ers cE PAPER 2 Writing PAPERS. Ustening a Speaking > Part 1 of the Reading and Use ‘of English paper tests your ‘awareness of vocabulary. > Read the whole text to get = general idee of the subject. > There is only one correct answer for aac question, ‘and it must fit in the sentence {and also the meaning of the whole text. > The gapped word may be part of e collocation (two words ‘that are frequently combined ~ 2.9. mate progressi, phrasal ‘verb or an expression, or it ‘may just be the only suitable word for the specific context. > Look carefully a the words before and after each gap. For exemple, sometimes only one ‘option ie correct because of «2 preposition that follows the gap. ‘Question 2: ail four options fic the gap in torms of their ‘meaning but only one option is followed by the preposition on. ‘Question 4: This is an exairple ‘of a collocation. Only one option. ‘998s with forbidden. ‘Question §: Which af these phrasal verbs means ‘to cause something new to happen? ‘Question 8: This is an example fof an item where the ensiver depends on the qrammetical Structure thet comes aft Only one of the options can be {followed by an infinitive - to have lost in this sentence. 42 cambridge English: Aa For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an exemple at the beginning (0). ‘Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet, Example: © A scan B glance © view D- spot ola lo A Stone-Age restaurant At first (0) Berlin's Sauvage restaurant looks much like many other fashionable eeteries. But look closely and you'll discover that it offers an unusual experience (1). Paleolithic (or Stone-Age} food. Diners sit at candle-lit tables and eat meals (2h ...... on the dietary habits of our prehistoric (3)... who lived between two million and 200,000 years ago. The food Jncludes unprocessed fruit, vegetables, meat, fish, eggs, nuts and seeds, but sugar, bread, rice and dairy products are (4) ...... forbidden, as they were unavailable to ‘Stone Age hunter-gatherers. ‘The restaurant's owners insist that the ‘Paleo diet’ (5) oreater energy levels, increased muscle mass and clearer skin. ‘Many people think this diet is just a passing fashion, but i's world-wide (6) ......' says one. It is probably strongest in the USA where thousands of people have apparently gone ‘Paleo’. One of the best-known people to (7) ...... the caveman cuisine is the veteran pop singer, Tom Jones, who (8)... to have lost more than ten kilos after switching to it. 1 A consisting —_B starring € highlighting —_D_ featuring 2 A based B linked © derived D inspired 3 A founders B originators C ancestors —-—D__pioneers 4 A tightly B precisely C extremely —D_strictly 5 A brings about B sets up © pulls out D follows with 6 A situation B phenomenon —_€ circumstance incident 7 A enter B adopt © assume D exert 8 A assens B maintains ¢ claims D states Test >» PAPER 1 Reading and Use of English > Part 1Cambridge Englis: Advanc For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). wi your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. Example: [0 (0[F CTT Body language - do we really understand it? Newspapers accuse 4 well-known footballer (0)... anti-social behaviour in a night club. His manager makes a public statement in (9) ....... he asserts that the young man is innocent. When asked (10) ....... makes him so sure, the manager says ‘he looked me straight in the eye when he told me.” Can we really know (11) ........ oF not someone is telling the truth just by looking in their eyes? Psychologist Robert James is far (12) ...... convinced. (13) ..... and large, maintaining eye contact is something liars do because eye movements are fairly easy to control.’ ‘Communications expert Becky Rhodes shares his scepticism. ‘Body language clues are ever precise (14) ....« to rely on with absolute confidence,’ she says. She illustrates this by describing the ‘Othello error’, named (16) ..... Shekespeare's tragic character who claims his wife has been deceiving him and then interprets her shocked reaction (16) | startlooking guilty, so my body language definitely doesn’t reflect the truth about me.” Essential tips Part 2 of the Reading and Use of English paper tests your awareness of grammar and ‘common expressions, and your ability to use these words correctly. . Quilt, ‘Personally, the minute I see 2 security guard watching me in a shop, > Read the whole text to get a general idea of the subject. > Most of the oops need grammatical words. Decide which type of ward each gap needs. ‘These could include: prepositions e.g, of in), articles (a, thel, pronouns (they, it. thar), relative pronouns (who, which), conjunctions (and, so), parts of verbs (be, been, modal verbs (might, must), particles of phrasal verbs (look through, look into), parts of ‘phrases (in order to). > The gap will probably not need a topic word. For example, in the phrase she might have known, known would not be gapped, but she or might or have could be. > Sometimes more than one answor is possible. For example, if may is possible, might ‘and could are often possible too. So, don't worry if you can think of more than oF ‘answer, just choose one. > The word you choose must it the meaning of the text as a whole. So, when you ‘complete the task, reac the whole text to see ift all makes sense. ‘Question 9: A relative pronoun is needed here, Which one can follow a preposition? Question 11: Look at the whole sentence, and particulary at this part ofthe question: can we ‘know... or not someone is telling the truth? Which word often follows know in questions? Question 12: Look at the whole of the second paragraph. The psychologist does not believe: the manager was right. Which word fits far... convinced to express this idea? ‘Question 13: This is a linking phrase which means ‘in general’. You need a preposition to complete it. Test 1>> PAPER 1 Reading and Use of English >> Part2 15eee Veeco Essential tips > Part 3 of the Reading end Use ‘of English papar tests your knowledge of vocabulary, Jn particular your ability to build words from a basic root using prefixes and suffixes and making other kinds of chenges. > Road the whole text to get a general idea ofthe subject, > Think