What is software? Characteristics and Classification of Software. http://ecomputernotes.com/software-engineering/characteristics-and-class...

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What is software? Characteristics and

Classification of Software.
BY DINESH THAKUR Category: Software Engineering

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In earlier times, software was simple in nature and hence,
Software
software development was a simple activity. However, as
technology improved, software became more complex and Maintenance

software projects grew larger. Software development now Principles of

necessitated the presence of a team, which could prepare Software
detailed plans and designs, carry out testing, develop intuitive
Design &
user interfaces, and integrate all these activities into a system.
Concepts in
This new approach led to the emergence of a discipline known
as software engineering. Software

Engineering

What is

Software

Requirements

Specification?

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What is software? Characteristics and Classification of Software. http://ecomputernotes.com/software-engineering/characteristics-and-class...

Explain

Structure and

Characteristics

of SRS.

Explain

Software

Configuration

Management

Process

Software engineering provides methods to handle Spiral model

complexities in a software system and enables the in Software
development of reliable software systems, which maximize Engineering
productivity. In addition to the technical aspects of the
List & Explain
software development, it also covers management activities
which include guiding the team, budgeting, preparing Various

schedules, etc. The notion of software engineering was first Components

proposed in 1968. Since then, software engineering has of an SRS
evolved as a full-fledged engineering discipline, which is
What are
accepted as a field involving in-depth study and research.
Various
Software engineering methods and tools have been
successfully implemented in various applications spread Software
across different walks of life. Engineering
Software is defined as a collection of programs, Problems?
documentation and operating procedures. The Institute of Explain
Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) defines
What is
software as a 'collection of computer programs, procedures,
Process
rules and associated documentation and data.' It possesses no
mass, no volume, and no colour, which makes it a non- Model?
degradable entity over a long period. Software does not wear Explain
out or get tired. Waterfall
Software controls, integrates, and manages the hardware Model Along
components of a computer system. It also instructs the
With its
computer what needs to be done to perform a specific task
and how it is to be done. For example, software instructs the Limitations

hardware how to print a document, take input from the user, Software
and display the output. Crisis in
Computer works only in response to instructions provided Software
externally. Usually, the instructions to perform some intended Engineering

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What is software? Characteristics and Classification of Software. http://ecomputernotes.com/software-engineering/characteristics-and-class...

tasks are organized into a program using a programming Project

language like C, C++, Java, etc., and submitted to computer. Planning in
Computer interprets and executes these instructions and
Software
provides response to the user accordingly. A set of programs
intended to provide users with a set of interrelated Engineering

functionalities is known as a software package. For Classification

example, an accounting software package such as Tally of Software
provides users the functionality to perform accounting-related
Metrics in
activities.
Software
Software Characteristics Engineering

Architectural
Different individuals judge software on different basis. This is
because they are involved with the software in different ways. Design in
For example, users want the software to perform according to Software
their requirements. Similarly, developers involved in Engineering
designing, coding, and maintenance of the software evaluate
Software
the software by looking at its internal characteristics, before
delivering it to the user. Software characteristics are classified Engineering -

into six major components. What is

• Functionality: Refers to the degree of performance of the Software

software against its intended purpose. Engineering?

Write Basic

Objective and

Need for

Software
• Reliability: Refers to the ability of the software to provide
desired functionality under the given conditions. Engineering

• Usability: Refers to the extent to which the software can be Requirements

used with ease. Analysis in

• Efficiency: Refers to the ability of the software to use Software

system resources in the most effective and efficient manner. Engineering
• Maintainability: Refers to the ease with which the What is
modifications can be made in a software system to extend its Structural
functionality, improve its performance, or correct errors.
Testing?
• Portability: Refers to the ease with which software
Explain any
developers can transfer software from one platform to
Two
another, without (or with minimum) changes. In simple
terms, it refers to the ability of software to function properly Techniques
on different hardware and software platforms without making used in it

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What is software? Characteristics and Classification of Software. http://ecomputernotes.com/software-engineering/characteristics-and-class...

any changes in it. Rapid

In addition to the above mentioned characteristics, Application
robustness and integrity are also important. Robustness Development
refers to the degree to which the software can keep on
(RAD) Model
functioning in spite of being provided with invalid data while
and its
integrity refers to the degree to which unauthorized access to
the software or data can be prevented. Advantages

and
Classification of Software
Disadvantages
Software can be applied in countless fields such as business, of RAD Model
education, social sector, and other fields. It is designed to suit
Differentiate
some specific goals such as data processing, information
Between
sharing, communication, and so on. It is classified according
to the range of potential of applications. These classifications Process,
are listed below. Project and

