, useable levels of current or voltage in a variety of power
monitoring and measurement applications. Both current and voltage instrument transformers
are designed to have predictable characteristics on overloads. Proper operation of over-
current protection relays requires that current transformers provide a predictable
transformation ratio even during a short circuit.

36
8.10.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to measure alternating current
(AC). It produces a current in its secondary which is proportional to the current in its primary.
Current transformers, along with voltage or potential transformers are instrument
transformers. Instrument transformers scale the large values of voltage or current to small,
standardized values that are easy to handle for instruments and protective relays. The
instrument transformers isolate measurement or protection circuits from the high voltage of
the primary system. A current transformer provides a secondary current that is accurately
proportional to the current flowing in its primary. The current transformer presents a
negligible load to the primary circuit.

Fig 8.9 CT

8.10.2 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

The potential transformer may be defined as an instrument transformer used for the
transformation of voltage from a higher value to the lower value. This transformer step down

37
the voltage to a safe limit value which can be easily measured by the ordinary low voltage
instrument like a voltmeter, wattmeter and watt-hour meters, etc.
It is the instrument used to measure the high voltage. It is connected in parallel. It is basically
a step down transformer which steps down the voltage and step up the current The potential
transformer uses a bus isolator to protect itself. The main use of this transformer is to
measure the voltage through the bus. This is done so as to get the detail information of the
voltage passing through the bus to the instrument.

Fig 8.10 PT

8.11 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

It is a device used in power system to break or make any electrical circuit under normal and
abnormal condition. Normal condition is to open the circuit if there is no requirement of
power flow or to provide access for maintenance. Abnormal condition is if any fault has
occurred in the circuit, it has to open the faulty phase or all the phases as per condition of the
fault. A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect

38
an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or short circuit.
Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected. Unlike a fuse, which
operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation.

Fig .8.11 Circuit Breaker

8.12 BUS BAR:

The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for
further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in la single
line. There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other can
still have the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a
little distance by a conductor having a connector between them. This is so that one can work
at a time and the other works only if the first is having any fault

8.13 WAVE TRAP:

It is equipment which is used to block the High frequency Carrier signals from entering into
power system.

39
Construction: It is basically an Inductive coil of value in mill henry. To discharge the surges,
one LA is provided the Wave Trap Mounting is done some times over the Coupling capacitor
and sometimes separately on support insulators depending on design.

Fig 8.12 Wave trap

40
 CHAPTER-9
CONTROLLING
9.1 HYDRAULIC REGULATING GATES
9.1.1 FEATURES OF REGULATING GATES
No of gates 4
Type Slide hydraulic
Normal speed 1ft/min
Weight 13.3 Ton
Size 8.75×14ft
Hoist capacity 600 Ton

Fig 9.1 Hydralic regulating gates

41
9.1.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Hydraulic gates are utilized in different kinds of facilities that serve different purposes. For
example, a navigation lock is a site that as the name says facilitates navigation, while the
main purpose of a flood barrier is to facilitate land defense against inundation. Yet, they both
utilize movable hydraulic closures, or for short hydraulic gates. The very fact that they do this
does not imply, however, that they do it in the same way. The gates in a navigation lock are
usually operated a few dozen times a day, while those in a flood barrier may be operated once
a year for testing and once in 5–10 years for the actual flood defense. This generates a
number of other differences in gate operation.
We will, therefore distinguish a number of different application groups for hydraulic gates—
and call these groups “operation profiles.” The following sections introduce such profiles,
describing the general operation purposes, main features, and the resulting specific
requirements for hydraulic gates. However, while discussing the differences one should also
not lose sight of the similarities. Therefore, it is good to approach this discussion in a
systematic manner, as used in the so-called Systems Engineering (SE) method [1,2].
In line with the SE method, there are two principal functions that all hydraulic gates must
perform; no matter what their operation profile is. These functions are:

1 opening and closing and

2 carrying hydraulic load.

The manners in which these functions are performed can vary depending on the gate
operation profile. This has generally been presented in Table 2.1. The miter gate shown in the
headline of this table is an example; the introduced approach applies to all types of hydraulic
gates.