about which type of word is needed for each gap. fs it 2 verb, noun, aciective for adverb? Try writing V (for verb, N (for noun), ADS Yor adjective} or ADV (ior adverb) by the gaps to remind {yourself of the word type required. > Look at te whole sentence, ‘not just the line with the gap aw > Look st the word in capital letters tothe eight ofthe gap. You will need to alter the form ‘of this word by adding a prefix ‘or suffix or by making some ‘ather change, > Some words will need! more than ene chang, > When you've finished the task, fead through it again ‘and check that it all makes sense. > As you read it again, check the spelling, and, also, whether ‘words should be singular or plural. For questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the and ‘of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. Thore is an ‘example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. (ol(siHloleirialctetst | TTT ] Example Fog catchers - a way of getting water into the desert In the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, water (0) ‘SHORT ‘re nothing new. In one of the driest places on earth, some Jocal (17)... have-nevar seen a drop of rain. RESIDE (18) ...... water supplies for the few remote settlements, HISTORY have been trucked in. In the last 20 years, however, ‘some communities have turned to ‘fog catchers’ as an alternative source of water and a means of (19) ...... the VITAL arid land, Although it never rains, a heavy (20) ....:. fog often rolls off coast the Pacific Ocean and across the desert. As it reaches the rocky foothills of the Andes mountains, (21)... {s captured in large, moist ‘specially designed nets. Droplets run down the nets into pipes, ‘and then into (22) sss tanks. This water is fresh enough to drink, STORE but enough is also collected for other uses like washing ‘and farming This simple and (23) ..... technology is relatively cheap and easy INVENT to manage, which is why ‘fog catchers’ are now being tried out in other parts of the world where (24) ...... of desertification is REVERSE a high priority. ‘Question 17; Look at the words before Question 20: Sometimes you may | ‘and after the gap to check whether think that no cherie is needed. | the word should be singular or plural. Here, for example, you may think | ‘Question 18: An adverb is often ‘that coast fog is possible. However, Beil ail ici You sl always ead to make sorte First, think about how to form an Shange fo tha wordin capt ter, | adjective from history. Than, think In this caee, you need to change | how this adjective can become an oast in some way ta make it an ‘adverb. Also, chack the spelling. adiective. | ‘Question 13: A vero meaning ‘iving | ‘ow lft" is ndedo nore. You wil | inaed to edd a prefix and a aut, | nglisi: Advanced Test 1 >> PAPER 1 Reading and Use of English > Pare 3Coe eeceennene my cl PAPER 2. writing PAPER 3 Listening a PAPER Speaking | Part Essential tips Par 4 of the Roading and Use of English paper tests ‘your knowiodgo of grammar, ‘vocabulary and sentence ‘structure, and your ability to Use these in an accurate way, > For each auostion, read bath ‘sentences carefully. The ‘Sepond sentence must have the same meaning as the firs, but in citferent words. > You must not change the key word in any way. > You may need to change the word order. Think about ‘words that may need 10 change, for exarnpl, an ‘jective to an adverb, or the ‘other way round. » You may need to change the ‘sentance fram negative to positive or fram active to emi, or he cer ey > You must use between three. ‘and six words. Contracted words count as two words, 2.9, don't do nat. ‘Question 25: Which phrose, ‘means ‘know nothing at all? How can whose be used to mean “who the folder belonged to’? ‘Question 26; What pattern of ‘words comes after encourage? What phrase bginning make 45... meons the same as complain? How should formally be changed? ‘Question 27; Can you change demotish to make a noun? Can ‘you think of a phrase including ‘place that means ‘happened’? ‘Question 3: What passive structure beginning with have means “get someorie to service your car? Ifthe structure is passive, ‘you do not need to mention ‘who serviced the car— ie. the mechanic, Notice that the fst sentence begins with wanted in ‘the past; make sure the changes "you make express this menning, For questions 25-80, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must Use between three and six words, including the word given. Here is an example (0) Example: © Chloe would only eat a pizza if she could have @ mushroom topping. on. Chloe .... ‘a mushroom topping when she had a pizza ‘The gep can be filled with the words ‘insisted on having’, so you write: Example: | 0 ||NSISTED ON HAVING ] Write only the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. 25 Paula knew nothing at all about who the folder belonged to and why it ‘appeared on her desk. WHOSE Paula had absolutely ... her desk . and why it appeared on 26 Naomi said Michael should formally complain about the service they hed at the hotel. MAKE Naomi encouraged son about the servies they'd had at the hotel, 27 The stadium was demolished in 2003, and thore are still no plans to build = new one, PLACE Thosaennere build @ new one. . 2003, and there are still no plans to 28 Jenny's achieverents NEARLY press me much less than her sister's do I don't think Jenny's achievements are —— her sister. 29 Unless someone comes late, we should be able to get through all the points in today’s meeting. TURNS As 1m ONAIME, We Should be able to get through all the points in today's meeting 30 I wanted to get a machanic to service my car before | went on holiday, but I didn’t have time. HAVE would like I didn’t have time, before I went on holiday, but iTest 1>> PAPER 1 Reading and Use of English >» Parra 15)Coe (eee You are going to read a newspaper article. