\
J.,.-,,J,,~)LL>.~INDIRECT SENTENCES I DIRECT SENTENCES
L)Y\;'...fhJ.r ¥ Repo1ting speech l~L 1,Ji ~.:::...L)Y}(.;)l_v.t' ¥ inverted commas fuy Lv.t LJ1~JJL~}L,,d;,;_ l
-v.t' ::{ Reported speech/~Ll,).tfL
_.;:_t"L:,~l{ithat~Ll;r/ Commas -2
. ..
' -
- i./i'JJ1U~--fJ~L/J,;?~d';1~1/d;1;_3
- - -
- J...4(J Tense -(ii) _ J--fJ Personal Pronouns-Ci)
:J.JfJ'
.. personal pronouns
PERSONS NOMINATIVE POSSF,SSIVE OBJECTIVE
CASE CASE CASE
First Person I My/Mine Me
I \Ve Our/ Ours Us
Second Person You Your/Yours You }
1
I-le His Him
'fhird Person She He r He r
It lts It
.... They Their/Theirs Them ,,
-v.t' LY<~))~J.,...,,Jj--?..,p~J,;?J Perso nal Pronouns-4
Z.....J:,J.i!vLJ'~Lg:..,.Q.1?.1 Personal Pronouns (I my me , We our us)Lfirst person LReported speech- (i)
D>_~Ju,2Lef-r,~)?.LU:vL5',..:,11.:,JJi:.,(v.7
Direct : He said , "I write a letter." lndirccl: He told that he \Vrotc a lett<:r.
D irect: They said , " We are writing a letter." l11dl 1·cct: They told that they were writing a letter.
. / ,,,c 1, ( I,;,: t .., ·; J --• ,1 rJ :,.r¢~7 -1 , ~( ( • ) ,..,,.,-,,
v_ u v ' h .":;' v ()L, v./-V.! ()Yi _.1~1.). 1:J-".:- r "-- 0 .__.L:•.1.~ ✓ L[,i..: () 211c! ?erson (Y o u your you) / G, i./. ~ .t.1{;.,-( ii )
7
Direct: He said to me,"You are a student." Indirect: He told me that I was a stude nt.
:v.r ~J,~, 4 LJJ...4(/u;J1.:,Jv1.1,IY0u i.tt?,.:i:.1{..J iY...;J?.YJ~/,J.: t;-";'J.1? .1-( iii)
fl>_/' J.J:-i./."I" fu;J1PJv1.1,lyou ji~3rd personJ'~,g;J.1? .1/i_( a)
Direct: He said," You are a student. " lndirect: He told that I was a student.
Direct : I say, "You waste yo ur tim e. " lr:direct : I tell that lie/she waste his/ her timi.!
ii-=-- (h ~ i1 is him , she.: her h~r, It its it, t\ley U1eirt hl:n1) -vfJ1u:1J....;-u.:.2J 3rd Pt.:rson(.A t~).'.1? .1-(iv)
Direct: I say to you , "I le is her brother." Indirect : 1tell yo u that he is her brother.
Direct: He said,"You are a student." l11dircct : He told that I was a student.
_(L~0F"They"J:.,:;,,.1~JtJ-_(L~0F"She".:::...liJ1,:;,,.1/J//i.1,i{L~0;F"lk".:;..l).rryNounJ/J-t;l(g;'..J!.1?J-(vi)
_,::_if' "SON",J.Y.1 ~--015"J...4(J per:.-0n-(vi i)
1st Person 2nd Person _ 3 rd Person
·· - ~
Subject Ob_ject No change
"'I:'"'
s --
0 =-=·-=•- _....... - N
:I /
..
..J
r
t
{J;. -7 t)1v-fJ--f Tense ({{:J:.1t_.1i.J1,./..
-
:'1:~TENSES
Future~ Present ({:J.11_.1/,_5
. .
( Direct: He says, "I am writing a letter."
Indirect: He tells that he is writing a letter.
Direct: He will say, "I am writing a letter." Indirect : He will say that he is writing a letter.