• System software: This class of software manages and Products

controls the internal operations of a computer system. It is a Software
group of programs, which is responsible for using computer
Metrics in
resources efficiently and effectively. For example, an
Software
operating system is a system software, which controls the
hardware, manages memory and multitasking functions, and Engineering
acts as an interface between application programs and the Differentiate
computer. Between Top
• Real-time software: This class of software observes, Down and
analyzes, and controls real world events as they occur.
Bottom UP
Generally, a real-time system guarantees a response to an
Approaches
external event within a specified period of time. An example
of real-time software is the software used for weather Differentiate
forecasting that collects and processes parameters like Between
temperature and humidity from the external environment to Error, Fault
forecast the weather. Most of the defence organizations all
and Failure
over the world use real-time software to control their military
hardware. Object-

• Business software: This class of software is widely used Oriented

in areas where management and control of financial activities Testing

is of utmost importance. The fundamental component of a What is
business system comprises payroll, inventory, and accounting
Software
software that permit the user to access relevant data from the
Requirement?
database. These activities are usually performed with the help
of specialized business software that facilitates efficient Types of

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What is software? Characteristics and Classification of Software. http://ecomputernotes.com/software-engineering/characteristics-and-class...

framework in business operations and in management Requirements.

decisions. What is
• Engineering and scientific software: This class of Formal
software has emerged as a powerful tool in the research and
Methods
development of next generation technology. Applications such
Model?
as the study of celestial bodies, under-surface activities, and
programming of an orbital path for space shuttles are heavily Advantages
dependent on engineering and scientific software. This and
software is designed to perform precise calculations on Disadvantages
complex numerical data that are obtained during real time
of Formal
environment.
Methods
• Artificial intelligence (AI) software: This class of
software is used where the problem-solving technique is non- Model

algorithmic in nature. The solutions of such problems are Describe

generally non-agreeable to computation or straightforward Difference
analysis. Instead, these problems require specific problem-
Between Top-
solving strategies that include expert system, pattern
Down &
recognition, and game-playing techniques. In addition, they
involve different kinds of search techniques which include the Bottom up
use of heuristics. The role of artificial intelligence software is Coding
to add certain degrees of intelligence to the mechanical Techniques
hardware in order to get the desired work done in an agile
for
manner.
Programming
• Web-based software: This class of software acts as an
What is build
interface between the user and the Internet. Data on the
Internet is in the form of text, audio, or video format, linked and fix model
with hyperlinks. Web browser is a software that retrieves web or ad hoc
pages from the Internet. The software incorporates executable model? and
instructions written in special scripting languages such as CGI
Explaini its
or ASP. Apart from providing navigation on the Web, this
software also supports additional features that are useful Advantages

while surfing the Internet. and

• Personal computer (PC) software: This class of Disadvantages

software is used for both official and personal use. The Debugging in
personal computer software market has grown over in the last Software
two decades from normal text editor to word processor and
Testing
from simple paintbrush to advanced image-editing software.
This software is used predominantly in almost every field, When is Cost

whether it is database management system, financial Estimation

accounting package, or multimedia-based software. It has Done?

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What is software? Characteristics and Classification of Software. http://ecomputernotes.com/software-engineering/characteristics-and-class...

emerged as a versatile tool for routine applications. Discuss the

COCOMO

Model along

with the

Parameters

Defined in it

Software

Testing

Strategies -

Types of

Software

Testing

Strategies

Discuss the

Different

Levels of

Testing

Incremental

Model or

iterative

enhancement

model in

software

engineering

What is

Functional

Testing? What

are the

Different

Techniques

used in it

Write and

Explain

Software

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Development

Phases

What is a Test

Plan? What

should a Test

Plan Include

Definition of

Software

Engineering

and Software

Engineering

Layers

Software

Engineering

Challenges

What are the

Different

Methods Used

for Monitoring

a Project

Requirements

Validation in

Software

Engineering

Explain

Software

Components

Applications

Component-

Level Design

in software

engineering

Time Boxing

Model in

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Software

Engineering

Explain

Various

DESIGN

TECHNIQUES

Coding

Guidelines in

Software

Engineering

What do you

Mean by

Structured

Analysis.

Discuss the

Objectives of

the Design

Phase

What is Risk

Management?