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, Cor D) which you think fits best according to the text, Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Birdwatching Bird expert Tim Birkhead looks at the fascinating subject of what we know or can know about birds. The sight of two lovebirds nibbling each other's necks is enough of a cliché that we barely give it a second thought. These small parrots are called lovebirds because their closeness and mutual preening resemble human affection. But what do they feel when they behave like that? Indeed, do they feel anything at all? Even asking the question seems wrong somehow, especially if you consider yourself an ethologist, a student of animal behaviour. The Nobel Prize winner, Niko Tinbergen, warned fellow ethologists to steer well clear of feelings. ‘This is not the method we shall follow in our study of animal behaviour,’ he announced in 1951. Like most ethologists, through much of my career | have hardly deviated from this hard-nosed approach. But every 50 often, I have seen something that simply wouldn't sit easily with it When my boyhood birdwatching became an obsession rather than simply a hobby, my despairing father warned me that I'd never make a career out of it, but luckily | did. Birdwatching is the best possible training for studying animal behaviour; to study birds well, you have to almost think like a bird. | spent years on various remote islands watching those great seabirds, guillemots. Intensely social, guillemots live shoulder-to-shoulder in huge city-like colonies. Like us they form friendships and long-term pair bonds and, like lovebirds, they show their affection for their partners through mutual preening and striking greeting ceremonies. Once as I watched, an incubating guillemot stood up from its egg and roared out its greeting - apparently to no one. | was perplexed, but on looking out to sea — hundreds of metres away — there was a guillemot flying towards the colony, A few seconds later, it landed beside its partner. Guillemots were never quite the same for me after this. They can see so much better than | can, and they have some kind of guillemot-recognition system in their brain. The moment eventually inspired me to explore and write about the way bitds use vision, hearing, touch, smell, taste and feelings to experience the world. While it was relatively straightforward to describe how much better or worse a bird sees, hears, smells or touches than we do, trying to understand — scientifically ~ how a bird feels is fraught with difficulties. As the philosopher Thomas Nagel pointed out in his 1974 essay ‘What is it like to be a bat?’, we cannot know what it is like to be another person, let alone another species. He chose bats because they are mammals and we share a lot of physiology and neurobiology with them, and because bats possess a sense most of us don't have: echolocation (listening for echoes to locate things). | suspect Nagel thought that no human can echolocate, but in fact some blind people do so extremely well. Nagel’s point, however, is this: because it is impossible to know what it is like to be another person, trying to imagine what non-humans feel is a waste of time. Itisn’t, The behavioural thinking that | have followed all these years has served me, and other scientists like me, well, But it's also a kind of trap. Anything that doesn’t fit gets ignored because the intellectual framework doesn’t permit one to say something different for fear of being labelled unprofessional. But ways of thinking come and go. As our knowledge of animal behaviour has increased, and with it the realisation that so many behaviours we ‘once considered uniquely human, like tool use and language, aren’t, the boundaries are changing. It's all very well to study the survival value of long-term pair bonds or mutual preening, but without knowing anything about the sensory bases for these behaviours, our understanding is always going to be incomplete. A few years ago, behavioural zoologists discovered ‘symmetry’, and assumed that symmetry (for example, in a perfectly proportioned human face or a peacock’s tail) constituted beauty and quality, and was therefore the basis for the selection of partners. Few researchers bothered to test whether animals could assess symmetry in the same way as we can, One who did checked whether female starlings could distinguish males based on the symmetry of their feathers. These highly social birds couldn't, Their senses weren't up to it. Any study that had assessed starling partner choice on the basis of symmetry without knowing this would have reached false conelusions. In contrast, the sense of vision in starlings (and most other birds) is fer better than our own: they can discriminate many more colours than we can, and they use this to assess potential partners. ‘Test 1>) PAPER 1 Reading and Use of English >> PartsEssential tips > Part of the Reading and Use ‘of English paper tests your detailed understancing of = text, including the views anc attitudes expressed in it > Read through the text quickly to get s general idea of the subject and how itis ‘organised, Don’t worry If there are words or phrases you don't understand. > The questions follow the ‘order of the text: Read each ‘question ar question stem ccorefully and underline the key words. Highlight the piece of text where thie question is answered. Often the question ‘will ell you which the rolevant paragraph is > Lookin the text forthe answer tothe question. One of the ‘options will express the same idea, but don't expect that it wil do s0.n the words af the text ‘Question 31: You will usually need to check all the options ‘carefully. An option can only be cortect if all the information ‘contained in its also in the text Look at Option A: the writer ‘fers to a name given to a type of bied but doos he suggest itis ‘nappropriste? Look at Option B: ‘asa sciontist, the writer may *hink that people are often too subjective when thinking about birds but does he express this ‘pinion in the first paragraph? Look at Option C: the writar Says that we barely give the ‘sight of two lovebirds nibbling ‘each other's necks a second shougit, but does this mean that ‘not enough attention is paid to ‘the way bitds behave? Look at ‘Option D: the writer says that ‘Niko Tinbergen warned fellow ‘thologists to steer wel cloar of Jealings’ when studying animal behaviour, but doss he 31 What does the writer suggest about birds in the first paragraph? A. The names commonly given to them can be inappropriate. B People are often too subjective in the way they think about them C Insufficient attention is paid to the way they behave towards each other. D Most serious research on them ignores the idea they might have emotions. 