-,:-t"'fYiL,[.A?J.UvLu}r-1Jj-:>.1P Tense ({{:J:.1{'.1,..P.,./..told,:-t-~J--tsaid({{:J.1?'.1iYiV- Past Tense ({:J4,.1/,- 6
{p _J- were .1JI was ().! L~J--t are.1Jf am ' is-Ci)
Direct: He said, "I am writing a letter." Indirect: He told that he was writing a letter.
lP -V- had been 0 L~J--t were .1Jf was-(ii)
Direct: He said, "I was punished." Indirect : He told that he had been punished .
lP _J- had ().! L~J.-+ have .1Jf has -Ciii)
Direct: He said, "I have a letter." Indirect: He told that he had a letter.
iP -V- Past Indefinite Tense ,:-r~J--t Present Indefinite Tense -(iv)
Direct: He said, "J write a letter." Indirect: He told that he wrote a letter.
lP -V- Past Continuous Tense 7 c-~J.-+ Present Continuous Tense - (v)
Direct: He said, "I am writing a letter." Indirect: He told that he was writing a letter.
iP -V- Past Perfect Tense ,:-r~J.-+ Present Perfect Tense -(vi)
Direct: He said, "I have written a letter." Indirect: He told that he had written a letter.
lP _J- Past Perfect ContinuousTense ,:-r~J--t Present Perfect Continuous Tense -(vii)
Direct: He said, "I have been writing a letter." Indirect: He told that he had been writing a letter.
iP -V- Past PerfectTense ,:-t-(rJ.-+ Past Indefinite Te nse -(viii )
Direct: He said, "I wrote a letter." Indirect: He told that he had written a letter.
lP _J- Past Perfect Continuous Tense ,:-t-t:,J.-+ Past Continuous Tense -(ix)
Direct: He said, "I was writing a letter." Indirect: He told that he had been writing a letter.
{p -,:-t'HJ~would _fJ' shall kwill J-u,-·}vJ' Future Tense -(X)
Direct: He said, "I shall be writing a letter." Indirect: He told that he would be writing a letter.
JP' -f-t''fkJJ.-+J- Could / Can -(xi)
Direct: He said, "T can write a letter." Indirect: He told that he could write a letter.
Jfk Custom c;,,fJ.1J(1J/ ,(Univers4 Truth)Jr_!~J/i.t g;'J:.1f:.1.1> 1.t1v- Past Tense ({:J1{.1 J, _:..:,..>W,,L,S'JJ/
1P' -D--+vi Tense b"1.,fl i.t1/J(;)~ (Proverb) J1,~;,
Indirect: He said that God is one.
Direct: He said, "God is one."
Direct: He said, "Necessity is the mother of invention." Indirect : He said that necessity is the mother of invention.
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WORD CHANGED INTO WORD CHANGED INTO
This That Now Then
These Those Tomorrow The next day (or) The following day
Here There Yesterday The previous day (or) The day before
Hither Thither Last night The previous night
Ago Before Hence Thence
Tonight That night Next week The following week (or) The week after
Today That Last week The previous week (or) The week before
Thus So Last month The previous month (or) The month before
Next month A month after
:J,.-1LLfJ.~/ (INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES) ~iJ-Jly
-v.rJ.r1u~h.-fJj--:.1P4.(L.fJ.,fv-Indirect /..:;.,,_j_J,.,,, _g
-,:.-1:-~hJ.f~.,fv- asked .1,I ask/ said.1,lsay LverbLg;'J.,,?..1-(i)
~ -,:.-1:-~VJi.,.:;--, "Whether" h "If' 4L~/u,,.t;ji.rzi,;~cHelping verb)~(.)Jl,.10J-J1yJ/~-(ii)
Direct: He said, "Are you writing a letter?" Indirect: He asked if I was writing a letter.
(Where, When, lnterrogativeAdverbh (What, Which, Whose, Who) InterrogativePronoun oJ-J1yJ/.Ji_(ii i)
~ -1:-~Vv:fJi.,.:;--,.,,( 4Ll;Ju,,.G" jiu.rzi,;~o,i, Why, How)
Direct: He said, "Why are you writing a letter." Indirect: He asked why I was writing a letter.
:Jy11LLfJ..J?f (IPMERATIVE SENTENCES) ~!J~
-v.l' J,....,,Jj--:.1PefJ..--fJ' (Imperative Sentences) ..;:..lj?- 9
-,:.-1:-~h~ "to" efLi:,./ Commas-(i)
-,:.-1:-~hJ.fJ.,fv-commanded h ordered / said to-(ii)
!P -0 L./J~lcommanded ?-L(L.)ll51(j\;J~.1,1 ordered >.0 said to?,L(L...u lkJvl~uJ' (l-(iii)
Direct: He said, "Write a letter." Indirect: He ordered me to write a letter.