9.2 HYDRAULIC EMERGENCY GATES

Emergency hydrolic gates are used to close the gates in emergency time. Hydraulic gates are
utilized in different kinds of facilities that serve different purposes. For example, a navigation
lock is a site that as the name says facilitates navigation, while the main purpose of a flood
barrier is to facilitate land defense against inundation. Yet, they both utilize movable
hydraulic closures, or for short hydraulic gates. This generates a number of other differences
in gate operation.
We will, therefore distinguish a number of different application groups for hydraulic gates—
and call these groups “operation profiles.”

42
 Fig 9.2 Hydraulic emergency gates

9.2.1 FEATURES OF EMERGENCY GATES

No of gates 4
Type fixed wheel hydraulic
Normal speed 1ft/ min
Weight 31 Ton
Capacity 150 Ton
Size 8.75×14ft

9.3 GANTRY CRANE

A gantry crane is a crane built atop a gantry, which is a structure used to straddle an object or
workspace. They can range from enormous "full" gantry cranes, capable of lifting some of
the heaviest loads in the world, to small shop cranes, used for tasks such as lifting automobile
engines out of vehicles. They are also called portal cranes, the "portal" being the empty space
straddled by the gantry. The terms gantry crane and overhead crane(or bridge crane) are often

43
used interchangeably, as both types of crane straddle their workload. The distinction most
often drawn between the two is that with gantry cranes, the entire structure (including gantry)
is usually wheeled (often on rails). By contrast, the supporting structure of an overhead crane
is fixed in location, often in the form of the walls or ceiling of a building, to which is attached
a movable hoist running overhead along a rail or beam (which may itself move). Further
confusing the issue is that gantry cranes may also incorporate a movable beam-mounted hoist
in addition to the entire structure being wheeled, and some overhead cranes are suspended
from a freestanding gantry

Fig 9.3 Gantry crane

9.3.1 FEATURES OF GANTRY CRANE
Gain hoist 50 Tons capacity(30HP motor)
Speed 725 rpm
Trolley 3HP motor
Long Travel 5HP 2motor(685rpm)
Cross Travel 1.5HP motor(940 rpm) Features of Gantry Crane
Main hoist 50 Tons capacity(30HP motor)
44
Speed 725 rpm
Trolley 3HP motor
Long Travel 5HP 2motor (685rpm)

9.4 AIR PRESSURE VALVE

The air pressure valve is used to reduce negative air pressure and extra water from the
tunnel. Because whenever the regulating gates are closed then all the water is reversed due to
which the tunnel becomes negative air pressure and due to this negative air pressure, the
tunnel may also be in danger.

Fig9.4 Air pressure valve

9.5 STOP LOG GATES
Stop logs are hydraulic engineering control elements that are used in floodgates to adjust the
water level or discharge in a river, canal, or reservoir. Stop logs are sometimes confused with
flashboards, as both elements are used in bulkheads or crest gates. Stop logs are typically
long rectangular timber beams or boards that are placed on top of each other and dropped into

45
premade slots inside a weir, gate, or channel. Use of Stop log Gates Stop logs are modular in
nature, giving the operator of a gated structure the ability to control the water level in a
channel by adding or removing individual stop logs. A gate may make use of one or more
logs. Each log is lowered horizontally into a space or bay between two grooved piers referred
to as a stop log . In larger gate structures, there will be multiple bays in which stop logs can
be placed to better control the discharge through the structure. Stop logs are frequently used
to temporarily block flow through a spillway or canal during routine maintenance. At other
times stop logs can be used over longer periods of times, such as when a field is flooded and
stop logs are being used in smaller gates in order to control the depth of water in fields. The
logs may be left in and adjusted during the entire time that the field is submerged. In most
cases, the boards used are subjected to high flow conditions. As individual stop logs begin to
age they are replaced. Typically small amounts of water will leak between individual logs.

Fig 9.5 Stop logs gates

46
9.5.1 SPECIFICATION OF STOP LOGS
Number of sets 2
Number of unit in each sets 4
Unit size (meter) 3.70×3.2×0.395

47