32 What does the writer say sbout himself in the second paragraph? His personal sympathies lie with particular species of birds. He has managed to achieve what was expected of him. He recognised early on how unusual his interests were. His understanding of birds stems from lengthy observation. comp 33 The writer describes a particular incident in the third paragraph to explain ‘A what originally attracted him to guillemots. B_ what led him to investigate birds’ senses. © the challenges that birdwatchers encounter. D_ the sophistication of guillemot communication. 34 Why does the writer refer to an idea put forward by Thomas Nagel? 10 underline the differences between birds and mammals to explain scientists’ neglect of an aspect of animal research to emphasise the significance of the subject he is studying to draw attention to advances in scientific knowledge vom» 35 What point doos the writer make in the fifth paragraph? ‘A. The way animals behave may have changed over time. B Scientific debate has become more and more competitive. Research has shown the limitations of certain ideas about animals. D_ The cautious approach he adopted in his work is a source of regret to him. 36 The writer discusses the study of ‘symmetry’ to illustrate ‘A. the danger of ignoring birds’ senses as a subject of study. B__ the fact that birds tend to have better eyesight than humans. © the idea that theories in science are disproved on a regular basis. D_ the error in regarding beauty as a key factor in birds’ choice of partners. Question 34: Although the question ‘to Nagel? Option C: the writor does net tell you which paragraph ‘mentions that Nagel isan ‘eminent 10 look at, tha name Thomas Nagel philosopher’. which means that he is should be easy to find in the text. Imporant ~is this why he refers to This question is about the structure ‘him? Option D: the writer mentions ‘of tho taxt- the writer's purpose that Nagel’s essay was written in in referring to one person's idea. 1974 and science has obviously First, what isthe ides that Thomas progressed since then = is this why Nagel put forward? Look at each he refers to Nagel? ‘option carefully. Option A: the writer Question 36: f you do not know the ‘mentions that bats and humans Nard a\soinetey. Wk Parable share certain features, and also that ‘Mie tna th tie Sra) paragraph eg, Nogel did not know that humans can n'a perfactly shaped human face also ‘echolocate’ ~ is this his reason Hyp ecbang aorta tinea for referring to Nagel? Option 8: ‘you a good idea of the meaning the writer says thatthe study of bird Ih Combiidge English: Advanced sanses ‘has been @ minority subject” reading texts, you will often be sind eee Dar enderniening bie to work out the meaning of an hhow a bird feels is fraught wit Rokngen went aay oe Aificuies’ =i this why he refers aYou are going to read four contributions to a debate on whether entry to museums should be free of charge. For questions 37-40, choose from the contributions A-D. ‘The contributions may be chosen more then once. 2. writing ER 5 Listening ‘Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. PAPER 4 Speaking Pan Should entry to museums be free of charge? The views of four speakers at a conference on museum funding are summarised here. A In the late 1990s, the then UK government decided to end admission charges to a number of leading museums and art galleries in the country, and within a few yearsWisi almost doubled; 12 report estimated an increase from 27 to 42 million visitors within a year. This 1s tampinasemtpossible-evidenen, itis no coincidence that the saw enjimpressive growth in tourlsnpto the country in the same period, and there leno need to go into detail here about the implications of this for employment and general prosperity. Add to this the contributi SSRAAEOR oath oltre now era steraestuicniasiieeine es and it becomes obvious that the state investment required tofund free entry to museums pays off handsomely. It is hardly surprising thet-surveysishowmostpeople:favour:free* museum admissions. Why would anyone spurn a free chance to see a collection of beautiful paintings or some fascinating historical objects? The fact is, however, that although visitor numbers generally go up when admission is free, more detailed analysis of the figures reveals some complex issues. For example, itis far from_certain that free museum access automatically brings in the tourists. Most market research indicates that they want quality and will pay for Tif neceesary- Moreover, the evidence suggests that people who run museums which rely on the state for their funding have little incentive to make their | more exciting and imaginatively displayed in order to boost visitor ‘numbers; the fee, or absence of one, does their work for them. The need to attract paying customers, on the other hand, tends to concentrate the minds of museum and gallery directors. c Free admission to museums and galleries usually causes attendance to rise and, with effective marketing, stimulates growth in the touri /. However, studies have also found that, by and large, increased entries re accounted for by tourists, who do not pay local income taxes, and more frequent visits by local people who already go to museums, rather than a wider spread of the population. In other words, all taxpayers subsidise museum access for tourists and a limited local largely middle-class demographic who could afford to pay for museum admission. Therefore, the claim that free museums make the wider population more knowledgeable and cultured is questionable at best. The fact is, ‘more perturbed to hear that state- survive, tend to be complacent and unenterprising, ims, free of the need to compé D ‘Museums have a crucial role to play in preserving and transmitting a nation's history and heritage, andiin nin particular. ing intellectual and cultural horizons, among the younger generé ‘Opinion polls show = ae anes state funding, which