Direct: The general said, "March forward my men ." Indirect: The general commanded his men to march forward.
Direct: He said , "Tell the truth." Indirect : He advised me to tell the truth .
Direct: He said , "Do not waste your time" Indirect: He forbade me to waste my time .
{p -~t°~~JJ.J:,V,:o), asked .1,I requested, begged f said toV,:.::.,ijL1,rqvi)
' . "
Direct: The referee said , "Quiet, please." Indirect: The referee requested the spectators to be quiet .
I
i
(EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES) (..::,;!?~lFO'-?LJ~J;
'(,)_. Pooh! 4/,:..,j Hush! 4'J,2 Alas! 4/J Hurrah! efJ;_f-t"'v;'f/.,,f1'(~)J.::,,j;J1J'i1},ji,2,,JJ;J...::,,,j,::-:i,f-1_ JO
1
JL:-JtJv~~_..;JJ'j--:"-'P.1Jfv._l' L4'rcf.1;\;!14 Hurrah, A1as, Hush, Aha, Pooh ..::.::,Jz.._~J..Indirect /.::,,,j(;Jf_f-t-4'i[Ji,;--1
-0 Jy.J. !!vL u}~ ~vu0:...; J~J.?-v.r
1
~ -04:-JJ~J.. Exclainied with joy / said to L[!/';J.1{.1efJ}_(i)
Direct: He said, "Hurrah! We have won the match." Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match .
{i;:. -04:-JJ~J.. Exclaimed with sorrow / said to L-g-;J.1-r/efJ_(ii)
Direct: He said , "A!asl I am ruined" Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined.
L~ -04:-JJ~J.. Exclaimed with wonder / said to L-g-;J4,.1efJ_.,2_(iii)
Direct: He said, "How high the mountain is!" Indirect: He exclaimed with wonder that the mountain was very high.
:J,.-1LL/4i..J?I (OPTATIVE SENTENCES) ..::,;~~~J
-v,! L4'L.1}i~Jr1J'j--:".1P..::.::,J.::,,.JJ.)(V-lndircct /.::,,,j~~J- 11
-v.rJ.r.Jv~v0:...;J~-'1°-t"!:-l{j That ~ ~fvYli.1Jf-f-t"~ifJ...;J..Wished l Prayed/ said to L~J-'?-'-(i)
~ -f-t"4'iJJ-'\'J.. Might/ May-(ii)
Direct: He said to me, "May you succeed!" Indirect: He prayed for me that I might succeed .
Direct: He said to rne,"May your brother win a scholarship!" Indirect: He wished me that my brother might win a scholarship.
:J.,.-1LLfJ..J?/..::,;~L1,Ji.-:--1L LET
Let Ji.1J l_frcJ..urL:t_£JLi us .o?vL Let J..~J/,_J..urL~..r.:J,J..vrL.::,,.i4'l_f-t".Y:Ji,.:;- 1J..urJJ Lct-12
-~✓-l.:f j/u}~J'j--:".IP..::.:,JL.JJ..fJ..Indircct/.;..,j~,-f-,J..vrL.::,,.i~li~)J Me, It ~L IJ;.o.l.1JIJ/P. .1
-u.>J~J..Proposed l suggcstc.:J I said tu [f:j-::J4_.1iY<Ji,.:;-1J..urL~i" Let ~~Let us -(i)
.,, IJ • .,, • ('. •
~ -lf {i(.1~().~·.1JI should >-'<~JI~[/ that ~ L.J( Commas -(ii)
Direct: I said, "Let us make merry." Indirect: I proposed that we should make merry.
Direct: Hesaid to me,"Let us go outside." Indirect: He suggested that they should go outside.
Requested~ Advised/ said to L-g-;J.1i.1.1Jli../ ~ "to" 4'L.f?7f Commas i.Y:V:UrL..::-.i~I--:--~ Let -(iii)
~ -v.>4--AY~ A~ v.>J~ J L,,~ ~) J
Direct: He said, "Let me play match ." Indirect: He requested to let him play rnat~h .
Prepared and Composed
BY
MUHAMMD MUSHTAQ KHAN
SST GHS VANJARI
MIANWALI