Give Brief

Ideas for Risk

Assessment

and Control

Explain

Classical Life

Cycle Model

or linear

sequential

model

Software

Testing –

What is

Software

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What is software? Characteristics and Classification of Software. http://ecomputernotes.com/software-engineering/characteristics-and-class...

Testing?

Characteristics

of Software

Test.

Programming

Practices with

Top-Down,

Bottom-Up,

Structured

Programming,

and

Information

Hiding

Software

Testing

Techniques

What is

Exhaustive

Testing

What do you

Mean by

Staffing

What are Test

Case

Specifications

Software

Process

Assessment

Data Design

in Software

Engineering

Write

Different

Software

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Quality

Factors

Discuss

Briefly the

Validation of

SRS

What are

Function

Points? How

are they

Computed?

Explain

What is

Quality

Assurance

Plans?

Discuss the

Different

Approaches

Used

What is

V-model ?

Advantages

and

Disadvantages

of V Model.

Software

Measurement

in Software

Engineering

Code

Verification

Techniques in

Software

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Engineering

Software

Engineering

Phases

Criteria for

Selecting

Software

Process

Models

What are the

Matrices,

Measurements

and Models of

Project

Management

Process

Discuss

Briefly Test

Cases and

Test Criteria

What is Black

Box Testing

Software

Maintenance

Models

Software

Design

Documentation

(SDD)

Test Case

Design |

Software

Testing

What are the

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What is software? Characteristics and Classification of Software. http://ecomputernotes.com/software-engineering/characteristics-and-class...

Different

Verification

Methods Used

for Detailed

Design

Software

Maintenance

in Software

Engineering

Explain

Object

Oriented

Analysis and

Dsign Tools

Coding

Documentation

in Software

Engineering

Emergence of

Software

Engineering

Requirements

Management

Process in

Software

Engineering

What do you

Mean by

Process

Improvement

and Maturity.

Explain the

CMM Model

What are

13 of 19 07-08-2018, 11:56
What is software? Characteristics and Classification of Software. http://ecomputernotes.com/software-engineering/characteristics-and-class...

Requirement

Reviews

Software

Maintenance

Life Cycle

Software

Design

Reviews in

Software

Engineering

Levels of

Software

Testing

Write a Note

on Software

Design

Phases

Explain

Various

Phases of

Process

Management

Measuring

Software

Quality in

Software

Engineering

What are Test

Oracles

Object

Oriented

Metrics in

Software

Engineering

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What are

Various Types

of Errors that

Occur in SRS

Coding

Methodology

in Software

Engineering

What is Static

Analysis?

How is it

Performed?

What are its

Uses

What is

Mutation

Testing

Tools for

Software

Maintenance

Write Major

Problems in

System

(Software)

Development

What are the

Different

Techniques

Used for

Proving the

Correctness

of a Program

Explain

Various

15 of 19 07-08-2018, 11:56
What is software? Characteristics and Classification of Software. http://ecomputernotes.com/software-engineering/characteristics-and-class...

Programming

Practices

used in

Coding. What

is meant by

Information

Hiding

Write a Short

Note on

Project

Control

Termination

Analysis

What is the

Psychology of

Testing

What is

Design

Review? How

Automated

Cross-

Checking

Determines

Review of

System

Write Down

Various

Software

Problems

Software

Testing Tools

Techniques

for

Maintenance

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Software

Process and

Life Cycle

What Do You

Mean by Knot

Count

What are the

Different

Methods Used

to Specify the

Modules in

Detailed

Design

Write

Management

Approaches

in Software

Engineering

Designing

Software

Metrics in

Software

Engineering

What are the

Different

Approaches

Used for the

Verification of

a Design

Document

Responsibilities

of Software

Project

Manager

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Requirements

Elicitation or

requirements

capture or

requirements

acquisition

What is

Bottom-Up

Design?

Test Plan |

Software

Testing

Write Role of

Management

Apart from

Requirement

Reviews what

are the other

Methods Used

for the

Validation of

SRS

Analysis

Patterns in

Software

Engineering

Software

Requirements

Engineering

Tools

Features of

Software

Code in

Software

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Engineering

Quantitative

Process

Management

(QPM)

Issues in

Software

Metrics

Process

Change

Management

(PCM)

Technology

Change

Management

(TCM)

Organization

Process

Definition

(OPD)

Coding Tools

in Software

Engineering

Organization

Process

Focus (OPF)

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