in turn depends on taxation. While most of us dislike hey also show people understand paying taxes, we know what they are for. that government funding gives those who. jupmuseums 2 certain level of security which allows them to plan for the longer-term. This tends to lift the {Gueity of museum collections and the way they are displayed and explained to visitors. Greet museums which eve free access also help to boost tourism, which is so central to the economic well-being of many countries mowadays. ico Test 1) PAPER 1 Reading and Use of English > Part 6 r careregeWhich contributor shares A's view regarding the role of museums in education? has a different opinion from the others about the possible impact of the cost of entry to mussums on tourism? has the same opinion as C on the way state funding affects the development of museums? takes a different view from the others regarding public attitudes towards the cost of entry to museums? Essential tips Part 6 of the Reading and Use of English paper tests your ability to understand opinions and attitudes expressed | indifferent texte and to dacide whother different writers "__have similar or aifferent opinions, These are always four short texts by differant writers about the same subject. DD este ae ne sag scare i Breet ter ec ce Coiwety timnee wees BD) soit oe Sok rtd > Look carefully t the four questions and highlight the key ‘words relating to the topio in each, 1 Read the first text and highlight the parts ofthe text that refer to each of the questions. Write the relevant ‘question numbers next to the toxt. Then do the same for ‘the other three toxts, 5 _® Go through the questions again and highlight the part asking you to differentiate somehow between texts {usually at the beginning of the question) "> Then look atthe parts of ezch text that are relevant 10 ‘Question 37. Compare them carefully and decide which have similar views and which have cifferent viows. AAG ‘Question 37: The key words in this question are role of ‘museums in education. The relevant part of ext As... the Contribution that museums make in communicating culture, “knowledge and inspication to visitors, particularly younger ‘ones ." Now look st the other three texts and highlight references to education, As in text A. the word education ‘may be paraphrasod. The question asks which contributor shares A's view, so you need to work out which text ‘expresses a similar view to A's. ‘Question 38: The key words in this sentence are impact of the cost of entry... on tourism and you are asked to find 2 different opinion from the others, 90 you need to find ‘three views that are similar and one that is different. The ‘olovant part of text Ais. the clearest possible evidence for the popularity of free musoum admission, with both local citizens and tourists. it's no coincidence thet the UK sew an impressive growth in tourism. So, writer A says free museum entry increased tourism. The relevant part of text Bis tis far from certain that free museum access ‘automatically brings in the tourists’ I this similar or different from the view expressed in A? Now, go throush ‘the seme process with texts C and D. Cambridge English: Advanced Test 1>> PAPER 4 Reading and Use of Engaism >» Parrose eames) PAPER 2 Writing PAPER 3 Listening PAPER 4 Speaking You are going to read a magazine article about the ancient Maya civilisation in Central America. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (41-46). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet The rise and fall of the ancient Maya civilisation No civilisation has fallen quite like the Maya, seemingly swallowed by the jungle after centuries of urban, cultural and agricultural evolution. What went wrong? Recent discoveries point not to a cataclysmic eruption, earthquake or plague but rather to climate change. But first came the boom years, roughly AD300 to 660. At the beginning of the so-called Classic Maya period, some 60 Maya cities sprang up across much of modern-day Guatemala, Belize and Mexico's Yucatan Peninst 41 But then came the bust, a decline that lasted at least two centuries. By 1100, the residents of once thriving Maya cities seem to have just disappeared. In the nineteenth century, when explorers began discovering the overgrown ruins of ‘lost cities’, theorists imagined ‘an immense volcanic eruption or earthquake — or maybe an empire-wide pandemi ZI 42 One study of stalagmites in a cavern in Belize links swings in weather patterns to both the rise and fall of the empire. Formed by water and minerals dripping from above, stalagmites grow more quickly in rainier years, giving s: reliable record of historical rainfall trends, ‘The early Classic Maya period was unusually wet,’ according to lead researcher Douglas Kennett. And during this time, he says, ‘the population proliferated, aided by a surge in agriculture.’ al But the long wet spell turned out to be an anomaly. When the climate pendulum swung back, hard times followed. ‘Mayan systems were founded on those high rainfall patterns,’ Kennett said. ‘They could not support themselves when patterns changed.” 20 The following centuries were characterised by repeated and, at times extreme, drought. Agriculture declined and, not coincidentally, social conflict rose. 44 But times would get even harder. The stalagmite record suggests that between 1020 and 1100 the region suffered its longest dry spell of the last 2,000 years. With, the study suggests, came crop failure, famine, mass migration and death. By the time Spanish conquistadors arrived in the sixteenth century, inland Maya populations had decreased by 90 per cent, and urban centres and farms had been abandoned and reclaimed by forest. 45 ] According to climate scientist, Benjamin Cook, this widespread deforestation reduced the flow of moisture from the ground to the atmosphere, interrupting the natural rain cycle and in turn reducing rainfall Computer simulations that Cook ran for one study show that localised drying decreased atmospheric moisture by five to 15 per cent annually. ‘Even a ten per cent decrease is considered an environmental catastrophe,” he says, 46 ] But, according to Professor of Environment and Society B.L. Turner, ‘that's the kind of oversimplification we're trying to get away from. The Mayan situation is not applicable today — our society is just so radically different.’ In his own study, Turner concludes that the natural environment recovered rather quickly after the dry centuries. Whet happened to the Maya, he suggests, is that in order to escape starvation and wars inland, many moved to coastal areas where life was comparatively easier. And ance there, they may simply have forgotten their great cities. Test 1 >> PAPER 1 Reading and Use of English >> Part 7To some extent, however, the Maya may have shaped their own decline. At the height of the civilisation, the area had a population of tens of millions, and vast numbers of trees would have been cut down to make space for cities and farms, and to provide fuel. Indeed, it was during the rainiest decades of this era, from AD440 to 660, that the cities sprouted, In fact, all the hallmarks of Maya civilisation — sophisticated political systems, monumental architecture, complex religion — came into full flower during this era. One common misconception is that the Maya completely vanished after the arrival of the Spanish in the sixteenth century. There are, in fact, Mayan people still in the area today, with their own culture and traditions. The mystery, historically, is why their cities were abandoned and never reclaimed. With their pyramids, squares, ball courts and government buildings, they were where the urban Maya discussed philosophy, developed an accurate solar-year calendar and relished the world's first hot chocolate. Farmers, too, were Bssexticd tips Part7 of the Cambridge English: Advanced Reading and Use of English exam tests your understanding of the ‘organisation of a text, in particular the way paragraphs are conriected with each other. Read the main text quickly 10 get a general idea of what ‘tis about and how it's organised. Do not werry about the gape oF any words you do not know at this point. Then, carefully read each paragraph in the main text. ‘Make sure you know what the main ides in each paragraph is. ead the gepped paragraphs A-G, and make sure you know what the main idea in each Look for links betwoen the main text and the gapped Daragraph. The gapped paragraph may have links to the paragraph before it, or the paragraph ater it, or to both, ‘The links between paragraphs might be: connected ideas; teloted vocabulary ~ 0.9. wolves and bears in on. paragraph and these animals in the other, reference ‘Words like this, there, she, her: inking words and Dhrases such as firstly, secondly, however, thar’s why, on the other hand, ‘ed Test 1 >) PAPER 1 Reading and Use of English +» Fa > riding high, turning hillsides into tersces Seles to feed the fast-growing population E Add this to the broader trend and the stuston becomes dire — a cautionary tale for the moder world, some warn. The fear is that, as more and more forestland is turned into farms end oes. and as global temperatures continue to rise may risk the same fate that befell the Mays F The Maya religious and political system was based on the belief that rulers were in direct communication with the gods. When these divine connections failed to produce rainfall sed good harvests, tensions probably developed. in only 25 years between 750 and 775, for example. 39 rulers commissioned the same number of stone monuments — evidence of ‘rivalry, war. and strategic alliances,” according to Kennett’s study. G Today, however, scientists generally agree that the Maya collapse has many roots, all intertwined — overpopulation, warfare, famine, drought. And one of the hottest fields of inquiry in recent years has centred on climate change, perhaps of the Maya’s own doing. > There is one extra gapped paragraph whieh will not fit any gap. > Once you have finished, re-read the completed text and ‘make Gure that & makos soneo, Question 41: The last sentence in the previous paragranh ig about the growth of the Mayan cities. Several gapped paragraphs rater to the cities. Look for one that gives some: fexira details about the cities, and which contains pronouns referring to the cities, ‘Question 42: The last contence of the previous paragraph tele's to ninsteentt-century theories about the disappearance of the Maya civilisation. Look for a gapped paragraph which eontrasts this with more modern theories. ‘Question 43: The foliowing paragraph starts “But the fong ‘wet spell turned out to be an anomaly’ Can you find 2 ‘Gapped paragraph which rafors to a “wet spall? ‘Question 45: The following paragraph starts with a sentence about the effect of this deforestation’, Which gapped paragraph raters to deforestation? 2Cy CEeeacic Lal PAPER 2 Writing uistening 4 Speaking > In this par of the exam you are requited to read one text or @ ‘number of short texts to find ‘specific information, which ‘may include an opinion or the ‘expression of an attitude. > Read the instructions, the ttle and the questions. > Skim through the texts quickly to get a general idea of what ‘they are about. Don't worry if mere are words or phrases you don't understand. > Read each question again and ‘make sure you understand what itis asking. Underline the key words in the question {the words that show you what you should look for in the text), Scan the text for ideas or words that felete to the ‘question, Read the relevant pert of the text carofully, > Remember that the part of ‘the text that gives the answor for each question will almost ‘certainly not use the sama ‘words; instead, it will express ‘the idea in a cifterent way, > All the texts are about the same topic, so similar points ‘may be made in two or three ‘texts. When you match 2 {quosiion with a toxt, mako ute it reflects exactly what is in that text. Question 47: The word expert is in the question. Look for other words inthe toxts that ‘express a similar idee, Then ‘check thatthe part of the text ‘you find also oxprossos tno idea OF skebiteci gig tte valuc of ‘aking adv. 22 may be chosen more than once. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Which student acknowledges the value of taking expert advice? is unconcerned about the possibility of failure? is surprised at the lack of competition for her business? has established a precedent in her university? 2ccepts that her business.may have had a negative impact on her Studies? has crested @ business which has exceeded her expectations? believes her personality has changed through working on her business? regrets missing out on certain aspects of student life? thinks that entrepreneurs like her should follow their instincts? claims to have benefited from skills acquired while taking part in an unrelated activity? ‘Question 48: Think of other that express the ‘the texts for references to this, ‘Make sure the one you chooso ‘contains the idea that the writer ie “unconcerned about the possibility of failure, ‘Question 49: What other words or phrases could express the idea of ‘compattion’ for a business? Look theauigh the texts quickly 0 so if you ean find an expression of _surprise with regard to competition. ed Test 1 >> PAPER 1 Reading and Use of English >> Part a You are going to read a magazine article about four students who have started their own businesses. For questions 47-56, choose from the students (A-D). The students i]Students who start businesses Meet some enterprising students who have started their own businesses while at university. A Lisa James As she’s doing business studies, it may not be surprising that Lisa James has set up her own company, but it's happened on a much greater scale than she'd envisaged. The idea for Carefree Flowers came from a visit to a friend who wes in hospital. Real flowers were banned, so instead, Lisa created an arrangement of origami paper ones, each containing an individualised message. Before long, Lisa and her mother, Maria, had set up Carefree Flowers to cater for the demand. Lisa handles the marketing and design. 'Mum does the rest, so | can do my coursework, though not much else~| don’t goto parties, for example.’ She's, also good at managing her time. ‘It’s something | got used to at school ~ | did competitive athletics and had to fit it around schoolwork.’ Lisa plans to continue developing the‘ttisiness, but she can't look too far ahead. ‘Someone else might see the potential in it and take our trade away. That'd hurt, but if it happened, | guess I'd start another business.’ B Joanna Payne Joanna Payne is in her final year of a computer science degree. Her university offers ‘sandwich’ courses, meaning that students can spend year three of a four-year degree working for a business. When Joanna proposed devoting the year to setting up her own business, her lecturers were hesitant but agreed. Joanna launched Buccaneer Productions, specialising in creating games for smart phones. The three games she's released so far have impressed the university so much that it's now policy to encourage sandwich-year entrepreneurship. Joanna's sandwich year was busy, but her life is even more hectic now as she has to juggle lectures and a dissertation with running the Business. "'d love to go out at weekends like my course mates do, but | can't afford the time,’ she says. ‘The apps market is really fast-moving and tough, and you've got to keep on top of it, otherwise it can all come crashing down.’ The upside, of course, is that Joanna now has a pretty good idea of what it takes to set up an apps business. Cambridge English © Alexis Taylor When Alexis Taylor graduates in psychology. she will leave university with a well-established business, Taylor Tutors. The company offers one- to-one tutoring for high school students. All the tutors are students with recent experience of school. Alexis came up with the idea in her first year. ‘It seemed an obvious way to earn some Money,’ says Alexis. ‘I set up a database of students from my university, did some marketing in local schools, and it pr imagined. ki tunate to have. chanced’ upon. a.mé ‘Jonn Marinoven alsos businessman WhO Kept ne? on track at times. Her business and the degree are both relatively flexible, but Alexis “admits to having. missed, ‘deadlines in her hectic lifestyle. ‘Also, ‘aboblveheven' done a much toa should've ~ psychology’s a heavy subject in sense.’ But she's convinced she's done enough, and her entrepreneurial experience will stand her in good stead. D Zoe Roberts Two months after Zoe started her art degree, her bicycle was stolen. ‘It was a real shock and | immediately wanted to do something,’ she says. With the help of a lecturer, she designed a ‘cycle wrapper’, a cover to reduce bike theft and protect bikes from the weather. Eighteen months later, it's still just a prototype Zoe has set up a company, filed a patent, talked to potential investors and manufacturers, and even persuaded the university authorities that the ‘wrapper’ could bear the university name. But = product launch still seems a distant concept. had no idea it would take so long,’ she says. ‘Buvit's:transformed meyI'm much tougher then | used to be. People have told me to give up. They so that’s what I'l do.” Advanced Test 1>> PAPER 1 Reading and Use cf Exgionts === 25)PAPER 1 Readi Use of Enalish Re PAPER 3 Listening PAPER 4 Speaking > Essential tips ‘everyone, You wil be asked to produce an essay in which you must develop and ‘Support an argument on 8 supplied topic. The essay should always be between 220 ‘and 260 words. In Part 2 there are three writing tasks. You must choose one of the three to answer ‘The typas of text you can choose to write will include: an email or leter (formal or informal), a propos 2 report or a review. You should practise producing each text type that appears in the test ‘The information you will need in order to plan and produce each wiitten piece in the testis called the input text. Ths input text might take the form of a bulleted list, an advertisement, @ notice, an announcement, etc, Always read the input text Ccarofully to make sure you understand exactly what you are being asked to writ. Paper 2 consists of two pars. Part 1 ofthe Writing paper i computor for | Pay particular attention to the purpose of each written piece and its target reader Ivis very important to write each item in the appropriate register. Think about ‘whether the language you use should be formal or informal. Ask yourself whether ‘you need to sound neutral or persuasive. | | j ‘Be aware of the structure you will need to use for each item you write, For ‘exemple, how shuld you organise the paragraphs in your essay and what must ‘each one contain? In your report, should you use headings and lists? Pian before you write, but don't spand too much time drafting a rough version; you ‘won't hava time fo rewrite It properly. Use your own words as far 2s possible. Got into the habit of loarning whet 220-260 words look ike in the various forms required for the test, Try to ensure that your handwriting is clear. You may lose points ifthe examiner cannot read what you heve written. ‘Allow a few minutes before the end of the test to quickty reac through your work, checking your speling snd punctua ‘See the Writing bank on pp. 193-205 for examples of the di Foquired for this int typos of writing Test 1 >> PAPER 2 WritingReading ‘Use of engiisn andl PAPER & Speaking Denefits you are asked 10 -acdrass, What can you learn from the “input text? Does averyane ‘who attended the public ‘megoting feal the same about the proposal? ‘whan reforring to the points made at the meeting, try to use your own words. Don't ‘copy the information from the input text. ina ete standard srcture ofan say? What should you 7 | | é Read the tial sles ‘carefully. Note how meny “clude in each pert of it? Who is going to read ‘the eosay? What is tho -spproprite register you. should use here? ‘Are you required to simply. seport what happened at the meeting, of ae you being ‘asked 10 exprass your own 7 ‘You must answer this question. Write your answer in 220-260 words in an appropriate style on the separate answer sheet. 1. Your class has attendad a public meeting on a proposal to build a bypass around your town (a road that avoids the town). You have made the notes below. noise centre Local politicians point out the following benefits of the bypass: + a welcome reduction in pollution and ‘= improved transport links «lass traffie congestion in the town ‘Some opi ns expressed in the meeting: “Traders in the town will suffer economically.” “Land will have to be cleared, and we are concerned about the impact on the environment.” “What about loss of revenue when tourists ‘no longer visit sites of historical interast in the town?” Write an essay for your tutor discussing two of the benefits in your notes. You should explain whether you think the advantages of the bypass outweigh the disadvantages and provi jeasons to support your opinion, You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions expressed in the meeting, but you should use your own words as far as possible. Cambridge Enolish: Advanced Test 1>> PAPER 2 Writing >» Part + 25PAPER 1 Reading and Use of English PAPER 4 Speaking Essential tips > In this part of the test, you ‘will have the opportunity. 10 express yourself moro imaginatively and creatively. > Remember. you only need 19 choose one task in Part 2 of the Wrting peper. > Read each of the three ‘questions carefully. Choose the one that you are most comfonable with. Question 2 > Read the input text carefully. Who is the email from? Fomemiber, it is important to show that you have understood what you need to do here, and to present your proposal in a clear way. ‘structure your proposal? > What ides could you propose? Don't spend too ‘much time trying to think ‘of the best possible idea, However, make sure that ‘your idea directly relates to Improving the employees’ register to use here? > Plan before you begin writing. Do you have enough points ‘10 make in order to mest the required word count of 220-2607 Question 3 > What sort of letter do you ‘think is called for here: formal, semi-formal or informal? > Cheek that you remember hhow to set out ¢ letter in English. > As always, pay attention to the instructions and don't leave anything out. Note, for Write an answer to one of the questions 2-4 in this part. Write your answer in 220-260 words in an appropriate style on the separate answer sheet. Put the question number in the box at the top of the page. 2. You have received the following email from the Managing Director at your place of work. ‘Dear Colleagues, 11am pleased to announce that 2 generous budget of £3,000 has. been set aside to improve the working experience of everyone at the company. | invite all employees to submit a proposal outlining how they feel this money would best be spent. Please illustrate exactly how you believe your proposal will positively impact everyday life at the ‘company. The most popular proposal will be implemented. Good luck! Margaret Whesler CEO Write your proposal 3 In your local newspaper, you have just read an article heavily criticising students’ behaviour in the town, outside of school hours. Write a letter to the editor and include the following information: + your overall reaction to the article + specific points that you agree or disagree with, and why ‘* a suggestion for a follow-up article, Write your letter. 4 You see this ad on a community noticeboard, New Book Group We need your help to compile a reading list of book titles for our new book group! So far, we have 20 members; men and women ranging age from 17 to 58. Please send us your review of a novel thet you think will appeal to our group members, giving reasons for your choice. Thank you. Write your review. ‘example, that one of the bullet points, ‘ novel that will appeal to the group ‘sks you to mention specific points members which you agree or disagree with, giving ‘your reasons why. > Mention the genre ofthe novel. For ‘example, is ierime fiction, @ romantic. > What key phrases are you likely to need novel, thriller, ete? {or expressing agreament, disagreement and opinions? Stick to the structure of a book review, ‘outlining the plot and demonstrating Question 4 clear understanding of the themes and Read the ad carefully. Who isthe book the main characters. sagem > Balanced book reviews tend to be more > Noto that you are not necessarily effective than reviews which are entirly required to write about 9 book thet you postive or entirely negative. Tia: the objective isto recommend 26 lsh: Acivanced Test 1>> PAPER 2 Writing >> Part 2